ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS II: AC Circuit

Chapter 10

Usage of this:

↓PLoss = ↓I2R P = IE
𝑃
- With low current, ↓I=
𝐸↑
low power loss with the resistance in the line
- Low current; smaller wire and cheaper
War of Current
DC VS AC
Generator = Alternator

Generation of Alternating EMFs

𝑑𝜙
𝑒=𝑁 𝑥 10−8 V
𝑑𝑡

where:
e = Average Voltage, generated EMF
N = Number of turns in a coil
𝑑𝜙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
Voltage Generation

Formula: 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝑥 10−8 𝑉

where:
𝑒 = Generated Voltage, 𝑉
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝐵 = Flux Density,
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2
𝑙 = Effective Length of the
conductor, inch
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝑣 = velocity;
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

could be:
• Wind
• Water
• Steam e.g., Fossil Fuel, geothermal, nuclear, solar
• Mechanical Motor
• “ICE” internal combustion System
Voltage Output

Formula: 𝑦 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜃

where:

𝐸𝑚 = maximum voltage generated

θ sin 𝜃 𝑦
0° 0 0
90° 1 𝐸𝑚
180° 0 0
270° -1 −𝐸𝑚
360° 0 0
Frequency

Formula: 𝑓 = 𝑐𝑝𝑠 = 𝐻𝑧

where:

𝑓= frequency Note: 1 Revolution = 1 cycle

𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 1 𝑅𝑒𝑣 1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑝𝑠 = =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝐻𝑧 = Hertz
Example:

𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑓=5
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑓 = 5𝐻𝑧

Assignment:

Search:

1. Definition of Terms of Sine Waves

2. Electrical degrees to Radian
Speed of Revolution
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑓=
60
where:

RPM = Revolution per minute

Poles Cycles / Revolution

2 1
4 2
6 3
8 4

Therefore:
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑓=
2

• The Empirical Formula for Frequency output:

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑓= x
2 60

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑓=
120

Example:

The standard frequency of our country is 60 Hz. If f = 60 Hz; Find RPM

because: Poles RPM

(𝑓)(120) 2 3,600
RPM = 4 1,800
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
(60)(120)
= 6 1,200
2
= 3, 600 7 Stationary; no
machine
8 900
 Example:

Given 60 Hz:
1 1
𝑇= 𝑇 =
60 60 𝐻𝑧
1
= 0.01666 sec. 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
60𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
= 16.67ms. 𝑇=
60 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

“a” 𝑃 maximum of Positive: “b” 𝑃 maximum negative:

𝑇1 = 4. 167 ms. 𝑇3 = 12.5 ms.

4 4

where:

𝑃 = Period
𝑇 = time
 Example:

Given: 𝐸𝑚 = 100 𝑉

θ = 390°
Find: e, EPP

Solution:

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜃 𝐸𝑝𝑝 = 𝐸𝑚 • 2
= (100) sin (390°) = (100) (2)

= 50 V = 200 V

Radian

- It is an angle made up of arc radius and another arc radius.

𝛼 𝑅
= From Example 1
360° 𝑥

𝛼 𝑅 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 180°
= =
360° 2𝜋𝑅 𝑥 390°

𝛼 1 390
= 𝑥= 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
360° 2𝜋 180

180 13
𝛼= 𝑥= 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋 6

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 180° Therefore:

390° = degree
13
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = radian
6
 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Radian: 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin(𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒)

13 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin(𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
where: 𝑒 = 100 sin ( 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
6
𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡
𝐸𝑚 = 100 V = 50 V

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜋
where: 𝑤= 90° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
w = angular velocity; omega =
𝑇
2𝜋 𝑅𝑎𝑑
3
= 270° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
𝑓
4

𝑅𝑎𝑑 360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓 unit:
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Example:

1. W60 Hz = 2π (60 Hz) 2. W25 Hz = 2π (25)

𝑅𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑑
= 377 = 157
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Problem:

Given:

Im = 6.5 A

f = 60 Hz

Find: The instantaneous value

of the current:

a) t = 2.5 ms After wave passes thru zero in a positive direction.

b) t = 10.42 ms After wave passes thru zero in a positive direction.

Solution:

𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 𝑇 = 16.67 𝑚𝑠
Formula:

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡
𝑒 𝐸𝑚
= sin 𝑤𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
 a) 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 in radian mode

= 6.5 sin 𝑤𝑡
= 6.5 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
= 6.5 sin[2𝜋 (60)(2.5 𝑥10−3 )]
= 5.26 A
b) 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡
= 6.5 sin[2𝜋 (60)(10.42 𝑚𝑠)]
= (6.5) (-0.7079)
= -4.6 A

Average Value

is equal to the arithmetical average or mean of all the values of an alternating quantity taken
over one half of the cycle only. The average of the entire cycle is zero.

