EE 2802

Applied Electricity

Outline Syllabus

1. Transformers
2. Induction motors
3. DC motors
4. Special purpose motors
5. Solid state control
6. Electrical lighting
7. Heating and welding
8. Electrical wiring
9. Economics of power utilization

Learning Outcomes
 Calculating transformer & motor performance under variety of load conditions
 Selection of electrical motors for a given applications
 Basic knowledge in electricity utilization in the areas of lighting, heating and welding
 Understanding wiring regulations
 Carry out simple voltage drop calculations for cables
 Estimate monthly electricity bill for an installation
 Methods of minimizing the cost of electricity

Electrical Machines

Static
Synchronous
- Transformers
Machines
Electrical
Machines AC
Dynamic Machines Asynchronous /
- Generators Induction
- Motors DC Machines
Machines

Transformers

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Working principle
3. Turns ratio
4. Emf equation
5. Equivalent circuit & phasor diagram
6. Voltage regulation
7. Losses & efficiency
8. Cooling
9. Tests on transformers
10. Three phase transformers
11. Transformer ratings & nameplate
12. Other types of transformers
1) Introduction
 A transformer is a static device, that changes ac electric power at one voltage level to another voltage
level of the same frequency through the action of a magnetic field
Why transformers are important?
 Ideally voltage changes without affecting the power supplied
 Losses (in power transmission lines) α I2
 Electric power generated at one location
 Voltage stepped up (current reducing)
 Transmitted with very low losses
 Voltage stepped down for final use

2) Working Principle
(Single-phase power transformers)
 2 windings
 Primary - connected to the alternating voltage source
 Secondary - delivers the power to the load

Ideal Transformer
 A lossless device

3) Turns Ratio

 Stepped up and down transformer

depends on the turns ratio

 For an ideal transformer,

Magneto-motive force due to primary
current
= Magneto-motive force due to
secondary current

4) emf Equation

 Sinusoidal primary current produces a sinusoidal flux

 emf induced in the primary winding

 maximum value of e1

 effective value of the primary emf

 Similarly, the effective value of the secondary emf

5) Equivalent Circuit and

Phasor Diagram
 Practical Transformers
 Windings of practical transformers have resistance
 Core is not infinitely permeable
 Flux is not completely transferred to the secondary
 Iron cores produce eddy-current and hysteresis losses

Practical Transformer

 Rm (core loss resistance) - represents iron losses

 Xm (magnetizing reactance) - measure of the permeability of the
transformer core

Equivalent Circuit & Phasor Diagram

Referring Impedances

 Resistance in the primary becomes , when referred to the secondary

 Resistance in the secondary becomes , when referred to the primary
 Equivalent Circuit

 Referred to primary

 Referred to secondary

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

 Referred to primary

 Referred to secondary

Example 1

A 100kVA single phase transformer has 400 turns in the primary and has 80 turns in the secondary. In primary
side X1=1.1Ω and R1=0.3Ω. In secondary side, X2=0.035Ω and R2=0.01Ω. Supply voltage is 2200V. Determine the
equivalent impedance referred to primary.

6) Voltage Regulation
  When the transformer is loaded -> secondary voltage changes due to drop in the internal impedance

 Voltage regulation is a term that is used to identify this variation

Transformer taps

- To permit small changes in the turns ratio

- Possible to maintain the voltage up to ± x% of the rated value

7) Losses & Efficiency

Losses:

- Copper loss

- Core loss (eddy current loss + hysteresis loss)

Efficiency is a function of secondary current

For maximum efficiency;

8) Cooling
 Indoor transformers below 200kVA
 Cooled by the natural flow of the air
 Placed inside a metallic housing which is having ventilating louvers
 Indoor larger transformers
 Built the same way
 Forced circulation of clean air is provided
 Distribution transformers below 200kVA
 Immersed in mineral oil and enclosed in a steel tank
 Heat is dissipated by radiation and convection to the outside air
 Large distribution transformers
 External radiators are added to increase the cooling surface of the oil filled tank
 Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moves through the radiator
 Heat is released to the surrounding air
 For still higher ratings
 Cooling fans blow air over the radiators
 For transformers in the megawatt range
 Cooling may be effected by an oil-water heat exchanger

9) Tests on Transformers

 Open Circuit Test

  High voltage side kept open
 Wattmeter reading is the core loss

 Short Circuit Test

 Low voltage side short circuited

 Wattmeter reading is the copper loss

Example 2

A 2400V/240V, 24kVA transformer gave the following results.

 High voltage side open - 240V, 2A, 200W
 Low voltage side closed - 100V, 10A, 150W
The transformer is supplying a load of 0.8 power factor lagging at full load.
Find the equivalent circuit parameters.
Calculate operating efficiency and maximum efficiency.

10) Three Phase Transformers

Made either by:

1. 3 single phase transformers connected in a 3–phase bank
2. 3 windings are wound on a common core
3. 1st approach – each unit coult be replaced individually
4. 2nd approach - cheaper, smaller and lighter
Three-phase transformer connections
Depending on the connections of primary and secondary coils;
Y-Y Y-Δ Δ-Y Δ-Δ
Y-Y connection

 Rarely used for large amount of power transmission

 Can be used for special types of applications

Y-Δ connection

 Used at substations where the voltage is stepped down

 Secondary coil current is 57.7% of the load current
 Δ-Y connection

 Used at the generator station, where the voltage is stepped up

Δ-Δ connection

Using 2 transformers

 Reduction in the power handling capacity

 Economical

1. Open Δ ( V-V)

2. Open Y – Open Δ
 3. Scott – T

4. 3-phase T

Example 3

Three identical single-phase transformers are needed to connect a 6 kVA, 120V, three-phase
load to a 4800V, three-phase transmission line.

For a Y/Δ connection, determine the followings of each single-phase transformer.

I. Power rating
II. Voltage rating
III. Current rating
IV. Turns ratio

11) Transformer ratings & nameplate

 4 major ratings

◦ Apparent power
◦ Voltage
◦ Current
◦ Frequency
◦ To protect winding insulations from breakdown due to high voltages
◦ To prevent high heating loss
◦ If operated on a different frequency, voltage should also be changed

11) Other types of Transformers

Auto Transformer
 For small changes in voltage
 small rating transformer with variable output
 Used in educational laboratories
 Has one winding -> common for primary and secondary

Advantages:
 Cheaper initial investment
 Low leakage reactance
 Low losses
 Requires low excitation current

2) Instrument Transformers

Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer)

 Ratio of primary to secondary voltage is known

 HV primary & LV secondary
 Low power rating
 Provide a sample of the power system’s voltage to the instruments measuring it
Current Transformer

 Ratio of primary to secondary current is known

 Sample the current in a line & reduce it to a safe and measurable level