Chapter 1: Electrostatics Chapter 2: Capacitor and Dielectrics

1.1 Coulomb’s Law 2.1 Capacitance and capacitors in series and parallel

𝑄𝑞 𝑘𝑄𝑞 𝑄 𝜀𝑜 𝐴
𝐹= 2
= 2 𝐶= 𝐶=
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑟 𝑟 𝑉 𝑑

1.2 Electric Field

Series
𝐹 𝑘𝑄 Parallel
1 1 1 1
𝐸=
𝑞𝑜
, 𝐸= 2
𝑟    Ceff  C1  C2  C3
Ceff C1 C2 C3
1.3 Electric Potential
1 1 1 𝑄2
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑄𝑉 =
𝑊∞ 𝑘𝑄 2 2 2 𝐶
𝑉= 𝑉=
𝑞𝑜 𝑟

𝑊𝐵𝐴 2.2 Charging and discharging of capacitors

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 =
𝑞𝑜
Time constant,   RC
t
OR 
Q  Qo e RC
for discharging
𝑊𝐴𝐵
𝑉𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 =
𝑞𝑜  
t

Q  Qo 1  e RC  for charging
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3  
𝑈𝑇 = 𝑘 ( + + )
𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23
2.3 Capacitors with dielectrics
1.4 Charge in a uniform electric field
Dielectric Constant, 
𝑉
𝐸= C VO  E
𝑑     O
CO V  O E

Chapter 3: Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits

3.1 Electrical Conduction & 3.2 Ohm’s law and 3. 7 Kirchhoff’s Laws
Resistivity
∑ 𝑰𝒊𝒏 = ∑ 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 , ∑ 𝜺 = ∑ 𝑰𝑹
𝑑𝑄 𝜌𝑙
𝐼= 𝑅=
𝑑𝑡 𝐴
3.8 Potential divider
3.3 Variation of resistance with temperature
𝑅1
𝑉1 = ( )𝑉
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )] 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

3.4 Electromotive force (emf), internal 3.9 Potentiometer and Wheatstone Bridge
resistance and potential difference

𝜀 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟

3.5 Electrical energy and power

𝑊
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 , 𝑃=
𝑡
3.6 Resistors in series and parallel

Parallel
Series
1 1 1 1
Reff  R1  R2  R3   
Reff R1 R2 R3

Chapter 4: Magnetic Field Chapter 5: Electromagnetic Induction

4.2 Magnetic field produce by current carrying 5.1Magnetic flux
conductor
⃗ ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Φ=𝐵 𝑵𝚽 = 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝐵= − For a long straight wire 𝑑Φ
2𝜋𝑟 5.2 Induced emf, 𝜉=−
𝑑𝑡
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝐵= − For a circular coil 𝜉 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − In straight conductor
2𝑟

𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼 − at the centre of a solenoid

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴
4.3 Force on moving charge particle in a uniform
𝜉 = −𝑁𝐴 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑜𝑟 𝜉 = −𝑁𝐵 𝑑𝑡 − In coil
magnetic field
Depend on A or B constant
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑉𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐶
𝜉 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 − In rotating coil
4.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a
uniform magnetic field

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃 5. 3 Self-Inductance 5.5 Mutual Inductance

𝑁2 Φ2 = 𝑀𝐼1
𝑁Φ = 𝐿𝐼
4.5 Forces between two parallel current-carrying
𝑁1 Φ1 = 𝑀𝐼2
conductors

𝐹 𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2
= 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑙 2𝜋𝑑 𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝑀=
𝑙 𝑙
4.6 Torque on a coil
𝑑I 𝑑𝐼
𝜏𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 , 𝜏𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘𝜃 𝜉 = −𝐿 𝜉1 = −𝑀 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
4.7 Motion of charge particle in magnetic field and
electric field
5.4 Energy stored in inductor
𝐸
𝑣=
𝐵 1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
 Chapter 6: Alternating Current Chapter 7: Geometrical Optics
6.1 Alternating current 7.1 Reflection at a spherical surface
V  Vo sin t , I  I o sin t r v 1 1 1
f  m  
2 u f u v
6.2 Root mean square (rms)
Io Vo Vrms Vo
I rms  , Vrms  Z  7.2 Refraction at a plane and spherical surfaces
2 2 I rms I o
n1 n2 n2  n1 r = positive for convex surface
6.3 Resistance, reactance and impedance  
1 u v r r = negative for concave surface
i) Capacitive reactance, X C 
2fC
7.3 Thin lenses Positive (+ve)

ii) Inductive reactance, X L  2fL v 1 1 1

u Real
m  
u f u v v Virtual*
Impedance, Z  R   X L  XC 
2 2
iii) f Concave mirror
1  nmaterial  1 1  Convex lens
   1  
iv) Phase angle,   tan 1
X L  X C  f  nmedium  r1 r2 
m Upright image

R r Convex suface

For resonance: XC = XL Formula for a combination of two convex lenses.

6.4 Power and power factor Magnification, mf =m1 m2

i) average power, Pav  I rmsVrms cos 

ii) instantaneous power, P  IV

Pr Pav R
iii) power factor, cos    
Pa I rmsVrms Z

Chapter 8: Physical Optics Chapter 9: Quantization Of Light

ℎ𝑐 1
𝐸= = ℎ𝑓 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣 2
𝜆 2

𝐸 = 𝑊𝑂 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑉

Photoelectric Effect (PEE) – Emmision of electron from metal

surface when the EM radiation of higher frequency strikes on
it.

1. 𝐸 < 𝑊𝑜 no PEE
2. 𝐸 = 𝑊𝑜 (𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0)
3. 𝐸 = 𝑊𝑜 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥

4.
 Chapter 10: Wave Properties Of Particle Chapter 11: Nucleus
The de Broglie wavelength
A
ℎ ℎ ℎ Z X AZN Ingat perkataan
𝜆= = = ‘AZAN’
𝑃 𝑚𝑣 √2𝑚𝑒𝑉
Mass Defect

m  Zm p  Nmn   mnucleus

Binding energy, EB  m c 2

EB
Binding energy per nucleon =
A

Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction Chapter 13: Radioactivity

Radioactive decay
∆𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
α, β+, βˉ and γ decays

Energy released Decay Law

E  mc 2 dN
  N
dt

𝐴 = −𝜆𝑁

N  N o e  t or A  Ao e t

Half-Life

ln 2
T1 
2 

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