CHAPTER 3

Transformers
This Chapter covers the outcomes from 6 to 12
6. Describe the principle of operation of a transformer.
7. Construct a transformer no-load phasor diagram and calculate magnetizing
and core loss components of the no-load currents.
8. State the emf equation of the transformer.
9. Construct a transformer no-load phasor diagram for an inductive circuit
assuming the volt drop in the winding is negligible.
10. Derive the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the
primary of transformer.
11.Describe the voltage regulation, losses in transformer and
calculate its efficiency.
12. Describe different types of transformers like auto transformer, isolating
transformer, three phase transformer, voltage transformer and current
transformer.
Transformers in Power systems
Transformers in Use
 TRANSFORMER - PRINCIPLE

➢ A Transformer is a static device which uses to

change (transfer) the alternating voltages and
currents from one value to another, without
changing the frequency.
➢ The transformer consists of two coils
magnetically linked through ferromagnetic core.
➢ First coil has N1 turns connected to the power
supply which is called Primary winding, and
➢ Second coil has N2 turns connected to the load is
called Secondary winding.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION-TRANSFORMER…

➢ The secondary of transformer is open-circuited

➢ An alternating voltage, V1 is applied to the
primary winding. A small current called the no load
current, Io flows in primary
➢ Io produces an alternating magnetic flux in
the core
➢ This flux links both primary and secondary coils
and induces EMF of E1 in primary and E2 in
secondary by mutual induction principle.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION-TRANSFORMER…

The 'minus' sign used

in Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction
simply indicates that the
induced emf and the
change in magnetic flux
have opposite signs.
This opposition is known
as Lenz's law.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION-TRANSFORMER…
 EMF Equation of Transformer
The EMF induced in Primary of Transformer E1 and in the secondary E2 is
given by

Where, N1 - Number of turns in primary windings

N2 - Number of turns in secondary windings
Фm - Maximum flux in weber (wb)
f - Frequency in Hz

Turns or Transformation Ratio:

 IDEAL TRANSFORMER

A transformer is said to be ideal if satisfies the following properties:

✓ It has no losses.
✓ Winding resistance has zero.
✓ There is no flux leakage.
✓ Efficiency is 100 %.
Example 1: pg no.39
Example 2: pg no.39
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
In a practical transformer
1. Some leakage flux is present at both primary and secondary sides. This leakage gives
rise to leakage reactances at both sides (X1 and X2)
2. Both the primary and secondary winding possesses resistance (R1 and R2).
3. The resistances in both side cause voltage drop as I1R1 and I2R2.
4. Both the primary and secondary winding have copper loss (I12R1 and I22R2).
5. Permeability of the core cannot be infinite.

➢ Transformer Equivalent Circuit is the electrical circuit representation of equations

describing the behavior of Transformer.
➢ This circuit can then be studied and analyzed by applying principles of circuit theory.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT REFERRING TO THE PRIMARY SIDE

The equivalent circuit of transformer

Equivalent transformer circuit referring to

the primary side
 EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT REFERRING TO THE PRIMARY SIDE

Now, as the values of winding resistance and

leakage reactance are so small,
Assume, V1 = E1
Therefore, the exciting current drawn by the
parallel combination of R0 and X0 would not
affect significantly, if we move it to the input
terminals as shown in the figure.

Now, let R1 + R ’2 = Req and X1 + X ’2 = Xeq

Then the Equivalent Circuit of

Transformer becomes as shown in the figure.
 EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT REFERRING TO THE PRIMARY SIDE

If Voltage Regulation is to be calculated,

then even the whole excitation branch (parallel
combination of R0 and X0) can be neglected.
Then the equivalent circuit becomes as
shown in the figure below

Similarly, we can find The Equivalent Transformer Circuit Referring To The

Secondary Side
 TRANSFORMER NO-LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM
If the secondary winding of a transformer is left
open-circuited, the primary current is very low and is
referred to as the No-load Current Io.

