₢

PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and Optics

1. Electric Field 1. Vibration and wave

2. Electric potential and 2. Optics
Capacitance
3. Electric Circuits
4. Magnetism
5. Induced electricity
6. AC Circuits

1
 ₢
PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and
Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits

2
 Ch25 Capacitance

1. Define Capacitance and Capacitance of the Parallel Plate

2. Capacitance Circuits (Capacitors in Parallel and in Series)
3. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
4. Capacitors with Dielectric Material, Electric Dipole

3
 Ch25 Capacitance

➢ Capacitor is a one of the circuit elements. It is used to store charge and

electric energy.
➢ Capacitors consist of two pieces of conductors. Most capacitors are parallel
plate. We will focus on the parallel plate capacitor.
➢ In this chapter, we will learn how to solve capacitor circuit problems.
➢ The approach used to solve parallel and series capacitor circuit problems also
works for parallel and series resistor circuit problems in chapter 27.

4
 Define Capacitance (C)
1. What is a capacitor? 1) Capacitor is a one of the circuit elements.
2. What a capacitor used for? Capacitors consist of two pieces of conductor.
3. What is capacitance? And how to define it? Parallel plate is one of the most commonly
used capacitors.
2) Capacitor is used to store charge and electric
Store charge in a capacitor
energy.
Put positive charge onto one piece of conductor,
and same amount of negative charge onto the
other. Area: A
How can one move charge? Capacitor Distance: d
Use battery (DC source): provides electric
potential difference (voltage)

Define Capacitance 𝐶 depends on Draw // plate

❖ Electric potential difference ∆𝑉 (battery)
❖ The amount of charge stored 𝑄
Ideal // plate: Area infinite
𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉

5
EX-1 A Δ𝑉 = 12-V battery is connected between two parallel plates as Learn to draw a circuit
shown in the Figure. The separation between the plates is 𝑑 = 0.30 𝑐𝑚,
and we assume the electric field between the plates to be uniform. 𝐸
Find the magnitude of the electric field between the plates.

𝑉+ 𝑉−

∆𝑉
1. The electric potential in a conductor is equal everywhere.
∆𝑉 2. The left side plate has a higher EP (higher equipotential surface)
and the right side has a lower EP (lower equipotential surface).
Circuit symbol Battery 3. E-line ⊥ equipotential surface and along the V-drop direction.

∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
Higher lower
EP 𝑉+ EP 𝑉−

6
 Calculate the Capacitance (C) of a Parallel Plate
Procedures to calculate capacitance +𝑄
1. For a given capacitor (two piece of
1st
conductors), assuming one piece of −𝑄
conductor is charged with +𝑄 and
another with −𝑄. 𝜎 𝑄
2nd 𝐸= =
2. Calculate electric field E 𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴
3. Calculate electric potential difference ∆𝑉
4. Use equation 𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉 to find 𝐶 𝑄
3rd ∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴

EX-2 A parallel plate with a area 𝐴 and a 𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉

separation distance 𝑑 between the plates is
given as shown. Calculate its capacitance. 𝑄 𝐴 𝐴
4th 𝐶= = 𝜀0 𝐶 = 𝜀0
∆𝑉 𝑑 𝑑
𝐴 SI Unit: F
𝑑 Commonly used unit: 𝜇𝐹

𝐶
Circuit symbol Capacitor
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 Example: Calculate Capacitance
From Ch23 EX-28, the electric field at region 𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 is
EX-U1: Spherical Capacitor
A spherical capacitor consists of a spherical conducting 𝑄
𝐸=
shell of radius b and charge Q concentric with a smaller 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
conducting sphere of radius a and charge Q as shown in
the figure. Find the capacitance of this device. From Ch24 page 42

𝑓 𝑏
𝑄 𝑄 1 1
∆𝑉 = − න 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑟Ԧ = − න 2 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜀 −
𝑖 𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 0 𝑎 𝑏

𝑄 𝑄 4𝜋𝜀0
𝐶= = = 𝑎𝑏
∆𝑉 𝑄 1 1 𝑏 − 𝑎
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 − 𝑏

