ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS 1
EESS ONLINE TULONG ACADS 2020

Prepared by:
Bariring and Garcia
 The study of EE involves the analysis
of the energy transfer from one form to
another or from one point to another.
Concept of EMF and Current
• The movement of electrons is called ELECTRON DRIFT
VELOCITY

• An electrical effort required to drift the free electrons in one particular

direction in a conductor is called ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

 
ELECTRIC CURRENT
- it is the flow of electrons from to of the battery externally
through the conductor across which the cell is connected

 
CONVENTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT
- the movement of electrons that is always assumed as from to
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT
- collection of electrical elements interconnected in some
specified way

ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
-resistors, inductor, capacitor, cell, generator,
transistors, operational amplifier
Basic Electrical Quantities
 1. CHARGE (Q)
- indicated by Q (Quanta)
- Unit of charge is COULOMB
- 1 coulomb is electrons

2. CURRENT (I)
-unit of current is AMPERE (A)
-it is the transfer of charges along specified paths

 3. VOLTAGE (V)

- unit is VOLTS
-work done in moving a unit charge through the element from one
terminal to the other
-
4. POWER (P)
- unit is WATTS (W)
- the rate at which energy is expended

5. RESISTANCE (R)
- measured in OHMS
- opposition to the flow of the current
Basic Electrical Components
1. BATTERY
- a direct current electricity source of a specific voltage used
primarily in small circuits

2. RESISTOR
- a device that increases the resistance of a circuit.
3. CAPACITOR
- component made from two conductive plates (or two sets) with an
insulator between them
- strength of capacitance is measured in FARAD (F)

4. INDUCTOR
- when current flows, a magnetic field is created and inductor coil store
magnetic energy until it is released
- inductance is measured in HENRY (H)
6. DIODE/LED
- device made from semiconductor material that restricts the flow of
current in a circuit to only one direction

7. FUSE
- device use to protect the flow in a wire
5. TRANSFORMER
- is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from
one voltage to another. It can be designed to "step up" or "step down"
voltages and works on the magnetic induction principle.
Ohm’s Law
- states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference across
the two points.
  𝑉
𝐼 =
𝑅
 where;
= current in A
V = potential difference
R = resistance in ohm

POWER
- rate of w/c energy is dissipated
  by
so also
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
1. Not possible for non-linear devices
Non-Linear
- where resistance do not remain constant for different
terminal current

2. Does not held good for metallic conductors such as silicon

conductors or carbide
 
Example

Calculate the current in the circuit below.

Solution:

  12
¿
4
 𝐼 =3 𝐴
Example 2.
Calculate the power generated in the circuit

Solution:

  𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅
2
  (12)
¿
40
𝑷=𝟑
  .𝟔 𝑾
Types of Electric Circuit

SERIES CIRCUIT
- is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the
current has only one path to take.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
- is one that has two or more paths for the electricity to flow,
the loads are parallel to each other.
Resistance in Series
Characteristics
• Some current flows through all parts
of the circuit
• Different resistance have their
individual voltage drops
• Voltage drops are additive
• Applied voltage equals the sum of
different voltage drops
• Resistance are additive
• Power are additive
Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)
- in Series Circuit, some current flows through each of the given
resistors and voltage drops varies directly with the resistance
 Example:
Calculate the total resistance , current and the voltage drops of
each resistor

Solution:
 𝑅𝑇 =𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 + 𝑅3  𝐼 = 𝑉
 ¿ 3+4+ 5 𝑅
60
  ¿ 
12
 𝑰=𝟓 𝑨
  

  (60 )(5)
¿
12

𝑽
  𝟏=𝟐𝟓 𝑽

𝑉𝑅 3   𝑉𝑅 2
  𝑉 2=
𝑉 3= 𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑇
(60)(4)
¿  (60)(3) ¿ 
12 12

𝑽
  𝟑 =𝟏𝟓 𝐕 𝑽
  𝟐=𝟐𝟎 𝐕
 
Example 2.
Calculate the , power dissipated by the resistor and the
Note:

Solution:

  +

 ¿ 3+2+6+1+9

 𝑹 𝒆𝒒 = 𝟐𝟏Ω

 𝐼 = 𝑉
𝑅
  10
¿
21

𝑰=𝟎
  . 𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝑨
 2
 𝑃1= 𝐼 𝑅 1
2
  ( 0.476 ) (3)
¿
 𝑷𝟏=𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑾

 
 𝑃𝑇 =𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4 + 𝑃5
¿  0.680+0.453+1.359+0.227+2.039
 𝑷𝑻 =𝟒 .𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝑾
  
Example 3
Calculate the , voltage drop and the total power
Note:

     

 
 Resistance in Parallel
Characteristics
• Some voltage acts across all parts
of the circuit
• Different resistors have their
individual currents
• Branch currents are additive
• Terminal currents equals the sum
of all branch currents
 𝟏
• Conductance are additive 𝑮=
𝑹
• Power are additive
 Current Divider Rule (CDR)
- the Current Divider Rule allows us to calculate
the current flowing through each parallel resistive branch as a
percentage of the total current.

