Electrical Machine I-3140913

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Electrical Machine I-3140913
Electrical Machine I (Gujarat Technological University)
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CLASS NOTES
SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINE- 1

SUBJECT CODE: 3140913
1. EXPLAIN THE TRANSFORMER BASICS.
➢ THEORY:
CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFORMER:
The transformer is very simple in construction and it consists of magnetic circuit linking with two
windings. The main parts of transformer are
1. Core construction.
2. Windings.
3. Bushings.
4. Transformer tank.
5. Conservator tank.
6. Breather.
7. Buchholz relay
Core construction:
Core of the transformer is either in square or rectangular in size. It is further divided into two parts.
The vertical position of the core is limbs and horizontal position of the core is yoke of the core.
Core is made up of laminations to reduce the eddy current losses get minimized. This lamination is
insulated by using insulations line varnish or thick paper. Paper insulation is used for low voltage
transformer and varnish is used for high voltage transformer.
Windings:
Conducting material is used in the windings of the transformer. Usually the windings are in
concentrically to minimize the flux leakages. There are two types of windings. The coils are
Electrical Machines -1
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wound on the limbs and are insulated from each other in the basic transformer the two windings
wound on the two different limbs. Due to this leakage flux increases which affects the transformer
efficiency or performance so it should be necessary that the windings should be very close to each
other to increase the mutual inductance and stray capacitance to improve the high frequency
response.
Such cylindrical coils are used in core type transformers and sandwich coils are very commonly
used in shell type transformer here each high voltage winding lies between two low voltage
windings such subdivisions of windings into small portions reduce the flux leakages.
Transformer tank:
Small capacity tanks are fabricated from sheet steel while larger ones are assembled with cast
aluminum. For cooling purpose the tank is welded with cooling tubes. These are some types of
transformer tanks.
Conservator tank:
Conservator tank consists of oil level which depends on the operation of the transformer. The oil
expands in summer with the increase in load and the oil contracts with decrease of the load.
Conservator is a small auxiliary oil tank that may be mounted above the transformer and connected
to the main tank by a pipe. Its main function is to keep the main tank of the transformer completely
filled with the oil in all circumstances. When the oil in the tank contracts then the conservator
gives the oil to maintain the oil level in the tank. When the oil in the tank expands then the
conservator takes the oil.
Basics:
The transformer is one of the simplest of electrical devices. Its basic design, materials, and
principles have changed little over the last one hundred years, yet transformer designs and
materials continue to be improved.
Transformers are essential in high voltage power transmission providing an economical means of
transmitting power over large distances.
The simplicity, reliability, and economy of conversion of voltages by transformers was the
principal factor in the selection of alternating current power transmission in the "War of Currents"
in the late 1880's. In electronic circuitry, new methods of circuit design have replaced some of the
applications of transformers, but electronic technology has also developed new transformer
designs and applications.
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to gigawatt units used to
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interconnect large portions of national power grids, all operating with the same basic principles
and with many similarities in their parts.
A Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field without changing its frequency.
The electric circuit which receives energy from the supply is known as the “Primary winding”
while the circuit that transfers energy to the load is termed as the “secondary winding”.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
A transformer work on the principle of

electromagnetic induction between two (or
more) coupled circuits or coils. According
to thiprinciple, an emf is induced in a coil
due to the changing flux
Schematic diagram of a two winding transformer shown in the fig.
The primary winding ‘P’ is connected to an alternating voltage source, therefore an alternating
current ‘Ie’ starts flowing through ‘N1’ turns. The alternating mmf N1Ie sets up alternating flux Φ
which is flow to high permeability iron path as shown in fig.
The alternating flux induces voltage E1 in the primary P and E2 in the secondary S. if the load is
connected across secondary a load current will start to flow.
Thus the transformer action requires the existence of alternating mutual flux linking the various
winding on a common magnetic core
A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the
secondary winding. If a time-varying voltage is applied to the
primary winding of turns, a current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force (MMF).
Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so MMF drives
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magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux
in the core (shaded grey), and induces a back electromotive force (EMF) in opposition to .
In accordance with Faraday's Law, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional
to the rate of change of flux:
Similarly, the voltage induced across the secondary winding is:
With perfect flux coupling, the flux in the secondary winding will be equal to that in the primary
winding, and so we can equate and . It thus follows that:
Hence in an ideal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal to the ratio
of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per turn is the same for both
windings. This leads to the most common use of the transformer: to convert electrical energy at
one voltage to energy at a different voltage by means of windings with different numbers of turns.
The EMF in the secondary winding, if connected to an electrical circuit, will cause current to flow
in the secondary circuit. The MMF produced by current in the secondary opposes the MMF of the
primary and so tends to cancel the flux in the core. Since the reduced flux reduces the EMF
induced in the primary winding, increased current flows in the primary circuit. The resulting
increase in MMF due to the primary current offsets the effect of the opposing secondary MMF. In
this way, the electrical energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding.
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2. EXPLAIN OPEN CIRCUIT (O.C.) TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT (S.C.) TEST ON
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
❖ APPARATUS:
1. 1 Phase Transformer - 1 No.