𝑻
𝟏 𝟐
𝑨𝑽𝑬 = ∫ 𝒚𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎
𝟐

Root Mean Square Value (RMS)

is defined as the square root of the average of the squares of the given quantity taken over a
complete period.

𝟏 𝑻
𝑹𝑴𝑺 = √ ∫ 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎
𝟐

Types of AC Sine Waves

a. Sinusoidal Wave
𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 0.636 𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0.707 𝐴𝑚

b. Half-wave Rectified Sinusoidal Wave

𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 0.318 𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0.5 𝐴𝑚
 c. Full-wave Rectified Sinusoidal Wave
𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 0.636 𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0.707 𝐴𝑚
d. Triangular Wave
𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 0.5 𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0.577 𝐴𝑚
e. Rectangular Wave
𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 𝐴𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐴𝑚

Average Values

𝐸𝑨𝒗𝒆 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

Example 1:

Solution:
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐸𝑨𝒗𝒆 =
𝑇

[(10)(2)+(−10)(2)]
=
4

= 0 V because it is
symmetrical
 Example 2:

Solution:
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐼𝑨𝒗𝒆 =
4

[(100)(2) + (−50)(2)]
=
4
= 25 A

Waveform:

Sinusoidal
Average Value; 0 V
 𝐸𝑚
Halfwave Average Value; = 𝑉
𝜋

𝐸𝑚
Full wave Average Value; = •2𝑉
𝜋

Combination of “AC and DC” is called Composite Waveform; 𝑚𝐴

Composite Waveform:

𝑖 = 50 + 25 sin 377 𝑡
𝑖 = 50 + 25 sin 377 𝑡
in 60 Hz waveform
i – instantaneous

Im – maximum

Ipp – peak to peak

 instantaneous DC Im AC w

𝐼 = 10 𝐴𝐷𝐶 Bigger Power

𝐼 = 10 𝐴𝐴𝐶

Effective Current

Effective Current – The current which when passing thru a resistance of a given ohmic value, will
produce heat at the same rate as a DC ampere.
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝐸𝐹𝐹 = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0.707𝐼𝑚 root means square or 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 10 𝐴 =
√2 √2

𝐼𝑚 = 14.14 𝐴
From

(10 𝐴√2)
 230 V with 60 Hz Philippine supply the
voltage is in RMS

𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
√2

𝐸𝑚 = √2 𝐸𝑅𝑚𝑠

Example:

Given:

E = 230 Vrms

f = 60 Hz

Solution:

𝐸𝑚 = √2 (230)
𝐸𝑚 = 325.27 𝑉 This is the reading on oscilloscope.

𝐸𝑝𝑝 = 650.54 𝑉

𝐸𝑅𝑚𝑠 = 230 𝑉
Chapter 11
- We came up sign wave by rotating a phasor.
• In phase relationship

For Resistive Circuit

• Out of phase relationship

𝐼 first to rotate than 𝐸

𝐼 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐸 𝑏𝑦 𝜃
or

𝐸 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐼 𝑏𝑦 𝜃

For Capacitive Circuit

• Out of phase relationship

𝐼
first to rotate than 𝐸

𝐸 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐼 𝑏𝑦 𝜃
or

𝐼 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐸 𝑏𝑦 𝜃

For Inductive Circuit

Leads +
Lags –
Three Types of Circuit Elements (RLC Circuit)

1. Resistance

𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒
Ex: flat iron, oven, etc.

2. Inductive

𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑒
Ex: Transformer, motor

3. Capacitance

𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑒
Ex: Static capacitor, Synchronous capacitor

old name for capacitor is Condenser

Seatwork:

Given: 𝑒 = 100 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 30°)𝑉

𝑖 = 50 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 70°)𝐴

Solution:

𝑖 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑒 𝑏𝑦 40° or 𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑖 𝑏𝑦 40°

Examples:

1. In sine E waves

“add peak to peak each 𝐸1 & 𝐸2 ”

2. Given:
Find: 𝐸𝑇 ∠β°
Solution:

Phasor Diagram

𝐸𝑇2 = 𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐵2

= 602 + 902

= √3,600 + 8,100
= 108.16 𝑉

Solving for β:

𝐸
𝛽 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan ( 𝐵 )
𝐸𝐴
−90
= tan ( )
60
= −56.3°