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 Example: Calculate Capacitance
EX-U2: Cylindrical Capacitor From Ch23 EX-U5
A solid, cylindrical conductor of radius a and charge Q is
λ
coaxial with a cylindrical shell of negligible thickness, 𝐸=
radius b > a, and charge Q as shown in the figure. Find the 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
capacitance of this cylindrical capacitor if its length is 𝐿.
(Charge density ) From Ch24 page 42

𝑓 𝑏
λ λ 𝑏
∆𝑉 = − න 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑟Ԧ = − න 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑙𝑛
𝑖 𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎

𝑄 𝑄 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶= = = 𝐿
∆𝑉 λ 𝑏 𝑏
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑛 𝑎

Gauss Surface

𝑄
λ=
𝐿

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 Capacitance Circuit: One Capacitor
To completely solve a capacitor circuit problem means
For each capacitor in the circuit
❖ Find voltage cross the capacitor
❖ Find the charge in the capacitor

Given capacitance 𝐶 and DC source ∆𝑉. Find

❖ the voltage cross the capacitor
❖ the charge in the capacitor
1.
𝐶 2.
3.
The electric potential in a conductor is equal everywhere.
The electric potential on the left side of capacitor is 𝑉+ and the
electric potential on the right side of capacitor is 𝑉− (∆𝑉 = 𝑉+ − 𝑉− )
The voltage across the capacitor is the same as battery ∆𝑉.

charge in the capacitor

∆𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉
Each circuit element, there is a key equation

𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉

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 Capacitance Circuit: Capacitor in Series
Capacitance 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are connected as shown 𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉
in the figure. The DC source is ∆𝑉. Find
❖ the voltage cross the each capacitor
❖ the charge in the each capacitor

𝐶1 𝐶2
𝐶𝑒𝑞
To simplify a circuit problem
Series 𝑄1 ∆𝑉1 𝑄2 ∆𝑉2 𝑄
❖ Reduce from 2 capacitors into 1.
connection ❖ Reduce from more into less.

∆𝑉
∆𝑉
s 1 1 1
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑒𝑞 + =
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉1 + ∆𝑉2 = ∆𝑉
Make a table 𝑄1 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉1
Know their relations 𝑄2 = 𝐶2 ∆𝑉2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 ∆𝑉
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EX-3 As shown in the Figure, 𝐶1 = 3.0 𝜇𝐹 , 𝐶2 = 1 1 1 1 1
6.0 𝜇𝐹, 𝐶3 = 12.0 𝜇𝐹, 𝐶4 = 24.0 𝜇𝐹, ∆𝑉 = 18.0𝑉. + + + =
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶𝑠
a) Calculate the capacitance of the equivalent
capacitor.
1 1 1 1 1
b) Compute the charge on the 𝐶3 capacitor. + + + =
3.0 6.0 12 24 𝐶𝑠
c) Find the voltage drop across the 𝐶2 capacitor.

24
𝐶𝑠 = = 1.6𝜇𝐹
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 15

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑠 ∆𝑉 = 1.6 × 18.0 = 28.8𝜇𝐶

𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 = 𝑄4
∆𝑉
𝑄1 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉1
𝑄4 = 𝐶4 ∆𝑉4
s
∆𝑉1
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶𝑠
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄4 𝑄
∆𝑉4
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉

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 Capacitance Circuit: Capacitor in Parallel
Capacitance 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are connected as shown
in the figure. The DC source is ∆𝑉. Find
❖ the voltage cross the each capacitor
❖ the charge in the each capacitor

𝐶1
𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑄1 ∆𝑉1
Parallel 𝐶2 To simplify a circuit problem
𝑄
connection ❖ Reduce from 2 capacitors into 1.
𝑄2 ∆𝑉2 ❖ Reduce from more into less.

∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
P
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑽𝟏 = ∆𝑽𝟐 = ∆𝑽
Make a table
Know their relations 𝑄1 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉1
𝑄2 = 𝐶2 ∆𝑉2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 ∆𝑉
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EX-4 As shown in the Figure, 𝐶1 = 3.0 𝜇𝐹, 𝐶2 = 6.0 𝜇𝐹,
𝐶3 = 12.0 𝜇𝐹, 𝐶4 = 24.0 𝜇𝐹, ∆𝑉 = 18.0𝑉. 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = 𝐶𝑝
a) Determine the capacitance of the single capacitor that
is equivalent to the parallel combination of capacitors. 𝐶𝑝 = 45 𝜇𝐹
b) Find the charge on the 𝐶3 capacitor and
c) Find the total charge contained in the configuration.

𝐶1 ∆𝑉 = ∆𝑉1 = ∆𝑉2 = ∆𝑉3 = ∆𝑉4 = 18.0 𝑉

𝐶2

𝐶3 𝑄1 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉1

𝐶4 𝑄1

𝑄4 = 𝐶4 ∆𝑉4
∆𝑉

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶𝑝
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄4 𝑄
∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉
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 Capacitance Circuit: Combination of Series and Parallel
Simplify the circuit
EX-5 As shown in the shown in the Figure. 𝐶1 =
4.0 𝜇𝐹 , 𝐶2 = 1.0 𝜇𝐹 , 𝐶3 = 3.0 𝜇𝐹 , 𝐶4 = 6.0 𝜇𝐹 , P
𝐶2
𝐶5 = 2.0 𝜇𝐹, 𝐶6 = 8.0 𝜇𝐹. 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶23
a) Calculate the equivalent capacitance between a 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄23
and b for the combination of capacitors shown in 𝐶23 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉23
𝐶3
the Figure.
b) If a ∆𝑉 =12-V battery is connected across the P
system between points a and b, find the charge 𝐶4 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶45
on the 𝐶1 = 4.0 𝜇𝐹 capacitor and the voltage 𝑄4 𝑄5 𝑄45
drop across it. ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉5 ∆𝑉45
𝐶5 𝐶45

𝐶2

𝐶1 𝐶1 𝐶23
𝐶3
𝑎 𝐶4 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

𝐶5 𝐶6
𝐶45 𝐶6

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 Capacitance Circuit: Combination of Series and Parallel
2nd step: Backward solve the tables
Simplify the circuit
P S
𝐶2 𝐶23
𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶23 𝐶1 𝐶1 𝐶23 𝐶123
𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄23 𝑎 𝑏
𝑄1 𝑄23 𝑄123
𝐶23 ∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉123
𝐶3
𝐶45 𝐶6
P S
𝐶4 𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶45 𝐶45 𝐶6 𝐶456
𝑄4 𝑄5 𝑄45 𝐶123 𝑄45 𝑄6 𝑄456
𝐶5 𝐶45 ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉5 ∆𝑉45 ∆𝑉45 ∆𝑉6 ∆𝑉456

𝐶456

1st step: Forward find all equivalent C P

𝐶123 𝐶456 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑄123 𝑄456 𝑄
∆𝑉123 ∆𝑉456 ∆𝑉

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 Capacitance Circuit: Combination of Series and Parallel
1st step: Forward the tables, find all equivalent C

𝐶1 4.0 𝜇𝐹 P S
𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶23 = 4 1 1 1
𝐶2 1.0 𝜇𝐹 𝐶1 4 𝐶123 = 2 + =
𝐶1 𝐶23 𝐶123
𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄23 𝑄1 𝑄23 𝑄123
𝐶3 3.0 𝜇𝐹
∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉123
𝐶4 6.0 𝜇𝐹
𝐶5 2.0 𝜇𝐹 P S
𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶45 = 8 1 1 1
𝐶45 𝐶6 𝐶456 = 4 + =
𝐶6 8.0 𝜇𝐹 𝐶45 𝐶6 𝐶456
𝑄4 𝑄5 𝑄45 𝑄45 𝑄6 𝑄456
∆𝑉 12𝑉 ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉5 ∆𝑉45 ∆𝑉45 ∆𝑉6 ∆𝑉456