2. 1 Phase Variac 1 No.
3. Control Panel
❖ THEORY:
Open circuit test
Connection diagram for the open circuit test with required instruments is as shown in circuit
diagram.
The high voltage (HV) side is left open.
Low-voltage (LV) side is supplied with rated voltage and frequency.
Thus the voltmeter reads the rated voltage V1 of the low-voltage (LV) side.
Since the high voltage (HV) side is open-circuited, current at HV is ideally zero.
So ideally LV will also draw a zero current.
But LV will draw a little current for establishment of flux and no load losses, which is known as
no load current.
Therefore, the ammeter reads the no-load current I0.

The power loss in the transformer is due to core loss and a very small I2R loss in the primary.
There is no I2R loss in the secondary since it is open and I2 = 0. Since the no-load current I0 is very
small the I2R loss in the primary winding can be neglected. Also HV is open so output is zero.
Input power = Output power + losses

= Output power + Copper losses + Core losses
= Output power + I2R losses + Core losses
= Core losses.
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Therefore the wattmeter which is connected to measure input power reads the core loss (iron loss)
Pi only.
Short circuit test
In the short circuit test usually the low-voltage side is short-circuited by a thick conductor.
An ammeter, a voltmeter and a wattmeter are connected on the high-voltage side.
The reasons for short-circuiting the LV side and taking measurements on the HV side are as
follows:
The rated current on HV side is lower than that on LV side this current can be safely measured
with the available laboratory ammeters.
As back emf is zero, the applied voltage is less than 5 percent of the rated voltage of the winding,
greater accuracy in the reading of the voltmeter is possible when the HV side is used as the
primary.
The reading of ammeter is the full-load primary current (i.e. HV winding rated current).
The reading of voltmeter is the value of the primary applied voltage (i.e. HV winding voltage) to
circulate full load currents in both the winding.
Since the applied voltage is low, the flux Ø produced is low.
As the core loss is nearly proportional to the square of the flux, the core loss is so small that it can
be neglected. Also LV is shorted so output is zero.
Input power = Output power + losses
= Output power + Copper losses + Core losses
= Copper losses.
Thus the wattmeter reads the full-load copper losses Pc.
❖ PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit (OC) Test:
1. Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

2. Set 1 Phase Variac for zero output.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Increase the voltage at primary side upto rated voltage in steps.
5. At each step take the readings of wattmeter (LPF), Ammeter, Voltmeter at primary
side and Voltmeter at secondary side.
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6. Calculate as in observation table.
Short Circuit (SC) Test:
1. Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

2. Set 1 Phase Variac for zero output.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Increase the voltage at Primary side (Low voltage) in steps until it circulates the rated
current.
5. At each step take the readings of wattmeter (UPF), Ammeter, Voltmeter at Primary side
and Ammeter at Secondary side.
6. Measure the resistance of primary winding using a Multimeter.
7. Calculate as in observation table.
❖ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
For Open circuit test:-
M L
A
C V
1 phase V
Variable
supply
LV HV
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For Short circuit test:-
M L
A
C V
W
1 phase
Variable V Short
supply Circuit
HV LV
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3. EXPLAIN PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
❖ SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
After having perform the experiment, we should be able to ;

-Know the necessity of parallel operation.
-Know the necessary conditions for parallel operation.
-Know the load sharing of transformer.
❖ APPARATUS:
1. 1 Phase Transformer - 2 Nos.

2. 1 Phase Variac 1 No.
3. Control Panel
4. 1 Phase Load Bank. 1 No.
❖ THEORY:
Necessity:
➢ If the amount of power to be transferred is more than that which can be handled by one
transformer, it becomes necessary to employ two or more transformer in parallel.
➢ For the operation of transformer in parallel, primary windings are connected to the same
supply bus bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus bars. It is essential that
terminals of the similar polarities be joined to the same bus bars. If it is not done, two emfs
induced in the secondary will act together in the local secondary circuit resulting in a dead
short circuit, even on no load condition.
➢ There are certain definite condition which must be satisfied in order to avoid load circulating
current and to ensure that the transformer share the common load in proportion to their KVA
ratings.
▪ Conditions for satisfactory operation of transformer in parallel are:
➢ Primary winding of secondary transformer should be suitable for supply system voltage and
frequency.
➢ Transformer should be properly connected with regard polarity.
➢ The transformer should have the same transformation ratio or turns ratio and voltage ratings
are same.
➢ The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have the same X/R ratio.
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➢ The equivalent impedance should be inversely proportional to the individual KVA rating in
order to avoid circulating current in case of transformers having different KVA ratings.
From the above conditions, condition 1 and 2 are absolutely essential.
If condition 3 is not satisfied, it result in some circulating current will flow even at no load.
When load is given to secondary of transformer, circulating will tend to produce unequal loading
condition. So full KVA output of transformer can not be taken from the parallel-connected group.
If condition 4 is not satisfied, there will be no circulating current, but the division of load between the
transformers when applied will no longer be proportional to their KVA ratings. Hence the capacities of
the transformers can not be utilized to ea full extent.
❖ PROCEDURE :
➢ Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