−1
  1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
(
+ +
𝑅 1 𝑅2 𝑅 3 )
 Example
Calculate the current flowing in each resistor, the current delivered
from the battery and the total resistance in the circuit

Solution:

  𝑉 12
𝐼 1 = = =𝟑 𝑨
𝑅1 4
𝑉 12
𝐼  2 = = =𝟐 𝑨
𝑅2 6
 
 
 
Example 2.
Find , power dissipated by each resistor and
Note:

−1
  1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
(
)+ +
𝑅 1 𝑅2 𝑅 3
−1
  1 1 1
¿( + + )
1 2 2
  𝑉  
𝐼=
𝑅𝑒𝑞
 

 𝑰 =𝟔 𝐀
   𝑉2
𝑃1=
𝑅1
  ( 3 )2
¿
1
  𝑷𝟏= 𝟗 𝑾

 𝑃𝑇 =𝑃1 + 𝑃 2+ 𝑃 3
   
 ¿ 9+ 4.5+ 4.5

  𝑷 𝑻 =𝟏𝟖 𝑾
 
Example 3
Find , current through each resistor
Note:

𝑉 125
𝐼  1 = = =𝟔 .𝟐𝟓 𝑨
𝑅 1 20
𝑉 125
𝐼  2 = = =𝟏 . 𝟐𝟓 𝑨
𝑅 2 100
𝑉 125
𝐼  3 = = =𝟐 .𝟓𝟎 𝑨
3 50
 Summary in Series and Parallel
Series
 Current has only one path to take
 Current remain constant
 Every resistor have individual voltage drops
 VDR shows how the voltage distributes among
different resistor.

Parallel
 Current has two or more paths for current to flow through
 Total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the
individual branch currents
 Voltage remain constant
 CDR is used to find the current in the individual resistor.
Example: Combination of Series and Parallel Circuit
Calculate the equivalent resistance and the current that leaves the
battery in the circuit

 
Ω

  𝑉𝑇 60
𝐼= = =𝟑 𝑨
𝑅𝑇 20
 Example 2
Calculate the and

−1
  1 1
¿ (
+
12 4 )
 

  120
𝐼𝑇 = =𝟒 . 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝑨
26
Maxwell’s Loop Current Method
(Maxwell’s Mesh Equation)

Mesh Current Analysis is a technique used to

find the currents circulating around a loop or
mesh with in any closed path of a circuit
 Example
Calculate , , using mesh equation

 𝑰 𝟏  𝑰 𝟐

Solution:
@
  𝑀𝑒𝑠h 1 @
  𝑀𝑒𝑠h 2
−10+10
  𝐼 1+ 40 ( 𝐼 1 − 𝐼 2) =0 2
  0+40 ( 𝐼 2 − 𝐼 1 ) +20 𝐼 2=0
10
  𝐼 1 +40 𝐼 1 − 40 𝐼 2=10 −
  40 𝐼 1 +60 𝐼 2 =−20 → 𝑒𝑞 .2
50
  𝐼 1 −40 𝐼 2=10 → 𝑒𝑞 .1
  𝑰 𝟏  𝑰 𝟐

Calculator:
 

  𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟎
|− 𝟒𝟎 |
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎
) 

 𝑰 𝟏 =−𝟎 . 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝑨 ¿  [ ( −0.143 𝐴 ) −(−0.429) ]

 𝑰 𝟐 =−𝟎 . 𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝑨 𝑰  𝟑 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝑨
 
Example 2
Calculate , , using mesh equation

 𝑰 𝟏  𝑰 𝟐

 𝑰 𝟑

Solution:
@
  𝑀𝑒𝑠h 1
−12+2
  𝐼 1 +12 ( 𝐼 1 − 𝐼 2 )+ ( 𝐼 1 − 𝐼 3 )=0
2  𝐼 1 +1 2 𝐼 1+ 𝐼 1 −12 𝐼 2 − 𝐼 3=12
𝟏𝟓
  𝑰 𝟏 −𝟏𝟐 𝑰 𝟐 − 𝑰 𝟑=𝟏𝟐 → 𝒆𝒒 . 𝟏
  𝑰 𝟏  𝑰 𝟐

 𝑰 𝟑

@
  𝑀𝑒𝑠h 2 @
  𝑀𝑒𝑠h 3
10+2
  𝐼 2 +3 ( 𝐼 2 − 𝐼 3 ) +12 ( 𝐼 2 − 𝐼 1) =0 −24
  +4 𝐼 3 +3 ( 𝐼 3 − 𝐼 1 ) +3 ( 𝐼 3 − 𝐼 2 )=0
2  𝐼 2 +3 𝐼 2 +12 𝐼 2 −12 𝐼 1 −3 𝐼 3 =−10 4  𝐼 3 +3 𝐼 3 + 𝐼 3 − 𝐼 1 −3 𝐼 2=24
−𝟏𝟐
  𝑰 𝟏 +𝟏𝟕 𝑰 𝟐 −𝟑 𝑰 𝟑=− 𝟏𝟎 →𝒆𝒒 . 𝟐 −  𝑰 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝑰 𝟐 +𝟖 𝑰 𝟑 =𝟐𝟒 → 𝒆𝒒 . 𝟑
  𝑰 𝟏  𝑰 𝟐

 𝑰 𝟑

Calculator:
   1 5− 12 −1   1 2
−12 17 −3 − 10
  −1 −3 8 24

 𝑰 𝟏 =𝟐 .𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝑨
 𝑰 𝟐 =𝟐 . 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝑨

 𝑰 𝟑 =𝟒 .𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑨