24. What is a Bronsted base? Give one example.

A. A chemical substance that has a tendency to gain a proton or protons from a donor is called a
Bronsted base.
Ex: NH3, H2O
25. What is Lewis acid? Give one example.
A. A substance that can accept electron pair to form a coordinate covalent bond with the donor is called
Lewis acid.
Ex: H+, BF3
26. What is meant by ionic product of water?
A. At a given temperature, the product of the concentrations of H+ and OH ions in water or in aqueous
solution is called ionic product of water (Kw).
Kw = [H+][OH]
27. What is the value of Kw? What are its units?
A. The value of Kw at 250C is 1.0 × 1014 mol2. lit2.
Units of Kw are mol2. lit2.
28. What is the effect of temperature on ionic product of water?
A. The value of ionic product of water increases with increase of temperature due to increase of degree
of ionization of water.
29. H 2O  H 2O  H 3O   OH  . The ionic product of water is 1×1014 at 250C and 3.0 × 1014 at 400C.
Is the above process endothermic or exothermic?
A. The above process is endothermic process because the value of Kw increases with increase of
temperature.
30. All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases. Explain.
A. Bronsted base is a proton acceptor. Lewis base is an electron pair donor.
Ex: Bromide (Br) is a base
   HBr
H   : Br

Here bromide is a proton acceptor. Hence it is a Bronsted base.
 :  AlBr   AlBr 
: Br 3 4

Here bromide is an electron pair donor. Hence it is a Lewis base.
31. All Lewis acids are not Bronsted acids. Why?
A. Electron pair acceptor is a Lewis acid. Proton donor is a Bronsted acid.
Ex:BF3, AlCl3 etc are Lewis acids but not Bronsted acids. Because they can’t donate protons as they
have no protons.
BF3 + :NH3[F3BNH3]
Lewis acid
32. What is degree of ionization?
A. The ratio of number of moles of weak acid or weak base ionised to the total number of moles is
called its degree of ionisation () .
Degree of ionisation () = Number of molesof substanceionised
Total number of moles of substance
33. What is the measure of strength of an acid and a base?
A. The strength of acid or base depends upon the degree of dissociation ()
Strong acids and strong bases dissociate completely. Hence degree of dissociation is nearly unity.
Weak acids and weak bases dissociate partially. Hence degree of dissociation is much less
than one.
34. Give two examples of salts whose aqueous solutions are basic.
A. Aqueous solutions of salts of weak acid and strong base have basic nature.
Ex: CH3COONa, K2CO3, KCN etc.
35. Give two examples of salts whose aqueous solutions are acidic.
A. Aqueous solutions of salts of strong acid and weak base have acidic nature.
Ex: NH4Cl, Al2(SO4)3, CuSO4 etc.
36. What equation is used for calculating the pH of an acid buffer?
A. Equation used for calculating the pH of an acid buffer is

pH = pKa +log
 Salt 
 Acid 
37. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) have three ionization constants Ka1, Ka2 andKa3 . Among these
ionization constants which has a lower value? Give reason for it?
A. The three ionization constant values of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) are.
Ka1 = 7.5 × 103
Ka2 = 6.2 × 108
Ka3 = 4.2 × 1013
So from the above values we can observe that higher order ionization constants (Ka2 and Ka3)
are smaller than the lower ionization constant (Ka1). The reason for this is that it is more difficult to
remove a positively charged proton from a negative ion due to electrostatic forces.
38. Ice melts slowly at high altitudes. Explain. Why?
A. Ice(s ) water
The melting of ice is favoured at high pressure because there is decrease in volume in the
forward reaction. Since at higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure is low and therefore, ice melts slowly.