P
2 4 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6𝜇𝐹
𝑄123 𝑄456 𝑄
∆𝑉123 ∆𝑉456 ∆𝑉

17
 Capacitance Circuit: Combination of Series and Parallel
2nd step: Backward each table, solve all the quantities in the tables

𝐶1 4.0 𝜇𝐹 ∆𝑉23 = ∆𝑉2 = ∆𝑉3 = 6.0𝑉 𝑄123 = 24𝜇𝐶 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄23

P S
𝐶2 1.0 𝜇𝐹 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶23 = 4 𝐶1 4 𝐶123 = 2 𝑄1 24
∆𝑉1 = = = 6.0𝑉
𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄23 𝑄1 𝑄23 𝑄123 𝐶1 4.0
𝐶3 3.0 𝜇𝐹
∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉1 ∆𝑉23 ∆𝑉123 𝑄23 24
𝐶4 6.0 𝜇𝐹 ∆𝑉23 = = = 6.0𝑉
𝐶23 4.0
𝐶5 2.0 𝜇𝐹 P S
𝐶4 𝐶5 𝐶45 = 8 𝐶45 𝐶6 𝐶456 = 4 𝑄456 = 48𝜇𝐶 = 𝑄6 = 𝑄45
𝐶6 8.0 𝜇𝐹
𝑄4 𝑄5 𝑄45 𝑄45 𝑄6 𝑄456 𝑄45 48
∆𝑉 12𝑉 ∆𝑉4 ∆𝑉5 ∆𝑉45
∆𝑉45 = =
𝐶45 8.0
= 6.0𝑉
∆𝑉45 ∆𝑉6 ∆𝑉456

∆𝑉6 = 48/8
∆𝑉45 = ∆𝑉4 = ∆𝑉5 = 6.0𝑉

𝑄4 = 𝐶4 ∆𝑉4 = 6.0 × 6.0 = 36 𝜇𝐶

P
2 4 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6𝜇𝐹 𝑄123 = 𝐶123 ∆𝑉123 = 2 × 12 𝜇𝐶
𝑄5 = 𝐶5 ∆𝑉5 = 8.0 × 6.0 = 48𝜇𝐶
𝑄123 𝑄456 𝑄
𝑄456 = 𝐶456 ∆𝑉456 = 4 × 12 𝜇𝐶
b) find the charge on the 𝐶1 = 4.0 𝜇𝐹 ∆𝑉123 ∆𝑉456 ∆𝑉 = 12 𝑉
capacitor and the voltage drop across it.
18
 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶1 𝐶2

𝐶2 𝐶4 𝐶3 𝐶4

∆𝑉 ∆𝑉

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1

𝐶4 𝐶3

𝐶3 𝐶2 ∆𝑉 𝐶2 𝐶1

∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
𝐶3

19
Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store charge and electric energy.

Capacitance
𝐶∆𝑉 = 𝑄 Electric energy density 𝑢𝑒
1 𝑄2 𝑈𝑒 = 𝑢𝑒 𝑉 1
Energy 𝑈𝑒 = 𝑢𝑒 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2 𝐶 𝑉: 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2

+𝑄 1 𝑄 2 1 (𝐸𝜀0𝐴)2 1
𝐴 𝑈𝑒 = = = 𝜀0𝐸 2 (𝐴𝑑)
𝐶 = 𝜀0 2 𝐶 2 𝜀 𝐴 2
𝑑 0𝑑
−𝑄

𝜎 𝑄 𝑈𝑒 = 𝑢𝑒 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
𝐸= = 𝑄 = 𝐸𝜀0 𝐴
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴

20
 Capacitors with Dielectric Material, Electric Dipole Moment
Dielectric Material
1. consists of polar molecules.
2. Is an insulator (has bound charges)
3. used to prevent two parallel plates
directly contact each other.
4. to increase the capacitance by a fact
𝜀𝑟 (𝜅) named dielectric constant
Polar Molecular
❖ has electric dipole moment (positive charge center
separate the negative charge center by certain distance).
❖ Example: water molecular
H
O ⊝→⊕
H electric dipole