➢ Set main power supply switch, Paralleling switch & Load bank switches for OFF Position.
➢ Set 1 Phase Variac for zero output.
➢ Switch on the supply and with the help of 1 Phase Variac make voltage readings of both the
transformer secondary voltmeter equal.
➢ When secondary voltages in both the transformers are equal, & loop voltage reads zero,
Close Paralleling switch.
➢ Take readings of all Ammeters and Voltmeters.
➢ Put switches of load bank ‘ON’ in steps until rated current flows in transformers. At each step
take readings of all Ammeters and Voltmeters.
Transformer-1
230/115 V
P HV LV
0-5A 0-10A
A A
1-phase L
230V o
50HZ V
0-300V
AC S V 0-500V
a
supply d
N HV LV
0-5A
Transformer-2
230/115 V
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4. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT PARTS OF DC MACHINE.
➢ THEORY:
• Direct current machines are energy transfer devices. These machines can function as either a
motor or a generator. DC motors and generators have the same basic construction, differing
primarily in the energy conversion.
• To better understand the operation and construction of DC machines, a few major parts can
be identified as
➢ Yoke
➢ Poles
➢ Inter Poles
➢ Field Winding
➢ Armature
➢ Armature Winding
➢ Commutator
➢ Brush gear
➢ Other mechanical parts
➢ YOKE
• The yoke constitutes the outer covering within which all the other parts are housed.
• This will be closed at both the ends by two end covers which also support the bearings required
to help the rotation of the rotor and the shaft.
• The casing or frame supports the poles and Interpoles of the magnetic system. In many cases
the casing forms part of the magnetic circuit itself.
• Cast steel is used as a material for the frame and yoke as the flux does not vary in these parts.
• In large machines these are fabricated by suitably welding the different parts.
• In small machines these are made of stack of laminations suitably secure together to form a
solid structure.
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➢ POLES
• Pole structure is basically divided into two parts (i) Pole core (ii) Pole shoe
• Pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux. It also
directs the produced flux to the armature via air gap.
• Solid poles of fabricated steel with separate/integral pole shoes are fixed firmly to the frame by
means of bolts.
• Pole shoe increases the area of armature core to come across the flux, which is necessary to
produce larger induced emf.
• To achieve this pole shoe has given a particular shape so as to have a slightly increased air gap
at the tips.
• Pole shoes are generally laminated and made of the magnetic material like cast iron and cast
steel.
➢ INTER-POLES
• These are small additional poles located in between the main poles and these can be solid or
laminated just as the main poles.
• These are also fixed firmly to the yoke by bolts sometimes the yoke may be slotted to receive
these poles.
• The inter poles could be of tapered section or of uniform cross section. These are also called as
commutating pole or compole. The width of the tip of the compole can be about a rotor slot
pitch.
➢ FIELD WINDING
• The field winding takes the form of a concentric coil wound around the main poles. These
carry the excitation current and produce the main field in the machine. Thus the poles are
created electromagnetically.
• Two types of windings are generally employed such as (i) Shunt winding (ii) Series Winding.
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• In shunt winding large number of turns of small section copper conductor is used. The
resistance of such winding would be an order of magnitude larger than the armature winding
resistance.
• In the case of series winding a few turns of heavy cross section conductor is used. The
resistance of such windings is low and is comparable to armature resistance.
• Some machines may have both the windings on the poles. The total ampere turns required to
establish the necessary flux under the poles is calculated from the magnetic circuit calculations.
• The total mmf required is divided equally between north and south poles as the poles are
produced in pairs.
➢ ARMATURE
• The purpose of the armature is to provide the energy conversion in a DC machine.
• In a DC generator, the armature is rotated by an external mechanical force such as a steam