Therefore:
Answer: 108.16∠ − 56.3° V

3. The same condition but

Solution:
Phasor Diagram
𝐸𝑇2 = 𝐸𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑦2

= (𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵 cos 60)2 + (𝐸𝐵 sin 60)2

= (60 + 90 cos 60)2 + (90 sin 60)2

= (105)2 + (78)2
𝐸𝑇 = √17,105
𝐸𝑇 = 130.766 V
 Solving for β:
𝐸𝑦
𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝐸𝑥
78
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
105

𝛽 = 36.6°

Complete Answer: 130.766∠36.6° V

Thru Calculator: (FX991ES PLUS)

Example 2:

Complex mode

Copy the Given

Shift 2

Choose 3(r∠θ)

𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵
= 60 ∠ 0° V + (90 ∠ 90° V)

= 30√3 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 56.309

= 108.16∠ 56.309° V
Rectangular Form : 60 + 𝑗90

Example 3:

𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵
= 60 ∠ 0° 𝑉 + 90 ∠ 60° 𝑉
= 130.7 ∠ 36.58° 𝑉
Rectangular Form: 105 + 𝑗78

4. Given
 𝐼𝐴 = 12𝐴 reference phasor
𝐼𝐵 = 10𝐴 leads 𝐼𝐴 by 30°
𝐼𝐶 = 15𝐴 lags𝐼𝐴 by 65°

Phasor Diagram

Table:

𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑇 = √𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑦2
= 12 =0
𝐼𝐴
= √(27)2 + (−8.6)2
= 10 cos 30° = 10 sin 30°
𝐼𝐵 = 28.3 𝐴
= 8.66 =5
= 15 cos 65° = 15 sin 65° Solving β:
𝐼𝐶
= 6.34 = -13.6
𝐼𝑦
Σ 27 - 8.6 𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝐼𝑥

−8.6
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
27

= −17.67°
Complete Answer: 𝐼𝑇 = 28.3 ∠ − 17.67° 𝐴
5. Given:
I2
𝑖1 = 25 sin 377 𝑡 Phasor Diagram:
𝑖2 = 15 cos 377 𝑡
Find the rms value of 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2

Solution:

1. Trigonometric Identity
cos 𝜃 = sin(𝜃 + 90°) I1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
= 25 ∠ 0° + 15 ∠ 90°
= 29.15 ∠ 30.96° 𝐴
29.15
𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑚𝑠 =
√2

= 20.62 𝐴 ∠ 30.96° A

2.

0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

sinθ 0 1 0 -1 0
cosθ 1 0 -1 0 1

6. Given:
𝜋 180°
𝐼𝐴 = 15 𝐴 = ( ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ( )
3 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐼𝐴 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 60°
3
𝐼𝑇 = 23.4 𝐴
Find: 𝐼𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑇 ∠β°
 Solution:

Phasor Diagram

𝐸𝑇2 = 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑦2

23.42 = (𝐼𝐵 + 7.5)2 + (13)2

𝐼𝐵 = 11.96 𝐴
13
tan 𝛽 =
11.96+7.5

𝛽 = 33.74°
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵
= 15 ∠ 60° + 11.96 ∠ 0°
𝐼𝑇 = 23.4 ∠ 33.74° 𝐴

7. Given:

Required: 𝐼𝑇 ∠ 𝛽
 Solution:
𝐼𝑇2 = 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑦2
= (100 + 106.066)2 + (106.066)2
= (206.066)2 + (11,249.996)
𝐼𝑇 = √53,713.1927
𝐼𝑇 = 231.761
Solving β:
√11,249.99
𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
√42,463.19
= 27.24°
𝐼𝑇 = 231.761 ∠ 27.24°𝐴

8.

Find:
𝐼𝑇 ∠ 𝛽
 Solution:

Phasor Diagram 𝐼𝐴 = 12 ∠ 0° 12 + j 0

𝐼𝐵 = 10 ∠ 30° 8.66 + j 5

𝐼𝐶 = 15 ∠ − 65° 6.34 + (- j 13.59)

27-j 8.59

Therefore:
𝐼𝑇 = 28.3 ∠ − 17.65° 𝐴

9.

𝐸 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝐵 = 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶

Solution:

𝐸 = 36.805 ∠ − 20.502° (34.47 − 𝑗12.89)

−𝑉𝐴 = 22 ∠ − 64° −(9.644 − 𝑗19.77)
−𝑉𝐶 = 15 ∠ 0° −(15 + 𝑗0)
9.826 +j6.88
Therefore:

𝑉𝐵 = 11.99 ∠ 34.99° 𝑉