Electrical transformers: components,

working principle, types

 The Electrical Transformer is one of the most important elements of the electrical
network for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy, through which
the electrical voltage is raised or lowered. (11.6kV to 132kV), and the benefits
that are brought from this conversion are not limited to the transmission of
electrical energy only, but the energy lost in the electrical power transmission
wires is reduced as a result of the reduction in the value of the electric current
obtained from raising the electrical voltage, while at the end of the electrical
networks the voltage is reduced Electricity before it is distributed to consumers
by electrical transformers to match the loads, for example in Jordan (33kV to
0.4kV). What are the components of a simple transformer?
 What is the working principle of electrical transformers?
 conversion ratio
 What are the types of electrical transformers?
 How to connect electrical transformers?
 Why is a transformer’s bulge measured in volts-amperes and not watts?
First: The electrical transformer and its
components:

 It is a stationary device that converts alternating current electrical energy

voltage into a voltage level without changing the frequency, and the
conversion process using the magnetic field.

 The motor is made of several steel strips, and it is made of several core
steel strips to improve the efficiency of the transformer, two windings of
winding winding as follows, the electric power source, the primary winding
becomes the primary winding, it consists of a certain number of windings
(NP Turns) and the other is connected with the load The intended power is
to connect the power and the secondary winding is shorted. The
secondary winding is also composed of connecting a certain number of
windings (NS Turns).
Note the following picture:
Second: The working principle of the
electrical transformer:
 Electrical machines, including electrical transformers, depend entirely on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.

 In 1831, the scientist Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of induction and
attributed to him Faraday's law, which states that:

 “The change in the magnetic flux produces at every moment an inductive electromotive
force that is responsible for generating the inductive current through the coil.”

 In order to understand the principle of operation of the electrical transformer, we must

address the principles of electromagnetism
 The magnetic field arising from the
passage of an electric current:

 When a dc current passes through a conductor, it creates a constant magnetic field around it, but in
the case of an alternating electric current, ac current, it creates a changing magnetic field around it.
Passing an electric current through a solenoid We apply the right-hand grip rule as in the following
picture:
Magnetic Induction Voltage:

 If a conductor is placed under the influence of a magnetic field so that

the conductor cuts the magnetic field lines continuously, an inductive
voltage will be generated between the ends of the conductor responsible
for generating an inductive current if the conductor is within a closed
circuit.

 To understand the working principle of the electrical transformer, see the

following image:
Magnetic Induction Voltage:
 The primary winding is connected to the primary voltage, an alternating
current is generated by the primary current, when this ac current passes
through the primary coil a changing magnetic field is created which is
transmitted through the iron core by the magneto motive force – MMF to
penetrate The secondary coil, by penetrating the changing magnetic field of
the secondary coil, produces an inductive voltage between the terminals of
the secondary coil, and then generates an inductive current called the
secondary current to be transmitted to the load to be powered.

 The magnetic flux, Ø (magnetic flux) is defined as the number of magnetic

field lines that penetrate a coil, as we note in the previous picture that not all
magnetic field lines penetrate the primary and secondary coils, where the
total magnetic flux can be divided into three sections as follows:
 The magnetic flux, Ø (magnetic flux) is defined as the number of magnetic field
lines that penetrate a coil, as we note in the previous picture that not all
magnetic field lines penetrate the primary and secondary coils, where the total
magnetic flux can be divided into three sections as follows:

 mutual flux – Ø𝑚 which is the magnetic field that cuts through the primary and
secondary coils.
 And the leakage flux in the primary coil is leakage flux primary - Ø𝐿𝑃, which are
the magnetic field lines that penetrate the primary coil without penetrating the
secondary coil
 leakage flux secondary - Ø𝐿𝑆.
 Third: Turns Ratio:

 The value of the voltage between the terminals of the primary coil arising from
the mutual magnetic flux can be calculated using the following Faraday's law:
Faraday's Law 1 :
 whereas:

 𝑣𝑝: the voltage on the ends of the primary coil.

 𝑁𝑃: the number of turns of the primary coil.
 𝑑Ø𝑚/𝑑𝑡: the time rate of change of the reciprocal magnetic flux.
 And the voltage between the terminals of the secondary winding is
calculated in the same way:
 whereas:

 𝑣s: the voltage on the terminals of the secondary coil.

 𝑁s: the number of turns of the secondary coil.

 We conclude that:
 whereas:

 𝑎 is the transformation ratio of the electrical transformer, and it is defined as the ratio between
the number of turns of the secondary coil to the number of turns of the primary coil.

 If the transformation ratio of the electrical transformer is greater than one (a>1), that is, the
number of turns of the primary coil is greater than the number of turns of the secondary coil,
then the secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage, and in this case it is called a step
down transformer.

 But if the transformer ratio is less than one (a<1), that is, the number of turns of the secondary coil
is greater than the number of turns of the primary coil, then the secondary voltage is greater
than the primary voltage, and the transformers in this case are called step up transformer.
Fourth: Types of electrical transformers:
Classification of electrical transformers
according to the shape of the iron
core:
 Core form: In this type of transformer, the iron core is made of rectangular
steel strips, and the primary and secondary coils are placed on both ends
of the iron core, as shown in the following picture.
 Shell form: The iron core in this type of transformer consists of three-legged
steel strips and the coils are placed on the central leg so that they are
isolated from each other as shown in the following picture.
 Classification of electrical transformers in terms of voltage level:

 Power transformers: They are the transformers that are used in electrical power
transmission networks (above 33kv), such as 400kv/132kv transformers and 132kv/33kv
transformers.
 Distribution transformer: They are the transformers used in electrical power distribution
networks (up to 33kv) such as 33kv/11kv and 33kv/0.4kv.
 Classification of electrical transformers according to the number of phases:

 Single phase transformer: It consists of one primary winding and one secondary winding.
 Three-phase transformer: It consists of three primary and three secondary windings.
 There are two types of three-phase transformer, the first type consists of three single-
phase transformer and the second type consists of a single unit by a single three-phase
transformer.
 Fifth: Methods of connecting three-
phase transformers:
 Three phase ciDelta connection - Δ method by connecting the end of each coil to the beginning of the
file next to it.
 Star connection - Y method by connecting all ends of the files together.rcuits can be connected in
different ways, including:Since transformers consist of two primary and secondary circuits, each circuit
can be connected in a delta or star manner. This means that there are four ways to connect three-
phase transformers:

 Y-Y transformer: In this method, both primary and secondary coils are connected as a star.
 Δ- Δ transformer: Both primary and secondary coils are connected in delta method
 Y- Δ transformer: The primary windings are connected in the star way, while the secondary windings are
connected in the delta method
 Δ-Y transformer: The primary windings are connected by delta method and secondary windings by star
method
 :‫لمراجع‬
 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS by Stephan J. Champan 4th edition
 ‫محمود الجيالني‬.‫المرجع في محوالت القوى الكهربائية د‬