turbine. This rotation induces a voltage and current flow in the armature. Thus the armature
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
• In a DC motor the armature receives voltage from an outside electrical source and converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of torque.
• The armature consists of a core and winding. Due to the good magnetic properties of iron it is
used as the armature core. Iron is also a good conductor of electricity so the rotation of iron
core in the magnetic field could produce a current in the core and this current called eddy
current cause the wastage of energy as heat. To reduce eddy current the core is made of thin
laminations. These laminations are made up of low loss silicon steel of 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick and
insulated with varnish.
• In small machines armature laminations are fitted to the shaft and clamped tightly between the
flanges. These flanges also act as a support for the armature winding. One end of flange rests
against a shoulder on the shaft, the laminations are fitted and then end is pressed on the shaft
and retained by a key.
• Armature construction must ensure provision of sufficient axial and radial ducts to facilitate
easy removal of heat from the armature winding.
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➢ ARMATURE WINDING
• The winding cannot be placed on the surface of the rotor due to the mechanical forces coming
on the same.
• Open parallel sided equally spaced slots are normally punched in the rotor laminations. These
slots house the armature winding.
• As mentioned earlier the armature coils are wound on the surface of the armature, such
construction becomes mechanically weak. The conductors may fly away when the armature
starts rotating.
• Hence the armature windings are in general pre-formed, taped and lowered into the open slots
on the armature.
• The coils are prevented from flying out due to the centrifugal forces by means of bands of steel
wire on the surface of the rotor in small groves cut into it.
• In the case of small machines they can be hand wound.
• In the case of large machines slot wedges are additionally used to restrain the coils from flying
away.
• The end portion of the windings are taped at the free end and bound to the winding carrier ring
of the armature at the commutator end.
• The armature must be dynamically balanced to reduce the centrifugal forces at the operating
speeds.
➢ COMMUTATOR
• Commutator is the key element which made the DC machine of the present day possible. It
consists of copper segments tightly fastened together with mica insulating separators on an
insulated base.
• The whole commutator forms a rigid and solid assembly of insulated copper strips and can
rotate at high speeds.
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• Each commutator segment is provided with a ’riser’ where the ends of the armature coils get
connected.
• The surface is made concentric with the shaft and the current collecting brushes rest on the
same.
➢ BRUSH GEAR
• Brush and brush holders rest on the surface of the commutator.

• Normally electro-graphite is used as brush material. The actual composition of the brush
depends on the peripheral speed of the commutator and the working voltage.
• The hardness of the graphite brush is selected to be lower than that of the commutator. When
the brush wears out the graphite works as a solid lubricant reducing frictional coefficient.
• More number of relatively smaller width brushes is preferred in place of large broad brushes.
• The brush holders provide slots for the brushes to be placed. The connection from the brush is
taken out by means of flexible pigtail.
• The brushes are kept pressed on the commutator with the help of springs. This is to ensure
proper contact between the brushes and the commutator even under high speeds of operation.
• Radial positioning of the brushes helps in providing similar current collection conditions for
both direction of rotation.
• For unidirectional drives trailing brush arrangement or reaction arrangement may be used as it
results in zero side thrust on brush box and the brush can slide down or up freely. Also
staggering of the brushes along the length of the commutator is adopted to avoid formation of
’tracks’ on the commutator.
➢ OTHER MECHANICAL PARTS
• Other mechanical parts end covers, fan and shaft bearings form other important mechanical
parts.
• End covers are completely solid or have opening for ventilation. They support the bearings
which are on the shaft. Proper machining is to be ensured for easy assembly.
• Fans can be external or internal. In most machines the fan is on the non-commutator end
sucking the air from the commutator end and throwing the same out. Adequate quantity of hot
air removal has to be ensured.
• Small machines employ ball bearings at both ends. For larger machines roller bearings are used
especially at the driving end.
• The bearings are mounted press-fit on the shaft. They are housed inside the end shield in such a
manner that it is not necessary to remove the bearings from the shaft for dismantling.
• The bearings must be kept in closed housing with suitable lubricant keeping dust and other
foreign materials away.
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• Thrust bearings, roller bearings, pedestal bearings etc are used under special cases.
Main Pole
Field Coil
Pole Shoe
Inter Pole
Inter Pole coil
Air Gap
Armature Slot
Brush
Commutator
Yoke
Base
Fig. 1 - Cross Section of DC Machine
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Laminated
Pole
Rivet
Holes
Laminated
Pole Shoe
Fig. 2 - Pole Core & Pole Shoe
Fig. 3 - Armature Core of DC Machine
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Fig. 4 - Armature Stamping with Axial Flow Ventilation
Fig. 5 - Segmental Armature Stamping
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Fig. 6 -Commutator Assembly
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5. EXPLAIN OF THREE POINT STARTER AND FOUR POINT STARTER OF DC

