INDEX

 INTRODUCTION
 PRINCIPLE
 CONSTRUCTION
 THEORY AND WORKING
 EFFICIENCY
 ENERGY LOSS
 USES
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is one of the most common devices found in
electrical system that links the circuits which are operating at
different voltages. These are commonly used in applications
where there is a need of AC voltage conversion from one
voltage level to another.
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage and
currents by the use of transformer in AC circuits based on the
requirements of the electrical equipment or device or load.
Various applications use wide variety of transformers including
power, instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely,
electronic transformers and power transformers. Electronic
transformers operating voltages are very low and are rated at
low power levels. These are used in consumer electronic
equipment like televisions, personal computers, CD/DVD
players, and other devices.
The term power transformer is referred to the transformers with
high power and voltage ratings. These are extensively used in
power generation, transmission, distribution and utility systems
to increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the
operation involved in these two types of transformers is same.
PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction, i.e.,
whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an
emf is induced in the neighbouring coil
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils insulated from
each other, wound on a soft iron core. To minimize eddy current a
laminated iron core is used. The a.c. input is applied across the primary
coil. The continuously varying current in the primary coil produces a
varying magnetic flux in the primary coil, which in turn produces a
varying magnetic flux in the secondary. Hence, an induced emf is
produced across the secondary.

Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the primary and secondary coils
and NP and NS be the number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils respectively. Since same flux links with the primary and secondary,
the emf induced per turn of the two coils must be the same.
THEORY AND WORKING

The working of the transformer is explained below. The

transformer consists of two separate windings placed over the
laminated silicon steel core.
.

The winding to which AC supply is connected is called primary

winding and to which load is connected is called secondary
winding as shown in the fig. below. It works on the alternating
current only because an alternating flux is required for mutual
induction between the two windings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a
voltage of Vl, an alternating flux & sets up in the core of the
transformer, which links with the secondary winding and as a
result of it, an emf is induced in it called Mutually induced emf.
The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the applied
voltage V1, this is because of Lenz's law.

Physically, there is no electrical connection between the two

windings, but they are magnetically connected. Therefore, the
electrical power is transferred from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit through mutual inductance. The induced emf
in the primary and secondary coil depends upon the rate of
change of flux linkage i.e., (Nd /dt).
d /dt is the change of flux and is same for both the primary and
secondary coils. The induced emf in the primary winding is
directly proportional to the number of turns of primary coil.
Similarly, induced emf in the secondary coil directly
proportional to the number of turns in the secondary coil.

TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY: -

As discussed above, the transformer works on AC supply, and it

can not work on DC supply. If the rated dc voltage is applied
across the primary coil, a constant magnitude flux will set up in
the core of the transformer and hence there will be no self-
induced emf generation, and as for the linkage of flux with the
secondary coil there must be alternating flux not a constant flux.
ACCORDING TO OHM'S LAW: -

PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED VOLTAGE

RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL

The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the primary
current is high. So, this current is much higher than the rated full
loaded primary coil current. Hence, as a result, the amount of
heat produced will be greater and therefore eddy current loss
will be more. Because of this, the insulations of the primary coil
will get burnt, and the transformer will be damaged.

Turn ratio: -
It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary coil to that
of the secondary coil.
Turn ratio = N1/N2

If N₂>N1 the transformer is called step up transformer.

If N₂<N₁ the transformer is called step down transformer.
TRANSFORMER
EFFICIENCY:-

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of

useful output power to the input power. The input and output
power are measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in Watts
(W) or KW. Transformer efficiency is denoted by
=

Where,
 V₂-Secondary terminal voltage
 I2-Full load secondary current
 Cos 2-power factor of the load
 Pi-Iron losses = hysteresis losses + eddy current losses
 Pc-Full load copper losses = I22R
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER

Even though transformers are very efficient machines, they do

result in small energy losses due to four main causes:

The resistance of windings - The low resistance copper cable

used for the windings remains resistant and thus leads to heat
loss. In order to minimize this loss thick wires with
considerably low resistance are used.

Leakage of flux - If the core design is not good then the flux
produced by the primary coil may not all be connected to the
secondary coil. This can be reduced by considering the core of
shell type.

Eddy currents loss - The varying magnetic field not only

induces secondary coil currents but also iron core currents
themselves. In the iron core, these currents flow in small circles
and are termed as eddy currents. The eddy current loss can be
minimized by considering the laminated core.

Hysteresis - This is because of the repeated iron core

magnetization and demagnetization induced by the alternating
input current. By using alloys such as silicon steel, this can be
reduced.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used for
high voltage power transfer applications (more than 33 KV).
They are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger space.

Distribution Transformers: These types of transformers are

used to distribute the generated power to distant locations. It is
used for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than 33
KV in industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.

Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer

helps in measuring voltage, current, and power, etc.

According to the place of use, transformers are classified into:

 Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs and

shelters just like the industry types.

 Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside

and are used as distribution type transformers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. www.wikipedia.com

ii. www.vedantu.com

iii. www.byjuys.com

iv. www.brainly.com

v. www.meritnation.com

vi. www.quora.com

vii. www.jagaranjosh.com

viii. www.sciencehub.com

ix. www.sciencevilla.com

x. www.phy12.com