The no-load current produces the magnetic flux and supplies the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in
the core. Therefore, the no-load current Io consists of two components: the magnetizing-current
component Iµ and the Iron loss or core-loss component Iw .
➢ No-load current Io lags the applied voltage V1 by an angle about 75o
➢ The magnetizing current Iµ lags the applied primary voltage V1 by 90°
➢ The core-loss component Iw is always in phase with V1.
➢ The primary applied voltage V1and the induced secondary voltage V2 are shown 180° out of phase
with each other.
➢ Since in practical, Iw << Iµ (Very small ), then, Io ≈ Iµ (Nearly equal ).
➢ No-load current Io is also called as the Exciting current. The no load current drawn by transformer is
about 2% - 5% of full load current.
 TRANSFORMER NO-LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM…

Assume No Voltage drop,

E1 = V1,
E2 = V2
PROBLEM – pg no.46
A 3300 / 440 V, single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.8 A and the iron
loss (core losses) is 500 W. Draw the no-load phasor diagram and determine the
values of the magnetizing and core loss components of the no-load current.
V1 = 3300 V , V2 = 440 V and IO = 0.8A
PROBLEM pg no.47
A transformer takes a current of 1 A when its primary is connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz
supply, the secondary being on open-circuit. If the power absorbed (dissipated) is
120 Watt, calculate

(a) The iron loss current (core loss component)

(b) The power factor on no-load (c) The magnetizing current
PROBLEM – pg no.48
An ideal transformer has a turn ratio of 1:5. If the secondary coil has 1000 turns and
secondary voltage is 30 V. Find:
➢ The voltage ratio
➢ The primary voltage
➢ The number of primary turn
PROBLEM –pg no.48
A single-phase ideal transformer with a 2 kVA rating has a 480 V primary, and a 120 V
secondary. Determine the primary and secondary full- load currents of the transformer.
PROBLEM – pg no.49

A 12 Ω resistor is connected across the secondary winding of ideal transformer whose

secondary voltage is 120 V. If the supply current is 4 A, find the primary voltage
PROBLEM – pg no. 49
A 2400/120V ideal transformer supplied a load of 5 kVA with power factor of 0.8. Find:

a) The output active power

b) The rated output current (full load current)
c) The primary current
PROBLEM – pg no.51
A single phase ideal transformer has a primary winding of 208 turns and secondary
winding of 6 turns. The primary winding is connected to a 4160 V.
➢ Find the secondary voltage at no load
➢ Find the primary current if the load current is 50 A
➢ Find the apparent power flowing in primary and secondary circuits
 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

IRON LOSSES- CONSTANT LOSSES

1. Eddy Current Losses- Pe
❑ This power loss is due to induction of an emf in the core which
produces a current called the Eddy Current.
❑ Pe Loss is directly proportional to
➢ Square of frequency, f
➢ Flux Density, B
➢ Thickness of Lamination, d
❑ Minimized by making Core of thin sheets of Silicon Steel
laminated
➢ Each lamination is insulated form each other by a thin
layer of coating of Varnish or Oxide film
2. Hysteresis Loss – PH
❑ This is the loss in the iron core, due to the
magnetic reversal of the flux in the core, which
results in the form of heat in the core.
❑ Hysteresis loss can be minimized by using the
core material having high permeability.
❑ This loss PH is directly proportional to the

▪ Frequency, f

▪ Flux density, B

▪ Volume of the core

▪ Type of the core

B-H Curve
3. Copper Loss (Variable Loss)

➢ This is the power loss that occurs in the

primary and secondary coils when the
transformer is On Load.
➢ This power is wasted in the form of heat due
to the resistance of the coils (I2R).
➢ It is called the Variable loss.
EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
Pout
 =  1 0 0%
Pin
Pout
=  100%
Pout + Ploss
After adding all Losses, The Transformer Efficiency is

= V2 I 2 cos
x 100 %
PCu + Pcore + V2 I 2 cos
 PROBLEM –pg no.52

A single phase ideal transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the secondary.
The cross-sectional area of the core is 80 cm2. If the primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz supply
at 500V, calculate:

1- flux-density and

2-votage induced in the secondary

1) E1 = 4.44 f ФmN1
500 = 4.44*50*Фm*500
Фm = 4.5 mwb
Bm = Фm/A = (4.5*10-3)/(80*10-4) = 0.563 wb/m2