MOTOR.
Necessity of Starter :-
Consider The D.C. motor , whose armature winding has a resistance Ra develops a back e.m.f. Eb.
The Current of the armature winding Ia is given by the equation
V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
At the time of starting , when motor is yet to pick up its speed , the back e.m.f. is zero and therefor
equation become
V
Ias =
Ras
Where Ias is the armature current at the time of starting .Thus the absence of back emf causes
amature current at the time of starting to shoot up about 20 times the normal armature current.
Sudden drawing of this large current from the supply system is highly unwarranted; therefore to
limit the high starting current an additional resistsnce Rst should be added in the armature
circuit.This is known as starter.Hence, starter is used to limit the starting current.
V
Ias =
Ras + Rst
During the acceleration of the motor, this starting resistance has to be cut down step by step and
finally all the resistances have to be removed for efficient normal operation.Under nomal running
condition , the value of the back emf Eb is generally around 95 percent of the supply voltage V.
Therefore the net potential difference in the armature circuit,(V-Eb) is only around 5 percent of the
supply voltage and this causes the rated armature current to flow in the armature circuit during
normal running condition.
➢ THREE POINT STARTER
Fig.1 shows the connection diagram of a three point starter used for shunt and compound motors.
Apart from the essential requirement of starting resistances the starters are invariably fitted with
other protective devices such as no-voltage protection and over – load protection.
R1 , R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are resistances; the sum of them should give the required value of Rst to
limit the current. The six resistances give rise to seven contact studs marked 1 to 7 . B is brass arc,
which in one way behaves a guiding rail for the handle H and also acts as a connecting link
between stud 1 and the NVR (the no-voltage release ) coil. The other end of the NVR coil is
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connected to terminal L through overload release coil.The movement of the handle is against the
force offered by spring S.
As the starter ultimately has three terminals in its board L, P, and A.It is called three point starter.
Terminal L stands for the terminal to be connected to supply positive line. Shunt field circuit
connection is made from terminal F and from terminal A connection is to be made to the armature
circuit of the motor as shown in fig.1
▪ Working
To start with , the main switch is first closed. As soon the arm makes the contact with stud-1. The
field circuit is directly connected across line and at the same time full starting resistance R st is
placed in series with armature as the arm moved resistance is step by cutout. The arm moves over
the studs against a strong spring, which tends to restore it to off position. There is soft iron piece S
attached to arm, which in the full on position is attached and hold by an electromagnet energized
by field circuit . It is called Hold On Coil or No Voltage release coil.
▪ Hold on coil or Voltage coil
The normal function of hold on coil is to hold the arm in running position, i.e, when the motor is
full normal operation. The starter handle is retained in the ON position by means of magnetic
attraction. An iron piece fitted with no voltage release (NVR) coil. The exciting current through
the NVR coil in this three point starter is same as the field current of the motor. Hence as long as
the supply voltage is in healthy condition, the normal field current of the motor passing through
the NVR coil will produce magnetic force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a
prescribed value, the electromagnet may not have enough force , and the handle will come back to
OFF position due to its spring force automatically. Thus a no voltage or under voltage protection is
given to the motor by this oil.
▪ Overload release coil
To project the motor during over load condition , the starter is fitted with another electromagnet
wound with the OLR (Over-Load Release) coil. As shown in fig, the entire line current is made to
flow through this OLR coil. Below this electromagnet there is an iron piece and the gap between
the iron piece and electromagnet is adjustable. This gap is set that the magnetic force of attraction
developed by the electromagnet will not able to lift the iron piece upward as long as the exciting
line current is below a certain value, say about 1.25 times the rated current. Due to any over load in
the motor, if the line current increases above the said value, the excess magnetic force lifts the iron
piece. As the iron piece make an upward movement, contactor C fitted along with it causes the two
terminals of the NVR coil loses its magnetic force and releases the starter handle from the ON
position towards OFF position, thus protecting the motor against overload.
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▪ Drawbacks
If the motor speed is increase by inserting the resistances in series with field winding the field
current is decrease. So current flowing from hold on coil is decrease because of decrease
in field current. Now the hold on coil is not properly magnetized, so that is unable to hold the arm
and motor stop running. This difficulty is overcome by using four point starters.
Fig.1 Three Point Starter
➢ FOUR POINT STARTER
Such a starter without internal wiring so connected to a long shunt compound motor when
compared to three point starter. Hold on coil may be taken out of shunt ield circuit. It has been
connected directly across the line through a protecting resiatance when the arm touches stud1 as
shown in fig-2. This line current devided into three parts. One part passes through starting
resistance Rs , series field and motor armature. The second part passes through starting a shunt
field resistance Rsh , the third part passes through the hold on coil and current protecting resistance
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R it should be particularly noted that with this arrangement any change of current passing through
the hold on coil will always be sufficient to prevent the spring from restoring the starting arm to
OFF position.
Fig. 2 Four Point Starter
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6. EXPLAIN LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR AND OBTAINED ITS

CHARACTERISTICS.
After having perform the experiment, we should be able to;

-Test D.C. shunt generator and obtain perform characteristics.
❖ MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
DC Motor
DC Generator
❖ APPARATUS:
1. DC Shunt Motor coupled with DC Shunt Generator.

