Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
3) The primary winding has number of turns, while the secondary winding
has N2 number of turns. The basic transformer and its symbol is shown in
fig.(1) and (2) respectively.
Fig.(1)
Fig.(2)
4) When an alternating voltage V 1 is applied to primary winding, an
alternating current I1 flows in it producing alternating flux in the core.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction an e.m.f. is
induced in the primary winding which is given by,
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1) For core type of transformer two limbed iron core is used. Primary and
secondary winding turns are split in two parts and each part is
arranged on both the limbs of core.
2) Initially first part of the primary windings is wound on one limb and
remaining part of it is wound on other limb, then insulating paper is
wrapped on each part of primary winding. Now secondary winding is
wound on this paper in two parts, each part on one limb.
3) It has a single magnetic circuit. The winding encircles the core i.e. core
is surrounded by the winding. Core is made up of large number of thin
laminations.
4) As the windings are uniformly distributed over the two limbs the
natural cooling is more effective. The coils can be easily removed by
removing the laminations of the top yoke for maintenance.
3. Berry Type Transformer:-
1. Step up Transformer :
1) When the number of turns of secondary winding (N2) are greater than
number of turns of primary windings (N1), then voltage available across
secondary is greater than the applied across primary.
.
3) These type of transformers are generally used in generating power
stations or in communication circuits as EHT Transformers.
2. Step down Transformer :
1) When the number of turns of secondary winding (N2) are less than
number of
turns of primary windings (N1), then voltage available across secondary
is less than the applied across primary.
2) This kind of transformer is known as Step down Transformer (K >1)
where
3) These type of transformers are generally used in distribution power
stations and in electronics and communication circuits.
3. Isolation Transformer :
1) When the number of turns of secondary winding (N2) are equal to the
number of turns of primary windings (N1), then voltage available across
secondary is equal to voltage applied across primary.
www.ekeeda.com Contact : 9029006464 Email : care@ekeeda.com
where
3) These type of transformers are mainly used to isolate the electrical or
electronic circuit under testing from the supply.
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
i.e.
3) As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction an e.m.f. e1 is induced
in the primary winding.
….(1)
5) Similarly RMS value of induced e.m.f. in secondary winding is given by,
….(2)
www.ekeeda.com Contact : 9029006464 Email : care@ekeeda.com
6) Also,
Thus, e.m.f. per turns is same in primary and secondary winding and
hence equal e.m.f. is induced in each turn of primary and secondary
winding.
…(3)
…(4)
Dividing (3) by (4) we get,
…(5)
Thus,
…(6)
3) Hence, current is transformed in the reverse ratio of the voltage. If a
transformer steps up the voltage, it steps down the current and vice
versa.
For ideal transformer,
….(7)
4) From eqns (5), (6) and (7)
www.ekeeda.com Contact : 9029006464 Email : care@ekeeda.com
➢ Rating of Transformer:
1) Rating of a transformer indicates the output power from it. But for a
transformer, load is not fixed and its power factor goes on changing.
Hence rating is expressed in terms of product of voltage and current
called as VA rating. It is generally expressed in kVA.
3. This current (Iμ) set up the flux ( ) in iron core. The flux ( ) induces
e.m.f.’s E1 and E2 in the primary and secondary windings.
3. The NO load primary current Io is not 90˚ behind V1 but lags it by an angle
And
TRANSFORMER ON LOAD
Fig. (1)
Fig. (2)
Fig. (3)
Fig. (4)
1. In fig. (1), on NO load condition the transformer primary draws a current I o
2. In fig.(2), when a load with lagging power factor is connected across the
secondary of transformer, secondary current (I2) starts flowing through the
load. This secondary current sets up flux in iron core which opposes
main flux .
3. Because of this net flux in the iron core decreases. Hence flux linking with
primary coil reduces and induced e.m.f. E1 decreases.
4. In fig.(3), Due to reduction in induced voltage across primary (E1), potential
difference is created. Thus primary will draw an extra amount of current
(I1) to overcome load connected across secondary. This current is always
out of phase with (I2).
6. In fig. (4), as flux ( ) and ( ) cancel out each other, the net flux in iron
Thus, and
2. Applying KVL to primary side,
(Where )
7. Draw I2R2 in phase with I2 and I2X2 perpendicular to I2R2. Draw their
resultant as I2Z2.
8. Extend I2Z2 in negative direction and draw resultant of -I2Z2 and E2. Label
this resultant as V2 and angle between V2 and I2 as φ2.
9. Extend I2 in opposite direction and get the vector I2’ such that I2’ = K I2.
10. Find the resultant of I2’ and I0. Label this resultant as I1. i.e. net primary
current.
11. Draw vectors I1R1 in phase with I1 and I1X1 perpendicular to I1R1. Draw their
resultant as I1Z1.
12. Get the resultant of I1Z1 and (-E1). Label this resultant as V1 and angle
between V1 and I1 as φ1.
NO Load Condition
and
ON Load Condition
where,
R1e Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to primary
X1e Equivalent reactance of transformer referred to primary
Z1e Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to primary
,
www.ekeeda.com Contact : 9029006464 Email : care@ekeeda.com
where,
R2e Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to secondary
X2e Equivalent reactance of transformer referred to secondary
Z2e Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to secondary
3) The secondary terminal voltage does not depend only on load current but
also on the power factor of the load. Consider secondary circuit as shown
below:
Thus, phasor diagrams for different power factors are shown below:
a) Lagging p.f.
b) Leading p.f.
c) Unity p.f.
a) Copper Losses:-
1) This loss is due to the resistance of primary and secondary windings.
2) It depends on load current and is proportional to square of the load
current.
and
Efficiency of Transformer
1) The transformers used for distribution are energized for 24 hours of the
day. Thus, constant losses occur in the transformer for the whole day.
2) These transformers normally operate on different loads during 24 hours a
day. Because of this copper losses are different during different periods of
day.
3) Hence, efficiency of such transformers should be measured on the energy
basis.
www.ekeeda.com Contact : 9029006464 Email : care@ekeeda.com
TRANSFORMER TESTS
Wattmeter reading = Wi
Voltmeter reading = V1
Ammeter reading = Io
Also,
And ,
(b) Short Circuit (S.C.) Test:-
and