2) V1/V2 = N1/N2
V2 = 500*1200/500 = 1200 Volt
PROBLEM –pg no.53
A 25 kVA ideal transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply, find:
a) The full load primary current
b) The full load secondary current
c) The primary e.m.f. per turn
d) The secondary e.m.f. per turn
e) The maximum flux in the core
PROBLEM –pg no.54, HW
 Example: –pg no.56, HW
A 10 kVA, 2000 V/500 V, 50 Hz, single-phase ideal transformer supplies an inductive load. The
transformer has 200 turns in secondary windings. If the dissipated power in the load is 6 kW.
Calculate:
1. The primary and secondary currents
2. The primary and secondary e.m.f. per turn
3. The maximum magnetic flux in the core in mwb
4. The load inductance (L)

4. Zload = V2/I2 = 500/20 = 25 Ω

Pload = I22R
6000 = (20)2 x R OR S2 = P2+Q2
R = 15 Ω 102 = 62+Q2

Z2 = R2+XL2 Q = 8 kVAR
252 = 152+(XL)2 Q = I22 XL
XL = 20 Ω XL = 20 Ω
XL = 2πfL XL = 2πfL
L = 20/(2x3.14x50) = 63.7 mH L = 20/(2x3.14x50) = 63.7 mH
 Example: pg. No.59
A single-phase transformer is rated at 40 kVA. It has full-load copper losses of 800 W
and iron losses of 500 W. Find the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.8 power factor.
 VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER

❖Ideal transformer, Voltage Regulation = 0 %.

❖The typical values of voltage regulation in small transformers
are about 3 % and about 1 % in large transformers.
Example : pg No.61
A transformer has an open circuit voltage of 110 Volt. It operates at regulation of 3%.
Calculate the load voltage.
 Types of Transformers
1. It uses to step up the voltage level like power transformer

2. It uses to lower the voltage levels like distribution transformer.

 Types of Transformers…

3- Ta p p e d t ran s fo r m e r
▪ A t a p is a w i r e c o n n e c t i o n m a d e at s o m e p o i n t o n
the secondary winding.
▪ T h e t a p p e d s e c o n d a r y is u s i n g a s w i t c h to select
o n e o f m a n y p o s s i b l e vo l t a g e s .

4- Variable transformer
▪ A sliding contact is moved along the length of an exposed
secondary winding, that is able to connect with it at any

point along its length .

 Types of Transformers…
5- Instrument transformer
It used as
• Current Transformer ( CT ) , and
• Potential transformer ( PT or VT )
 Types of Transformers…
6. Auto transformer
❑ An autotransformer is a transformer with only
one winding .
❑ It has three connection points called Taps. The
voltage source and the load, each are connected
to two points; third point is a common.
❑ In an autotransformer, a portion of the same
winding acts as part of both the primary and
secondary windings.
❑ The connection point with the load makes
autotransformer to step up or step down the
voltage as shown in figure.
 Types of Transformers…
6. Auto transformer - Advantages

✓ Saves winding material, since the secondary winding is part of the primary
winding.

✓ Lower copper loss,

✓ Its efficiency is higher than in the two winding transformer,
✓ Lower leakage reactance ( XL), and lower exciting current ( I0).
✓ Variable output voltage can be obtained,
✓ Voltage Regulation of auto transformer is much better than in the
two winding transformer,
✓ Its size is relatively very smaller, and
✓ Lower cost.
 Three Phase Transformers
➢ The three phases can be connected in either star or delta
➢ There will be a phase difference of 120°
STAR-STAR (Y – Y)
a) Star-star connection is generally used for high-voltage
transformers ( since phase voltage is 1/√3 times of line voltage only-
less copper needed for winding).
b)Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each other.
c)This connection can be used only if the connected load is
balanced.

DELTA – DELTA (Δ - Δ)

A) This connection is generally used for low-voltage transformers (since

phase voltage is same as line voltage - More copper needed for winding).

B) This connection can be used even for unbalanced loading.

C) Another advantage - even if one transformer is disabled, system can

continue to operate in open delta connection but with reduced available

capacity.
 STAR – DELTA (Y - Δ)

a)The primary winding is star (Y) connected with grounded

neutral and the secondary winding is delta connected.
b)This connection is mainly used in step down transformer at
the substation end of the transmission line.
c) There is 30° shift between the primary and secondary line
voltages.

DELTA - STAR (Δ - Y)

a)The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary

winding is connected in star with neutral grounded. Thus it can
be used to provide 3-phase 4-wire system.
b)This type of connection is mainly used in step-up
transformer at the beginning of transmission line.
c) There is 30° shift between the primary and secondary line
voltages.