2. Control Panel
3. Load Bank (20 Amps. Capacity)
4. Tachometer - 1 No
❖ THEORY:
The working behavior of D.C. generator under different conditions is studied and the graphs or
curves exhibiting in interrelationship between various quantities are called characteristics. When
load test is performed on D.C. shunt generator, the terminal voltage of generator falls down as the
load on the generator increases at constant speed of prime mover i.e. speed of generator.
There are three reasons for the terminal voltage of generator falls down as the load on D.C. shunt
generator increases.
Armature resistance drop - IaRa : As load current increases therefore armature current Ia = If
+ IL is increases and voltage drop IaRa increases due to the armature resistance. Hence terminal
voltage of generator falls down.
Armature reaction drop : due to demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, flux is weakened and
e.m.f. of generator will reduced and hence terminal voltage reduced.
Reduced terminal voltage due to above two factors in self excited D.C. shunt generator field
current reduces, hence flux reduces and hence induced e.m.f further reduces.
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• EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS:
It gives relationship between voltage V and load current IL at constant speed. This characteristic
clearly indicates the terminal voltage maintained by the generator at a particular load. It is also
referred as performance characteristics or voltage regulating curve.
It can be obtained by two ways ; By making simultaneous measurement with a suitable voltmeter
and ammeter at load side on D.C. shunt generator and by graphically from O.C.C. provide that the
armature resistance and demagnetizing effect are known.
From this characteristics curve we can see that the terminal voltage Vt = E-IaRa decreases with
increase in load. But as Ra is very small, through IL changes from no load to full load, the drop in
terminal voltage is very small. Hence the D.C. shunt generator is called as constant voltage
generator.
• INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
It gives relationship e.m.f. E actually induced in the armature and armature current Ia. It is also
referred as Total characteristics.
The e.m.f. induced and current in the armature current in the generator is given by the following
equations.
E = V + Ia Ra + Armature Voltage Drop

Ia = IL + I f
❖ PROCEDURE:

➢ Set both Field Rheostat for MIN. Position & SW 2 in OFF condition. (DC Excitation)
➢ Check Load Bank for OFF position.
➢ Switch on (SW 1) DC power supply of Motor.
➢ Run the DC Motor with help of 3 point DC starter.
➢ Adjust the speed of Set to the rated value of Generator Speed using Field Rheostat of Motor.(
Keep the speed constant throughout the experiment with the help of same.)
➢ Switch on (SW 2) the Excitation Unit for Generator.
➢ Adjust the POT of excitation Unit and Load Bank to obtain rated terminal voltage and rated
current. Excitation setting at this position should not be disturbed for this set of readings.
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➢ Switch Off the load bank. Note no load voltage.

➢ Change the load current by varying the load, and note down corresponding terminal
voltage. Take readings covering the range from no load to little over full load.
➢ Calculate efficiency of SET.
➢ Generator output / Motor input
➢ Calculate Voltage Regulation of Shunt Generator.
(No load voltage – full load voltage) / Full load voltage
➢ Plot Terminal Voltage –Vs- Load Current.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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7. EXPLAIN LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES GENERATOR AND OBTAINED ITS

CHARACTERISTICS.
After having perform the experiment, we should be able to ;

-Test D.C. shunt generator and obtain perform characteristics.
❖ MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
DC Motor
DC Generator
❖ APPARATUS
1. DC Shunt Motor coupled with DC Series Generator.

2. Control Panel
4. Tachometer - 1 No.
❖ THEORY
The working behavior of D.C. generator under different conditions is studied and the graphs or
curves exhibiting in interrelationship between various quantities are called characteristics.
When load test is performed on D.C. shunt generator, the terminal voltage of generator falls
down as the load on the generator increases at constant speed of prime mover i.e. speed of
generator.
There are three reasons for the terminal voltage of generator falls down as the load on D.C.
shunt generator increases.
Armature resistance drop - IaRa : As load current increases therefore armature current Ia = If +
IL is increases and voltage drop IaRa increases due to the armature resistance. Hence terminal
voltage of generator falls down.
Armature reaction drop : due to demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, flux is weakened
and e.m.f. of generator will reduced and hence terminal voltage reduced.
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Reduced terminal voltage due to above two factors in self excited D.C. shunt generator field
current reduces, hence flux reduces and hence induced e.m.f further reduces.
• EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
It gives relationship between voltage V and load current IL at constant speed. This characteristic
clearly indicates the terminal voltage maintained by the generator at a particular load. It is also
referred as performance characteristics or voltage regulating curve.
It can be obtained by two ways ; By making simultaneous measurement with a suitable voltmeter
and ammeter at load side on D.C. shunt generator and by graphically from O.C.C. provide that the
armature resistance and demagnetizing effect are known.
From this characteristics curve we can see that the terminal voltage Vt = E-IaRa decreases with
increase in load. But as Ra is very small, through IL changes from no load to full load, the drop in
terminal voltage is very small. Hence the D.C. shunt generator is called as constant voltage
generator.
• INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
It gives relationship e.m.f. E actually induced in the armature and armature current Ia. It is also
referred as Total characteristics.
The e.m.f. induced and current in the armature current in the generator is given by the following
equations.
E = V + Ia Ra + Armature Voltage Drop
Ia = IL = I f
❖ PROCEDURE
➢ Set Field Rheostat of Motor for MIN. Position

