CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATION
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer in the simplest way can be
described as a thing that steps up or steps down
voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output
voltage is increased and in a step-down
transformer, the output voltage is decreased. The
step-up transformer will decrease the output
current and the step-down transformer will
increase the output current for keeping the input
and the output power of the system equal.
The transformer is basically a voltage control
device that is used widely in the distribution and
transmission of alternating current power. The
idea of a transformer was first discussed by
Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and was
carried forward by many other prominent
scientific scholars. However, the general purpose
of using transformers was to maintain a balance
between the electricity that was generated at
very high voltages and consumption which was
done at very low voltages.
 OBJECTIVES
Transformers are found everywhere Alternating
Current (AC) electrical energy is used. A
transformer is an electrical device that trades
voltage for current in a circuit, while not affecting
the total electrical power. This means it takes
high-voltage electricity with a small current and
changes it into low-voltage electricity with a large
current, or vice versa. One thing to know about
transformers is that they only work for Alternating
Current (AC), such as you get from your wall
plugs, not Direct Current (DC).
Transformers can be used either to increase the
voltage also known as stepping up the voltage, or
they can decrease the voltage also known as
stepping down the voltage.Transformers use two
coils of wire, each with hundreds or thousands of
turns, wrapped around a metal core. One coil is
for the incoming electricity and one is for the
outgoing electricity. Alternating Current in the
incoming coil sets up an alternating magnetic
field.
 PRINCIPLE
Principle Are:
1. Transformer works on Faraday's law of mutual
induction.
2. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states
that, when a change takes place in the magnetic flux
which is linked with a circuit, an electromotive force
current will induce in the circuit.
3. The transformer consists of two separate winding
placed over the laminated silicon steel core.
4. The winding to which AC supply is connected is
called primary winding and to which load is
connected is called secondary winding.
5. It works on the alternating current only because an
alternating flux is required for mutual induction
between the two winding.
6. When the AC supply is given to the primary
winding with a certain voltage, an alternating flux sets
up in the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an emf is
induced in it called Mutually Induced emf.
6. The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the
applied voltage.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Working -

For an ideal transformer, we consider that

resistances of the primary and secondary coils
are negligible.

Let the E.M.F.of the alternate current supplied by

the A.C. source be
EP = E0 SINωt

Let’s assume that the primary winding to be a

pure inductance, so here IP will lag behind the
voltage EP by 900. Thus the power factor for
primary coil becomes,cosϕ = cos900 = 0.
Let that the number of turns in primary wire be NP
and secondary wire be NS.

According to faraday law, the induced E.M.F.

through one turn of both the coils will be the
same.

Let the flux through one turn be ϕ,the flux

through the primary coil be ϕp and the flux
through the secondary coil be ϕs.

So,
ϕp=NPϕ
ϕS=NSϕ

We also know by Faraday’s law

E=dϕ/dt

So for the primary coil this equation becomes

ES=dϕs/dt (Equation 1)

And for the secondary coil this equation becomes

EP=dϕp/dt(Equation 2)
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2
Es/Ep=dϕs/dϕp=Nsϕ/Npϕ
Es= EpNS/Np(Equation 3)
We know that
P=VI

Here

P = Power
V = Voltage
I = Current

For primary coil this equation becomes

Pp=EpIp(Equation 4)

For secondary coil this equation becomes

Ps=EsIs(Equation 5)

For an ideal transformer no energy is lost, so

Pp=PS

EpIp=EsIs
Is=Ip Ep/EsIS=IpEpEs(∵Ep/Es=Np/Ns)
Is=Ip Np/NS
Note – A transformer that increases the A.C.
voltage is known as a step up transformer
(Ns>Np) and the transformer that decreases the
A.C. voltage is known as a step down
transformer (Ns<Np). Additionally an iron core is
used because it is a ferromagnetic material which
helps in increasing the strength of the magnetic
field.

THEORY
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

Let,
N1= Number of turns in primary winding
N2= Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (BMXA )
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave It rises to a

maximum value Φm and decreases to negative
maximum Φm. So, flux reaches a maximum in
one-quarter of cycle. The time taken is equal to
T/4.
Average rate of change of flux= Φm(T/4)=4fΦm
Where F= frequency
T = 1/f
Induced emf per turn = rte of change of flux per
turn.
Form factor = rms value/average valve
RMS value = 1.11(4fΦm)=4.44fΦm [form factor
of sin wave is 1.1]
RMS Value of induced emf in winding = RMS
value of emf per turn X no. Of turns.

PRIMARY WINDING
Rms value of induced emf = E1 = 4.44 fΦm *N1

SECONDARY WINDING
Rms value of induced emf = E2 = 4.44fΦm * N2
This is the emf equation of the transformer.
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER: They are used
between the power generator and the power grid.
The secondary output voltage is higher than the
input voltage.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER: These
transformers are used to convert high voltage
power supply to low voltage secondary output.

K is called the voltage transformation ratio,which

is constant.

●Case1: If N2>N1,K>1 it is called a step-up

transformer.
●Case2: If N2<1,K<1 it is called step-down
transformer.

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

The efficiency of transformer is introduced as the

ratio of beneficial output power to the input
one.The input and output power are dedected in
the same unit and its unit is neither in KW or
Watts(w)
The efficiency of transformer is expressed by η
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

There can be many types of energy losses in the

transformer due various reasons:
1. Copper loss: It is also called ohmic loss. It is
the energy loss occurring in the material due to
resistance faced by the current flowing through it.

The resistance in a conductor is given by the

ohm’s law.
V=IR
The energy loss in a conductor is given as
P=I2R

2. Eddy current loss: Eddy currents are

currents produced on the material surface due to
changing magnetic fields in the transformer.
These currents are not useful to the transformer
and waste energy of magnetic fields.
3. Hysteresis loss: The changing magnetizing
force continuously magnetizes and demagnetizes
the core of the transformer leading to many
hysteresis loops which cause loss of energy in
heat.
4. Flux loss: The changing magnetic fields also
lead to changing flux in the core of the
transformer leading to energy loss. It is also
called iron loss or core loss.

USES
The following are some common uses of
transformers:
● In chemical engineering processes like
electrolysis and electroplating, a regulated
flow of current is required which is supplied
through a transformer.
●Transformers are used for battery charging
processes as the voltage is to be maintained
so that the internal battery components are
not damaged.
●Transformers help in providing high
currents required for melting and welding of
steel and lower currents for cooling during a
steel manufacturing cycle.
●A transformer in a circuit breaker can help in
starting and stopping the flow of current with
 the help of a switch, hence protecting from
any other damage.
●Transformers are mainly used for
controlling the power of alternating current
which helps in increasing the efficiency and
ultimately lowering electricity bills.

APPLICATIONS

1. Transformer is used to get the required voltage

level. Step-up transformer is used to increase the
voltage and step down transformer is used to
decrease the voltage level.
2. Transformer can increase or decrease the
value of capacitor, an inductor or resistance in an
AC circuit. Thus it acts as an impedance
transferring device.
3. The transformer is also used for isolate two
circuits electrically.
4. The transformer is used in impendence
matching.
5. Transformer is used in the construction of
electrical measuring device such as voltmeter,
ammeter, relay etc.

PRECAUTIONS

1.Inspect your transformer thoroughly to prevent

or minimize breakdowns. Before installation,
monitor your transformer by checking for any
burnt odor, damaged power cords and
connectors or any parts that are improperly
installed.
2.Keep the power off when working on the
transformer. Make sure there is zero electrical
leakage or continuity between the current source
and the system.
3.Use protective equipment and pay close
attention to specific ratings for the transformer's
voltage output. Keep over current protection of
conductors and circuits set to the manufacturer's
standards.
4.Learn the maximum voltage requirements of
your transformer. Be careful of system overload
from a single transformer, with the understanding
that multiple transformers help balance the
impedance of each load.
5.Keep spare nuts, bolts and other objects away
from your work, so that they don't touch or fall
into the transformer.
6.Be certain that your transformer is grounded,
which will prevent static electricity and protect the
coils from contacting the enclosure.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

To make this project I used by book and the

internet website www.learncbse.in
www.studyrankers.com

I have also taken help from my teacher

Mr. Sudhakar Singh Pal