Monday, June 14, 2021 11:42 AM

1. DC MACHINES

CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE/GENERATOR :

Pole

Pole
Shoe
Core

tor

1. Yoke :
Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical
support intended for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc. The materials used in
the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel otherwise rolled steel.

2. Pole and Pole Core :

The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among pole. Whenever
field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are cast steel, cast
iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop
because of the eddy currents.

3. Pole Shoe :
Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the pole. Because of this
region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed through the air space toward armature.

4. Field Windings
In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named as field coil. Whenever current is supplied through
field winding than it electromagnetics the poles which generate required flux. The material used for field windings is Cu.

5. Armature Core :
Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge. The armature conductor is located in these slots. It
provides the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with field winding.

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6. Commutator :
The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the armature conductor as well
as supplies the current to the load using brushes. And also provides uni-directional torque for DC-motor. The
commutator can be built with a huge number of segments in the edge form of hard drawn copper.

7. Brushes :
Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the commutator and supply it to the exterior load. Brushes wear with
time to inspect frequently. The materials used in brushes are graphite otherwise carbon which is in rectangular form.

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 NOTE - 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝑂𝐹 𝐷𝐶 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝑂𝑅/𝑀𝐴𝐶𝐻𝐼𝑁𝐸

SUMS ON DC MOTOR/GENETOR : 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝑂𝐹 𝐷𝐶 𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑅

Ql. A 4 pole dc machine has a terminal voltage of 220V and an induced voltage of 240V at rated speed.
Determine its armature current if the armature resistor is 0.2Ω.
.
GIVEN: P = 4
𝑉 = 220V
𝑉 = 240V
𝑅 = 0.2 Ω

TO FIND: 𝐼

240V 220V

SOL:
𝐸 =𝑉 +𝐼 𝑅

𝐼 = 𝐸 −𝑉
𝑅

= 240 − 220 = 100A

0.2

Q2. A dc generator when running at rated speed supplies 250V to a circuit load resistance.
Calculate its emf induced if the armature current is 10A and armature resistance is 0.04𝛺.
Consider the voltage drop per brush is 2V.

GIVEN: 𝐼 = 10A
𝑅 = 0.04𝛺
V= 250V
v drop per brush = 2V

TO FIND: 𝐸 SOLUTION: 𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼 𝑅 + voltage drop per brush

𝑅 = 250 + (10×.04) + 4
𝐸 250V = 254.4V
LOAD

BRUSH

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Monday, June 7, 2021 11:07 AM

EMF EQUATION :

AVERAGE E.M.F.
= dɸ
volts
dt

FLUX CUT /CONDUCTOR = ɸ×p

NO. OF POLES

FLUX
(TIME PERIOD) t = 1
f (FREQUENCY)

f = NO. OF CYCLES /SECONDS

N = RPM
= 60secs
N = 60× f

N = 60
t

t = 60 OR 1 = N
N t 60

E = ɸp
t

Therefore, Emf induced for E = ɸpN

single conductor is given by, 60

Where, ɸ = Flux
p = No. of poles
N = Speed (rpm)
For z no of conductor,
E = ɸpN z Where, z = No. of conductor
60 × A

In Lap Winding : A = p
In Wave Winding : A = 2 Where, A is the no. of parallel paths

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Monday, June 7, 2021 11:50 AM

SUMS ON EMF EQUATION:

Q1. A 4-pole, wave wound generator has 40 slots and 10 conductors are placed per slot.
Find the generated emf when the generator is driven at 1200r.p.m and flux is 0.02wb.

GIVEN: p =4
A=2
N = 1200rpm
z = 40× 10 = 400
ɸ = 0.02wb.

TO FIND: 𝐸

SOL:
𝐸 = pɸN z
×
60 A

= 4 × 0.02 × 1200 400

×
60 2

𝐸 = 320V

Q2. An 8 poles dc generator has 500 armature conductors, and a useful flux of 0.05wb. per pole.
What will be the emf generated if it is a lap-connected and runs at 1200rpm?
What must be the speed at which it should be driven to produce the same emf, if it is wave wound?

GIVEN: p =8
A=8
N = 1200rpm
z = 500
ɸ = 0.05Wb.

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TO FIND: (i) Emf generated in lap winding
(ii) N when it at wave wounding

SOL:
(i) 𝐸 = pɸN z
×
60 A

= 8 × 0.05 × 1200 500

×
60 8

𝐸 = 500V

(ii) 𝐸 = pɸN z
×
60 A

N = 2 × 500 × 60
8 × 0.05 ×500
N = 300rpm

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Monday, June 7, 2021 10:47 AM

TORQUE EQUATION OF DC MOTOR:

𝜔𝜏
V LOAD
I 𝐸 250V

BRUSH

By Voltage Equation,

V=𝐸 +𝐼 𝑅 (i)

Multiplying the equation (1) by Ia we get

V𝐼 = 𝐸 𝐼 + 𝐼 𝑅 (ii)
We know that,
Total electrical power supplied to the machine =
Mechanical power developed by the armature + losses due to armature resistance
Now, the mechanical power developed by the armature is 𝑃 in electrical term is ,
P = E I (iii)

Also, the mechanical power that rotates the armature can be given regarding torque 𝜏 and speed n.
P = 𝜔T = 2πN𝜏 (iv)
60
From (iii) &(iv) , E I = 2πN𝜏
60
By EMF Equation,
ɸpN z I
× = 2πN𝜏
60 A 60 E = ɸ p N× z
60 A
𝜏 = 1 × ɸpz I
2π A

So, the torque equation is given as:

= 0.159 × ɸ z 𝐼 × p N.m.
A

= 9.55 𝐸 𝐼 N.m. OR = 0.159 × ɸ z 𝐼 × p

N A

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Monday, June 7, 2021 12:00 PM

SUMS BASED ON TORQUE EQUATION:

Q1. A dc motor takes an armature current of 110A at 480V. The armature resistance is 0.2Ω
The machine has 6 poles and the armature is lap connected with 864 conductors .
The flux per pole is 0.05wb. Find speed and Torque developed by the machine.

