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Transformers
Last Updated on August 3, 2019 by Swagatam 122 Comments
Ferrite cores, due to to their high magnetic permeability are able to work
more efficiently with higher frequencies, due to lower eddy currents and
lower switching losses.
Now you may think, why not use lower frequency as that would conversely
help to reduce eddy currents? It appears valid, however, lower frequency
would also mean increasing the number of turns for the same transformer.
Inverter Topology
Actually, both the topology are push-pull in nature. In both the forms the
winding is applied with a continuously switching reverse-forward alternating
current by the MOSFETs, oscillating at the specified high frequency,
imitating a push-pull action.
The only fundamental difference between the two is, the primary side of the
center tap transformer has 2 times more number of turns than the Full
bridge transformer.
For simplicity, we'll try to solve the formula through an example set up, let's
say for a 250 watt transformer.
The power source will be a 12 V battery. The frequency for switching the
transformer will be 50 kHz, a typical figure in most SMPS inverters. We'll
assume the output to be 310 V, which is normally the peak value of a 220V
RMS.
As we all know, when a 12 V battery is used, it's voltage is never constant.
At full charge the value is around 13 V, which keeps dropping as the
inverter load consumes power, until finally the battery discharges to its
lowest limit, which is typically 10.5 V. So for our calculations we will
consider 10.5 V as the supply value for Vin(min) .
Primary Turns
The standard formula for calculating the primary number of turns is given
below:
The above figures give us the values for all the parameters required for
calcuating the primary turns of our SMPS inverter transformer. Therefore,
substituting the respective values in the above formula, we get:
N(prim) = 3.2
Bmax = 1600
As can be seen the new Bmax value for N(pri) = 3 turns looks fine and is well
within the acceptable range. This also implies that, if anytime you feel like
manipulating the number of N(prim) turns, you must make sure it complies with
the corresponding new Bmax value.
Secondary Turns
Now we know how to calculate the primary side of an ferrite SMPS inverter
transformer, it's time to look into the other side, that is the secondary of the
transformer.
Since the peak value has to be 310 V for the secondary, we would want the
value to sustain for the entire battery voltage range starting from 13 V to
10.5 V.
But for this there has to be some upper margin or headroom for facilitating
this automatic control. A +20 V margin looks good enough, therefore we
select the maximum output peak voltage as 310 + 20 = 330 V.
This also means that the transformer must be designed to output 310 V at
the lowest 10.5 battery voltage.
The 2% gap is left for the dead time. Dead time is the zero voltage gap
between each half cycle frequency, during which the MOSFETs or the
specific power devices remain completely shut off. This ensures
guaranteed safety and prevents shoot through across the MOSFETs during
the transition periods of the push pull cycles.
Hence, input supply will be minimum when the battery voltage reaches at
its minimum level, that is when Vin = Vin(min) = 10.5 V. This will prompt the duty
cycle to be at its maximum 98%.
The above data can be used for calculating the average voltage (DC RMS)
required for the primary side of the transformer to generate 310 V at the
secondary, when battery is at the minimum 10.5 V. For this we multiply
98% with 10.5, as shown below:
0.98 x 10.5 V = 10.29 V, this the voltage rating our transformer primary is
supposed to have.
Now, we know the maximum secondary voltage which is 330 V, and we
also know the primary voltage which is 10.29 V. This allows us to get the
ratio of the two sides as: 330 : 10.29 = 32.1.
Since the ratio of the voltage ratings is 32.1, the turn ratio should be also in
the same format.
The figure 96.3 is the number of secondary turns that we need for the
proposed ferrite inverter transformer that we are designing. As stated
earlier since fractional vales are difficult to implement practically, we round
it off to 96 turns.
This concludes our calculations and I hope all the readers here must have
realized how to simply calculate a ferrite transformer for a specific SMPS
inverter circuit.
Let's say, along with the 330 V at the secondary, you need another winding
for getting 33 V for an LED lamp. We first calculate the secondary :
auxiliary turn ratio with respect to the secondary winding 310 V rating. The
formula is:
NA = Vsec / (Vaux + Vd)
Now let's derive the number of turns required for the auxiliary winding, we
get this by applying the formula:
Naux = Nsec / NA
Where Naux = auxiliary turns, Nsec = secondary turns, NA = auxiliary ratio.
From our previous results we have Nsec = 96, and NA = 9, substituting these
in the above formula we get:
So in this way you can dimension an auxiliary winding as per your own
preference.
Wrapping up
In this post we learned how to calculate and design ferrite core based
inverter transformers, using the following steps:
For questions and doubts please feel free to use the comment box below,
I'll try to solve at an earliest