➢ Set Field Diverter of Generator for MAX. Position.
➢ Switch on (SW 1) DC power supply.
➢ Run the DC Motor with the help of 3 point DC starter.
➢ Adjust the speed of Set to the rated value of Generator Speed using Field Rheostat of Motor.
(Keep the speed constant throughout the experiment with the help of same.)
➢ Note residual voltage of Generator.
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➢ Increase the Load in steps, respectively terminal voltage of generator and load current will
increase. Take readings in steps covering the range from no load to little over full load.
➢ Calculate efficiency of SET.= Generator output / Motor input

➢ Plot Terminal Voltage – Vs- Load Current
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❖ CIRCUIT DIAGRM
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8. EXPLAIN HOW TO OBTAIN LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND

GENERATOR WITH DIFFERENT CUMMULITIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL
CONNECTION.
❖ MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
DC Motor
DC Generator
❖ APPARATUS:
1. DC Shunt Motor coupled with DC Compound Generator.

2. Control Panel
❖ THEORY:
Compound generator is provided with two windings, shunt and series.

The shunt winding consists of a large number of turns of thin wire and it is connected in
parallel with armature terminals.
The series field winding consists of few turn of thick wire and it is connected in series with the
armature terminals.
Depending upon the connection of field winding, compound generators are classified as:
• Long Shunt type

• Short shunt type
In short shunt type compound generator , the shunt winding is connected directly across the
armature alone.
In long shunt compound generator, series winding is directly connected in series with armature
carries thye armature current . The shunt field winding is connected across the series
combination of armature and series field.
The net flux set up in compound generator is combination of flux set up by the shunt field
winding on no load and flux set up by series field winding during load. If the flux due to series
field winding aids with the flux due to shunt field winding, connection is said to be a
differential connection.
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Based on the combination of the connections and the direction of current through the field
windings, Compound generator are classified as :
- Long shunt cumulative compound generator

- Long shunt differential compound generator
- Short shunt cumulative compound generator
- Short shunt differential compound generator
❖ PROCEDURE:

➢ Set Field Rheostat of Motor for MIN. Position.
➢ Set Field Rheostat of Generator for MAX. Position.
➢ Switch on (SW 1) DC power supply.
➢ Run the DC Motor with the help of 3 point DC starter.
➢ Adjust the speed of Set to the rated value of Generator Speed using Voltage Control POT or Field
Rheostat of Motor. (Keep the speed constant throughout the experiment with the help of same.)
➢ Vary the field rheostat of Generator from Max and adjust rated terminal Voltage of Generator.
Rheostat setting at this position should not be disturbed for this set of readings.
➢ Switch On the load bank.
➢ Change the load current by varying the load, and note down corresponding terminal voltage. Take
readings covering the range from no load to little over full load.(In case of differential compounding
terminal voltage will drop rapidly with increase in load.)
➢ Calculate efficiency of SET. = Generator output / Motor input
➢ Plot Terminal Voltage – Vs- Load Current.
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9. EXPLAIN LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.
➢ APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. DC Shunt Motor with Mechanical Loading Arrangement.

2. Control Panel
➢ THEORY:
• The armature and field winding are connected in parallel.

• Supply is given across this parallel winding.
• Resistance of shunt field winding (Rsh) is always higher than that of the armature winding (Ra).
• The number of turns for the shunt field winding is more than that of the armature winding.
Voltage And Current Relation :
• Supply Voltage V = Voltage across armature = Voltage across shunt field

= Eb + IaRa + Vbrush = IshRsh
• If neglecting the brush drop, V = Eb + IaRa = IshRsh
• The shunt field current Ish remains constant, because V and Rsh both are constant.
• Hence the flux produced also remains constant, because field current is responsible for
generation of flux.
∴ ϕ α Ish
• Shunt motor is also called as Constant Flux Motor.
❖ PROCEDURE:
• Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

• Set Rh1 for MIN Position.
• Switch on DC power supply.
• Run the DC Motor help of 3 point DC starter.
• Note down Motor armature voltage and current, field current, Speed & load on balances W1 &
W2 Kg.
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• Using hand wheel of Brake drum arrangement load the motor in steps from no load to
rated torque.
• Rated torque T = (W1-W2)*A