GIVEN : p =6
A=6
ɸ = 0.05Wb.
z = 864
𝐼 = 110A
𝑅 = 0.2Ω
V = 480V

TO FIND : N and 𝜏

SOL :

𝐸 =V− 𝐼 𝑅
= 480 − 110 × 0.2
𝐸 = 458V

𝐸 = pɸN z
×
60 A

N = 60 × 6 × 458
6 × 0.05 ×864
N = 636.11𝑟𝑝𝑚

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 𝜏 = 9.55 𝐸 𝐼
N

= 9.55 × 458 × 110

636.1

= 756.37N.m.

Q2. Calculate the torque by a 440V dc motor having an armature resistance of

0.25Ω and running at 750rpm when taking an armature current of 40A.

GIVEN :
V = 440V
𝑅 = 0.25Ω
N = 750rpm
𝐼 = 40A

TO FIND : 𝜏

SOL :
𝐸 =V− 𝐼 𝑅
= 440 − 40 × 0.25
𝐸 = 430V

𝜏 = 9.55 𝐸 𝐼
N

= 9.55 × 430 × 40
750

= 219N.m.

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Friday, June 11, 2021 11:44 AM

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DC MOTOR:

1. DC Shunt Motor
2. DC Series Motor
3. Compound Motor

1. Shunt Motor :
Shunt Motor is a type of DC Motor in which field winding is connected parallel to armature winding.

DC SHUNT MOTOR
Where, I = Total Armature Resistance
I = Armature Current
𝐼 = Shunt Current ; In Shunt Motor Flux ɸ = constant

And, I= I + I (i)

According to voltage equation,

Eb = V − I R
I =V − E
R
Substituting I in (i),
I =V − E + V − I
R

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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR:
1. T /I Characteristic - It is known as electrical characteristic.

𝜔T = E I
2πF𝜏 = E I
Torque (𝜏) 2πN . 𝜏 = E I
60
𝜏 = 60 . E I
2π N

𝜏 = 9.55 × E I
0
Current (I ) N

2. N/I Characteristic -

E = ɸpN z
×
60 A

N N ∝ E
ɸ Flux Constant

N ∝ E ∝ V − I R

0
Current (I )

3. N/T Characteristic - It is known as Mechanical characteristic.

0 Torque (T )

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2. Series Motor :
1. T / I Characteristic
T ∝ ɸI
T ∝ I

2. N/ I Characteristic

2. N/𝜏 Characteristic

It is found that when speed is high armature torque is low and vice versa.

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SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR :
1. Field Flux Control Method
2. Voltage Control Method
3. Armature Control Method

1. Field Flux Control Method :

ɸ∝I ∝ 1
(R + R )

N ∝ 1
ɸ

Case (i) : R High Case (ii) : R LOW

I I
LESS HIGH
ɸ ɸ

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Friday, June 11, 2021 12:42 PM

SUMS ON DC SHUNT MOTOR:

Q1. A dc shunt motor runs at 900rpm from a 460V supply when taking an armature current of 25A.
Calculate the speed at which it will run from a 230V supply when taking an armature current of 15A.
The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.8Ω. Assume the flux per pole at 230V to have
decreased to 75% of its value at 460V.

GIVEN : N = 900rpm
V = 460V
I = 25A

V = 230V
I = 15A

𝑅 = 0.8Ω
V = 480V

TO FIND : N

SOL :
N E ɸ
N
=
E
×ɸ

N V − I R ɸ
= ×
N V −I R ɸ

900 = 460 - (25×0.8) × 0.75

N 230 - (15×0.8)

N = 196200
330

N = 594.545

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Q2. A 200V dc shunt motor running at 1000rpm takes an armature current of 17.5A.
It is required to reduce the speed to 600rpm. What must be the value of resistance
to be inserted in the armature circuit if the original armature resistance is 0.4Ω?
Take armature current to be constant during this process.

GIVEN :
V = 200V 𝐼 = 17.5𝐴

N = 1000rpm
I = 17.5A 𝑅 = 0.4Ω
V = 200V
I = 17.5A
N = 600rpm
𝑅 = 0.4Ω
𝐼 = 17.5𝐴
R
TO FIND : 𝑅

𝑅 = 0.4Ω
SOL : V = 200V

N∝ E
ɸ

N V− I R
=
N V − I (R + R )

1000 200 - (17.5×0.4)

=
600 200 - 17.5 (0.4×R )

1000 193
=
600 193 − 17.5𝑅

𝑅 = 1930 − 1158
175
𝑅 = 4.41Ω

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Q3. A 220V shunt motor with an armature resistance of 0.5Ω is excited to give constant main field.
At full load the motor runs of 500rpm and takes an armature current of 30A.
If a resistance of lΩ is placed in the armature circuit, find the speed at
a) full load torque
b) Double full-load torque

GIVEN :
V = 220V
𝑅 = 0.5Ω

N = 500rpm
I = 30A
R = 1Ω

TO FIND : N
SOL :
𝑇 ∝ ɸI
∝ I

= I
I

When, =
N = V − I (R + R ) (N∝ E )
= 220 - 30 (0.5 +1)
= 175rpm
When, 2T ∝ ɸI
2 × 30 = I
I = 60A

N = V − I (R + R ) (N∝ E )
= 220 - 60 (0.5 +1)
= 130rpm

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