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F=BIL
Where: F = Force in Newton
B = Flux density in Weber/meter2
I = Current in amperes flowing through the
conductor
L = Length of the conductor in meters
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Or
Motor Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD
900
N 900
IO
OT
M
900
=
B
UM
FORCE = B IAl
• The construction of a DC motor is the same as
a DC generator.
• The only difference is that in a generator the
generated e.m.f (Ea) is greater than the
DC Motor
Torque of DC Motor
• For a d.c. motor, the supply voltage (V), is given by:
RA
I = If + I a
V = E + IaRa
•The Characteristics :
The
Torque/Armature
Current
Characteristics
Speed/ Armature
Current
Characteristics
• Example 2:
A 230 v, 10 hp d.c. shunt motor delivers
power to a load at 1200 r/min. the armature
current drawn by the motor is 200 Amp. The
armature circuit resistance of the motor is 0.2
ohm and field resistance is 115 ohm. If the
rotational losses are 500 W, what is the value
of the load torque?
• The back e.m.f induced in the armature is:
E = V – Ia Ra = 230 – (0.2 x 200) = 190v
• Power developed (in the rotor), Pdev = Eb Ia = 38000 W
•Power delivered to the load, P0 = Pload
= Pdev – Prot = Pout = 38000 – 500 = 37500 W
•Since speed: w = 2πN/60 = 2πx 1200/60 = 40 π rad/sec
•Where N is the speed in revolutions per minute
(r/min), the torque supplied to the load can be
calculated as:
•Load torque, T0 = P0 / w = 298.4 N.m
Series - Wound Motor
• In the series wound motor the field winding is
in series with the armature across the supply.
RA
Armature
I = If + Ia
The
Torque/Armature
Current
Characteristics
Speed/ Armature
Current
Characteristics
•Example 3:
A series connected Dc motor has an armature
resistance of 0.5 ohm and field winding
resistance of 1.5 ohm. In driving a certain
load at 1200 rpm, the current drawn by the
motor is 20 Amp from a voltage source of VT =
220 v. The rotational loss is 150 W.
Find the output power and efficiency.
•Induced voltage: E = V – Ia (Ra + Rs) = 180v
•Power developed (in the rotor):
Pdev = Eb Ia = 180 x 20 = 3600 W
•Power delivered to the load:
P0 = Pdev – Prot = 3600 – 150 = 3450 W
RA
•The Characteristics :
Ia = IL - If = 100 - 5 = 95 Amp
•Therefore, Ea = VT – Ia Ra =
Pa = Ea Ia = τ w
τ = Ea Ia / w
The Motor Torque/Speed Characteristic
Direction of Rotation
• The direction of rotation of a dc motor depends on
the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of
current flow in the armature. If either the direction of
the field or the direction of current flow through the
armature is reversed, the rotation of the motor will
reverse. However, if both of these factors are reversed
at the same time, the motor will continue rotating in
the same direction.
Motor Speed
• The speed of a dc motor is changed by
changing the current in the field or by
changing the current in the armature.
• When the field current is decreased, the field
flux is reduced, and the counter emf
decreases. This permits more armature
current. Therefore, the motor speeds up.
• When the voltage applied to the armature is