A = Break drum Constant = Radius of Pulley (Meter) * 9.81
• At each step repeat 17.
• Calculate power output P = 2ЛNT.
• Calculate efficiency = output / input
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10. EXPLAIN SWINBURNE’S TEST ON DC MACHINE TO DETERMINE

EFFICIENCY WHEN WORKING AS GENERATOR AND MOTOR WITHOUT
ACTUALLY LOADING THE MACHINE.
❖ APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
Wire
3 Rheostats 1250W, 0.8A 1
Wound
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5 Resistive Load 5KW,230V - 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
❖ PRECAUTIONS:
The field rheostat should be in the minimum position at the time of starting and stopping
the motor
❖ PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the machine is brought to its rated speed.
4. The armature current, field current and voltage readings are noted.
5. The field rheostat is then brought to minimum position DPST switch is opened.
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❖ MOTOR:
Total
Output Input
Sr. V IL Ia Ia2Ra Losses Efficiency
Power Power
No. (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) W h%
(Watts) (Watts)
(Watts)
❖ AS GENERATOR:
Total Output Input

S. V I1 Ia Ia2Ra Efficiency
Losses Power Power
No. (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) h%
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
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❖ TABULAR COLUMN:
V
S.No. If (Amps) Io(Amps)
(Volts)
❖ DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:
❖ PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I
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❖ TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Voltage Current Armature Resistance

V (Volts) I (Amps) Ra (Ohms)
❖ FORMULAE:
Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X R 2Ω
Constant losses = VIo – I Ra watts
ao
Where Iao = (Io – If) Amps
❖ AS MOTOR:
Load Current IL =_ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL – If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Input Power = VIL watts
Output Power = Input Power – Total losses
Output power Efficiency h% = ---------------------- X 100% Input Power
❖ AS GENERATOR:
Load Current IL = Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL + If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Output Power = VIL watts
Input Power = Input Power +Total losses
Output power Efficiency h% = ----------------------- X 100% Input Power
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❖ MODEL GRAPH:
43

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lOMoARcPSD|26142297

Electrical Machine I-3140913

Electrical Machine I (Gujarat Technological University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINE- 1

1. EXPLAIN THE TRANSFORMER BASICS.

A transformer work on the principle of

Schematic diagram of a two winding transformer shown in the fig.

Similarly, the voltage induced across the secondary winding is:

1. 1 Phase Transformer - 1 No.

Open circuit test

The high voltage (HV) side is left open.

Low-voltage (LV) side is supplied with rated voltage and frequency.

So ideally LV will also draw a zero current.

Therefore, the ammeter reads the no-load current I0.

Input power = Output power + losses

Short circuit test

An ammeter, a voltmeter and a wattmeter are connected on the high-voltage side.

Since the applied voltage is low, the flux Ø produced is low.

Thus the wattmeter reads the full-load copper losses Pc.

Open Circuit (OC) Test:

1. Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

6. Calculate as in observation table.

Short Circuit (SC) Test:

1. Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

For Open circuit test:-

For Short circuit test:-

3. EXPLAIN PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

After having perform the experiment, we should be able to ;

1. 1 Phase Transformer - 2 Nos.

▪ Conditions for satisfactory operation of transformer in parallel are:

From the above conditions, condition 1 and 2 are absolutely essential.

➢ Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

4. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT PARTS OF DC MACHINE.

• The purpose of the armature is to provide the energy conversion in a DC machine.

• In a DC generator, the armature is rotated by an external mechanical force such as a steam

• In the case of small machines they can be hand wound.

• Brush and brush holders rest on the surface of the commutator.

➢ OTHER MECHANICAL PARTS

Inter Pole coil

Fig. 1 - Cross Section of DC Machine

Fig. 3 - Armature Core of DC Machine

Fig. 4 - Armature Stamping with Axial Flow Ventilation

Fig. 5 - Segmental Armature Stamping

Fig. 6 -Commutator Assembly

5. EXPLAIN OF THREE POINT STARTER AND FOUR POINT STARTER OF DC

➢ THREE POINT STARTER

▪ Hold on coil or Voltage coil

▪ Overload release coil

Fig.1 Three Point Starter

➢ FOUR POINT STARTER

Fig. 2 Four Point Starter

6. EXPLAIN LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR AND OBTAINED ITS

After having perform the experiment, we should be able to;

1. DC Shunt Motor coupled with DC Shunt Generator.

E = V + Ia Ra + Armature Voltage Drop

➢ Connect circuit as shown in diagram.

➢ Switch Off the load bank. Note no load voltage.

7. EXPLAIN LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES GENERATOR AND OBTAINED ITS

After having perform the experiment, we should be able to ;

1. DC Shunt Motor coupled with DC Series Generator.

E = V + Ia Ra + Armature Voltage Drop

➢ Connect circuit as shown in diagram.