❖ At normal situation, the directions of the dipole moment

𝐴 are aligned randomly.
𝐶 = 𝜀0
𝑑

′
𝐴
Dielectric material (𝜅) 𝐶 = 𝜅(𝜀0 )
𝑑 ❖ At uniform electric field, all the dipoles align themselves
with the direction of the electric field.
Dielectric material Paper Nylon water
Dielectric constant 𝜅 3.7 3.4 80 ⊝→⊕ ⊝→⊕ ⊝→⊕ ⊝→⊕ ⊝→⊕ ⊝→⊕

21
 Why dielectric materials increase capacitance?

+𝑄 −𝑄
 ━ 1. A capacitor is free to store additional charge when the charge
━ 
 ━ currently stored on it does not create a potential difference
 ━ greater than the battery used to charge it.
━ 
 ━
 ━
2. As more and more charge is stored on the capacitor, it is more
━ 
 ━ and more difficult for the battery to charge up the capacitor.
 ━ 3. Now a dielectric material is inserted into the capacitor. The
━ 
 ━
dipole aligns itself with the direction of the electric field inside
the capacitor (positive head toward the negatively charged plate,
and negative tail toward the positively charged plate).
4. All of the dipoles (bound charges) put together create an electric
field opposite in direction to the electric field of the free charges.
This will reduce the potential difference across the capacitor.
Therefore make it easier for the battery to store charge onto the
capacitor.

22
 ₢
EX-6 Parallel-plate capacitor has plates of rectangular shape of 𝑎 × 𝑏
separated by 𝑑. The capacitor is connected to a battery (with voltage ∆𝑉). the
plates is filled with paper (dielectric constant 𝜅) Given:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 ∆𝑉 𝜅
2.00 cm 6.00 cm 0.500 mm 24.0 V 3.25

(a) Find the value of its capacitance.

(b) Find the charge on the capacitor.
(c) Calculate the magnitude of the uniform electric field between the plates.
a) After the fully charged capacitor is disconnected from the battery, the
dielectric (paper) is subsequently removed. Find the new electric field
across the capacitor. Does the capacitor discharge.
Torque and electric energy of a dipole molecular in the E-filed

dipole molecular

+𝑞

𝑟Ԧ
−𝑞

The torque of a dipole moment in the uniform E-field

dipole moment 𝑃
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑃 × 𝐸
𝑃 = 𝑞𝑟Ԧ The dipole moment in the uniform E-field stores electric energy

𝑈𝑒 = −𝑃 ∙ 𝐸

24
 Torque and electric energy of a dipole molecular in the E-filed
HW-U A small, rigid object carries positive and negative 3.50-nC charges.
It is oriented so that the positive charge has coordinates (−1.20 mm, 1.10
mm) and the negative charge is at the point (1.40 mm, −1.30 mm).
a) Find the electric dipole moment of the object. The object is placed in
an electric field 𝐸 = (7800 𝑖Ƹ − 4900 𝑗).
Ƹ
b) Find the torque acting on the object.
c) Find the potential energy of the object–field system when the object is
in this orientation.
d) Assuming the orientation of the object can change, find the difference
between the maximum and minimum potential energies of the system.

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EX: Parallel-plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor has a plate separation d and plate A parallel-plate capacitor with a plate separation d has a
area A. An uncharged metallic slab of thickness a is capacitance 𝐶0 in the absence of a dielectric. What is the
inserted midway between the plates. capacitance when a slab of dielectric material of dielectric
a) Find the capacitance of the device. constant 𝜅 (𝜀𝑟 ) and thickness fd is inserted between the
b) Show that the capacitance of the original capacitor is plates (Fig. 26.25a), where f is a fraction between 0 and 1?
unaffected by the insertion of the metallic slab if the
slab is infinitesimally thin.

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