Assignment no : 1

Subject : Medical Physics

Submitted to :Ma’am Sadia
Submitted by :Aleena Afzal
Topic :Transformer
Date of submission : 20 October 2023
What is transformer?
A Transformer is an electrical device that can be used to transfer the
power from one circuit and another circuit without physical contact and
without changing its characteristics like frequency, phase. It is an
essential device in every electrical network circuitry. It consists of
majorly two circuits, namely primary circuits and one or more secondary
circuits.
Working Principle of Transformer
The transformer working depends upon Faraday’s electromagnetic
induction law. The mutual induction phenomenon between two or more
winding is responsible for power transformation.

There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips.
The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating current
passes through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux
induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is
linked to the core having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.
Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:

1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another

2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction
The figure shows the formation of magnetic flux lines around a current-
carrying wire. The normal of the plane containing the flux lines is parallel
to the normal of a cross-section of a wire.

According to Faraday’s laws, “The Rate of change of flux linkage with

respect to time is directly proportional to the EMF induced in a
conductor or coil”.

E= N dϕ /dtWhere,

E = Induced EMF

N = the number of turns

dϕ = Change in flux

dt = Change in time

Types of transformers :

Based upon voltage level

 Step-Up Transformer
As the name states that, the secondary voltage is stepped up with a ratio
compared to the primary voltage. This can be achieved by increasing the
number of windings in the secondary than the primary windings as
shown in the figure. In a power plant, a step-up transformer is used as a
connecting transformer of the generator to the grid.

 Step-Down Transformer
It used to step down the voltage level from lower to higher level at the
secondary side as shown below so that it is called a step-down
transformer. The winding turns more on the primary side than the
secondary side.

In distribution networks, the step-down transformer is commonly used

to convert the high grid voltage to low voltage that can be used for
home appliances.

Based on the Medium of Core Used

In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used.
  Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and
secondary winding is through the air. The coil or windings wound
on the non-magnetic strip.
 Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron
plates stacked together, which provides a perfect linkage path to
generate flux.

Based on the Winding Arrangement

 Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a

laminated core. The primary and secondary share the same coil.
Auto means “self” in the Greek language.
Based on Install Location

 Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations, as

they are suitable for high voltage application
 Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at distribution lanes
for domestic purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It
is very easy to install and characterised by low magnetic losses.
 Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for
measuring voltage, current and power.
 Protection Transformers: They are used for component
protection purposes. In circuits, some components must be protected
from voltage fluctuation, etc. Protection transformers ensure
component protection.