#EngineeringPlus Online Course Series

Electrical Machine
Design
EEE43112 Module: 01
Lecture: 01
Course Instructor
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Avik Datta
instructor’s photo Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering
Avik.datta@adamasuniversity.ac.in

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY | ADAMAS UNIVERSITY | KOLKATA

 WHAT IS DESIGN?

• Design is defined as a creative physical realization of

theoretical concepts.

• Engineering Design is application of science,

technology and invention to produce machines to
perform specified tasks with optimum economy and
efficiency.

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 Major Considerations in Design

• Reliability / Durability

• Performance

• Cost

• Compliance with specifications

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 Types of Electrical Machines

• Static Machines – Transformers

• Rotating Machines- Generators & Motors

• Conversion in any electrical M/C takes place through

magnetic field.

• Magnetic Field produced by an EM which require core and

winding.
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 Introduction

• The magnetic flux in all electrical machines (generators, motors and

transformers) plays an important role in converting or transferring the
energy.
• Field or magnetizing winding of rotating machines produces the flux while
armature winding supplies either electrical power or mechanical power.
• The basic design of an electrical machine involves the dimensioning of the
magnetic circuit, electrical circuit, insulation system etc., and is carried out
by applying analytical equations.

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 Basic Structure Of EM Rotating
Electrical M/C.
1. Magnetic Circuit

2. Electric Circuit

3. Dielectric Circuit

4. Thermal Circuit

5. Mechanical Parts
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 Ampere’s Law

• Ampère's law (discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1826) relates the

integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing
through the loop.

where H is the magnetic field intensity (measured in At/m)

At a distance r from the wire,

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 Magnetic Flux Density

• Relation between magnetic field intensity H and magnetic field density B

(measured in Tesla):

where is μr is the relative permeability of the medium (unit-less), is μo is the permeability of free space
(4πx10-7 H/m).

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 B-H Curve in air and non-ferromagnetic
material

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 Saturation curves of other magnetic materials

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 Magnetic Flux

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 Ampere’s Law applied to a magnetic
circuit(solid core)

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 Ampere’s Law applied to a magnetic
circuit(core with air gap)

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 Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits

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 Exercise 1

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 Exercise 2

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 Magnetic Leakage

• Leakage flux is defined as the magnetic flux which does not

follow the particularly intended path in a magnetic circuit.
Taking an example of solenoid you can explain the leakage
flux and the fringing both.

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 Leakage Coefficient

• The ratio of the total flux produced to the useful flux set up in the air gap of
the magnetic circuit is called a leakage coefficient or leakage factor. It is
denoted by (λ).

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 Fringing

• The useful flux when sets up in the air gap, it tends to bulge outward at (b and b’) as
shown in above figure, because of this bulging, the effective area of the air gap
increases and the flux density of the air gap decreases. This effect is known
as Fringing.
• Fringing is directly proportional to the length of the air gap that means if the length
increases the fringing effect will also be more and vice versa.

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 Estimation of Total mmf

The calculation of total mmf required to establish the requisite flux in a magnetic
circuit involves the knowledge of dimension and configuration of the magnetic
circuit. The magnetic circuit is
split in to two convenient parts which may be connected in series
or parallel. The flux density is calculated in every part and mmf
per unit length, ‘at’ is found by B-‘at’ curve of the concern material.

• The parts of magnetic circuits are:

i. Air gap
ii. Core: Stator core and rotor core
iii. Teeth: Stator teeth and rotor teeth
iv. Pole : In case of dc machine & salient pole synchronous m/c
v. Yoke: In case of dc machine

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 Calculation of total mmf

• The iron surfaces around the air gap are not smooth so the calculation
of mmf by ordinary methods give wrong results. These problems are
solved
with special techniques.
 one or both of iron surfaces around the air gap may be slotted so that
the flux tends to concentrate on the teeth rather than distributing itself
uniformly over the air gap
 There are radial ventilating ducts in the machine for cooling purposes
which effect in a similar manner as above.
 In a salient pole machines, the gap dimensions are not constant over
whole of the pole pitch.

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 MMF of Air Gap(Case-1)

 
• Let,
• Φs=flux through a slot pitch
• B=flux density= Φs/(L.ys)
• And If we confine our attention
• to only one slot pitch, the reluctance of
air gap Sg=reluctance=l/lg/(
• For air gap B=.H as
• Mmf per meter for air gap,
H=800,000B
• Mmf for air gap ATg=800,000 Blg

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