Electromagnetic Induction-

Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage

production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field.
This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving magnetic field (when
using an AC power source) or when a conductor is constantly moving in a stationary
magnetic field.
Michael Faraday arranged a conducting wire attached to a device to measure the voltage across
the circuit. When a bar magnet is moved through the coiling, the voltage detector measures the
voltage in the circuit.

Through his experiment, he discovered certain factors that influence this voltage production.
They are:

1. Number of Coils: Greater the number of turns, greater is voltage produced

2. Changing Magnetic Field: Changing magnetic field affects the induced voltage. This
can be done by either moving the magnetic field around the conductor or moving the
conductor in the magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction Formula

e = N × dΦ / dt

Where,

 e is the induced voltage (in volts)

 N is the number of turns in the coil
 Φ is the magnetic flux – the amount of magnetic field at a surface (in Webbers)
 t is the time (in seconds)
. Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
 AC generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
 The working of electrical transformers are based on electromagnetic induction.
 The magnetic flow meter is based on electromagnetic induction.

Types of Inductions:
There are two types of Induction process: (1) Mutual Induction and (2) Self Induction.
1) Self Induction- Its is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the
self coil due to change in current and hence the change in
magnetic flux in the coil.

The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil
and hence delays the current to acquire the maximum value.

Self induction is also called inertia of electricity as it opposes the

growth or decay of current.

SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).

A solenoid with N turns, length l, and cross sectional area A as our example. It
contains a current identification number (I). If B denotes the magnetic field at any
point inside the solenoid, then magnetic flux indicated as –
So, the total magnetic flux () associated with the solenoid may be calculated as the
product of magnetic flux through each turn and the total number of turns in the
solenoid.

The above equation represents self induction of a long solenoid formula.

2) Mutual Induction: Its is the phenomenon of inducing emf in

the secondary coil due to change in current in the primary coil
and hence the change in magnetic flux in the secondary coil.

The S.I. unit -  henry (H) 

dimensions - [M1L2T−2A−2]

Mutual Inductance Formula

M=μ0μrN1N2Al
Where,

 μ0 is the permeability of free space

 μr is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
 N is the number of turns in coil
 A is the cross-sectional area in m2
 l is the length of the coil in m
(ϕᵦ)₂ ∝ 𝐈₁

(ϕᵦ)₂ = μ₂₁ 𝐈₁ ––––––– ①

Similarly ,

(ϕᵦ)₁ = μ₁₂ 𝐈₂ ––––––– ②

Let ,

N₁ and N₂ be number of turns in primary and

Secondary coils

Then,

β₁ = μₒ n₁𝐈₁ and β₂ = μₒ n₂𝐈₂

(ϕᵦ)₁ = n₁β₂A

(ϕᵦ)₁ = N × μₒN₂/ℓ A𝐈₂ ––––––– ③

(ϕᵦ)₂ = N₂β₁ A

= N × μₒN₁/ℓ A𝐈₁ ––––––– ④

From ① & ④

M₂₁𝐈₁ = μₒN₁N₂ A𝐈₁ /ℓ

 From ② & ③

M₁₂𝐈₂ = μₒN₁N₂ A𝐈₂/ℓ

∴ M₂₁ = μₒN₁N₂/ℓ A

∴ M₁₂ = μₒN₁N₂/ℓ A

∴ M₁₂ = M₂₁

So ,

As M₁₂ = M₂₁

μₒn₁n₂ A/ℓ =μₒn₁ℓn₂ℓA/ℓ

M = M₁₂ = M₂₁ = μₒn₁n₂ Aℓ

M/volume = M/Aℓ = μₒn₁n₂ Aℓ

∴ M = μₒn₁n₂

TRANSFORMERS
 An electrical device that can change the A.C. current is known as a
transformer.

 A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. Mutual

induction is the phenomenon by which when the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an E.M.F. is induced in
the neighbouring coil.
 CONSTRUCTION-
A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core. Two coils, a primary (P) coil
with two sides P1 and P2, and a secondary (S) coil with two sides S1 and S2. Both
these coils are insulated from the Ferro-magnetic iron core. The source of the
alternate current is connected to the primary winding and the output is obtained
through the secondary winding which is connected in parallel to a resistance R.

WORKING-
The working of the transformer is based on the principle of mutual inductance
between two coils which are magnetic coupled.

According to the principle of mutual inductance, when an alternating voltage is

applied to the primary winding of the transformer, an alternating flux ϕ m which is
called as the mutual flux is produced in the core. This alternating flux links both the
windings magnetically and induces EMFs E 1 in the primary winding and E2 in the
secondary winding of the transformer according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. The EMF (E1) is called as primary EMF and the EMF (E 2) is known as
secondary EMF and being given as,
E1=−N1dφmdtE1=−N1dφmdt
And
E2=−N2dφmdtE2=−N2dφmdt
Therefore,
E2E1=N2N1E2E1=N2N1

Types of Transformer

There are two types of the transformer and they are:

1. Step-Up Transformer
2. Step-Down Transformer

Step-Up transformer:

if the secondary coil has a greater number of turns than the primary (Ns > Np), the
voltage is stepped up (Vs > Vp). This type of arrangement is called a step-up
transformer. However, in this arrangement, there is less current in the secondary
than in the primary (Np/Ns < 1 and Is < Ip).
Step-Down transformer:

If the secondary coil has less turns than the primary (Ns < Np), we have
a step-down transformer. In this case, Vs < Vp and Is > Ip. That is, the voltage is
stepped down, or reduced, and the current is increased.
Efficiency of a transformer-

The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power.

The efficiency η = 1 (ie. 100%), only for an ideal transformer where there is no
power loss. But practically there are numerous factors leading to energy loss in a
transformer and hence the efficiency is always less than one.

Applications and uses of Transformers-

According to the necessity, transformers are classified into:
Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used for high voltage power transfer
applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger space.
Distribution Transformers: These type of transformers are used to distribute the generated
power to distant locations. It is used for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than 33
KV in industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer helps in measuring voltage,
current, and power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are classified into:
Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs and shelters just like the industry types.
Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside and are used as distribution type
transformers.

USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

Energy Losses in a Transformer-

1. Copper Loss: Heat is produced due to the resistance of the copper

windings of Primary and Secondary coils when current flows through
them.

This can be avoided by using thick wires for winding.

2. Flux Loss: In actual transformer coupling between Primary and

Secondary coil is not perfect. So, a certain amount of magnetic flux is
wasted.

Linking can be maximised by winding the coils over one

Iron Losses:

a) Eddy Currents Losses:

When a changing magnetic flux is linked with the iron core, eddy currents
are set up which in turn produce heat and energy is wasted.
 Eddy currents are reduced by using laminated core instead of a solid iron
block because in laminated core the eddy currents are confined with in the
lamination and they do not get added up to produce larger current. In other
words their paths are broken instead of continuous ones.

b) Hysteresis Loss:

When alternating current is passed, the iron core is magnetised and

demagnetised repeatedly over the cycles and some energy is being lost in the
process.

This can be minimised by using suitable material with thin hysteresis loop

4. Losses due to vibration of core: Some electrical energy is lost in the

form of mechanical energy due to vibration of the core and humming
noise due to magnetostriction effect.

CONCLUSION-

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS-

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR-

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.