ENGR. JUN A.

TERESA
MEP-ECE, BSEE
EE DEPARTMENT – TIP MANILA

Consultation Sched
MWF – 10:30am – 12nn
TTh – 10:30 – 12nn
Use Canvas Discussion
 ◙ Parts of a DC Dynamo
◙ TERMINOLOGIES

OBJECTIVES:
► To identify the parts of a dc dynamo
► To define electromechanical terminologies
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the 
use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable 
of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other 
later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric 
motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter.

"Dynamo Electric Machine" (end view, partly section)
The invention of the Dynamo principle (self-induction) was a huge technological
leap over the old traditional permanent magnet based DC generators. The
discovery of the dynamo principle made the industrial scale electric power
generation technically and economically feasible.

After the invention of the alternator and that alternating current can be used as
a power supply, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with
the commutated direct current electric generator, while an AC electrical
generator using either slip rings or rotor magnets would become known as
an alternator.
The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis, meaning power) was originally 
another name for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a 
replacement for the word generator. The word "dynamo" was coined by Werner 
von Siemens in 1882.

The original "dynamo principle" of W. Siemens meant only the direct current 
generators which use exclusively the self - excitation (self-induction) principle to 
generate DC power. The earlier DC generators which used permanent magnets 
were not considered "dynamo electric machines“.
 Parts of a DC dynamo
Parts in a stator:
1. Yoke/frame
2. Main poles
3. Main field winding
4. Interpoles/commutating poles
5. Interpole windings
Parts in a rotor:
1. Armature core
2. Armature winding
3. Commutator
4. Brushes
5. Shaft
DC Machine
 YOKE
-It provides mechanical support for the pole and acts as protecting cover for the
whole machine
-It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles
-To provide low reluctance path, it must be made up of some magnetic material.
In small dynamo, the frame is often made of cast iron in a single piece. In larger
dynamo, rolled steel, cast steel, silicon steel are used in either one or more
pieces.
Pole cores & Pole shoes
It consists of pole cores and pole shoe.
-The pole shoes serve two purposes: they spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being the
larger cross-section, reduce the reluctance of magnetic path; they support the exciting coils (or
field coils).
-The pole core itself maybe a solid piece made out of either cast iron or
steel but the pole shoe is laminated and fastened to the pole face by
means of screws
-In modern design, the complete pole core and pole shoes are built of
thin laminations of annealed steel which are rivetted together. The
thickness of laminations varies from 1mm to 0.25mm.
 Field Winding
The field windings or field coils, which consists of copper wire or strip, are former-wound for the
correct dimension. Then, the former is removed and wound coil is placed over the core.
-When current passed through these coils, they electro magnetize the poles which produce the
necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductors.
-Each pole maybe provided with either shunt field coil or series field coil or both.
 INTERPOLES & INTERPOLE
WINDING
-These poles are comparatively smaller in size than the main poles
-They are fitted in between adjacent main poles.
-The flux provided by these poles gives sparkless commutation.
-Exciting coils around interpoles are connected in series
-This winding is normally connected in series with the armature circuit and carries the entire
armature current.
 ARMATURE CORE
-It is cylindrical in shape mounted on the shaft
-It consists of slots on its periphery and the air ducts to permit the air flow
through armature which serves cooling purpose
-It houses the armature winding
-It provides path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux produced by the
field winding
-It is made up of laminated magnetic material like cast iron or steel to
keep hysteresis and eddy current loss as low as possible
-In smaller machines, the lamination is cut out in one pieces while in
larger machines, the lamination is cut in a number of sections
 ARMATURE WINDING
-It is the interconnection of the armature conductors, placed in the slots
provided by armature core periphery
-Generation of EMF takes place in the armature winding in generators
-It carries the current supplied in case of motors
-It is made up of copper and is former wound
 COMMUTATOR
-It facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors
-It converts internally developed alternating EMF to unidirectional (DC) EMF
-It produces unidirectional torque in case of motors
-It is cylindrical in shape and is made up of wedge shaped segments of hard
drawn copper. The segments are insulated from each other by a thin layer of mica
-Each commutator segment is connected to the armature conductor by means of
copper lug or strip
-The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils
COMMUTATOR
 BRUSHES & BEARINGS
Its function is to collect current from commutator and make it
available to the stationary external circuit
-It is made up of carbon or graphite
-They are housed in brush holders
-They are made to press on the commutator surface by means
of a spring
-A flexible copper conductor called pigtail is used to connect
the brush to the external circuit
-Ball-bearings are usually used to reduce friction, though for
heavy-duty machines, roller-bearings are preferred
Ball Bearings Roller Bearing
 SHAFT & AIR-GAP

Shaft
-It gives mechanical support to the armature and
commutator
-The rotor assembly is supported and allowed to rotate
freely by two bearings
Air-gap
-Radial spacing between main pole faces and surface of
the armature
-It should be 1mm to 5mm
 Armature windings
Types of winding:
1.Lap winding
2.Wave winding
3.Frog-leg winding
Lap Winding
Wave Winding

Frog-leg Winding
SAMPLE DESIGN
 ◙ Derivation of emf equation for dc generator
◙ Introduction of parallel paths
◙ Sample Problems involving the emf equation

OBJECTIVES:
► To derive the voltage equation for dc generator
► To explain the significance of parallel paths of the dc windings
► To solve problems dealing with the emf equation for dc generator
 AT CONSTANT FLUX DENSITY (B)
in lines of force per square inch

For every 100,000,000 lines cut

=
per second

FOR CHANGING FLUX DENSITY (B)

Ø = amount of flux per pole = lines of force, maxwells

Ø
= volts
AVE
8
EAVE = average generated volt in a conductor
t x 10
t = time in sec, to cut the flux in one revolution
IN MODERN ARMATURE WINDING
➲ conductors divide in two or more parallel paths (a)
➲ always even number

Parallel Paths (a)

For Lap Winding: For Wave Winding:

where: m = multiplicity, ¨plex¨

ex. simplex lap: m=1
duplex wave: m=2
triplex lap or wave: m = 3
ex. duplex lap (m=2) triplex wave (m=3)
4 Poles 6 Poles
a = 2 (4) = 8 paths a = 2 (3) = 6 paths

Series Conductor per path (Z/a)

One path Both current and voltage rating determine

the Power rating in watts
 This is analogous to dry cell connection:
Ex. If there are 120 dry cells connected in various numbers of
parallel paths and voltage and current ratings of 1.5volts
and 5 amperes respectively are assured each cell.

Analysis: As the number of paths increases,

the voltage decreases, the current increases while
the power remains unchanged!
1. A 4-Pole dc generator has an armature winding containing
a total of 648 conductors connected in two parallel paths. If
the flux per pole is 0.321x10 maxwells and the speed of
rotation is 1800rpm. Calculate the average generated volt.

2. In example 1, calculate the rated current in each conductor

(per path) if the power delivered by the armature is 5kW.

Eave or Eg = Ø P N Z = Z P ØN If Ø = unit is
60 a a (60) WEBER

= Z PØN If Ø = unit is
maxwells
a (60)(10)
3. An 85kW, 6-pole dc generator has an armature containing
66 slots, in each of which are 12 conductors. The armature
winding is connected so that there are six parallel paths. If
each pole produces 2.18x106 maxwells and the armature
speed is 870rpm, determine the generated voltage.

4. How many armature conductors are there in generator given

the following information:
Ø = 2.73x106 max
P=4 a=2
N = 1200rpm
Eg = 240V
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/magnetism.html