King Abdulaziz University – Faculty of Engineering

EE 251: Basic Electrical Engineering

Spring 2021 - Section: DA Week 6

Eng. Abdullah Alturki

Eng. Mohammed Alsulami

Class is conducted via blackboard if possible. If not, then is conducted via Zoom
Reference: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charles K. Alexander and Matthew n. o. Sadiku
Chapter.6 Capacitors and Inductors

1
6.1 Introduction
• We have taken circuit analysis and theorems with only one passive element
which the resistor.

• Now we consider another two important elements which are: capacitors and
Inductors, how it works and how to add them in series and parallel.

• We know previously that resistors dissipate energy. In this chapter, we’ll learn
that capacitors and inductors store energy (called storage elements).

• The topics covered in chapter 3 (nodal and mesh analysis), as the well the
theorems discussed in chapter 4 (Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems) are
applicable as well to them.

2
6.2 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).
• Conducting plates: aluminum foil,…, and insulator: air, ceramic,…
• capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
• Capacitor construction is shown.
• If a voltage source is applied to the capacitor, the source will deposit
positive and negative charges on it’s plates according to the source
connection.
• Notice how the charge moves in the circuit.
• The charge follows the equation:
➢ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣
• C is the capacitance which is the ratio of the
charge on one plate of a capacitor to the
voltage difference between the two plates,
measured in farads (F).
3
6.2 Capacitors
• The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the physical
construction of the capacitor and it follow the equation:
ϵ𝐴
➢ 𝐶=
𝑑
➢ A: the surface area of the plate (m2 ).
➢ d: the distance between plates (m).
➢ ϵ: the permittivity of the dielectric (𝐹Τ𝑚).
• The capacitor symbol in electrical circuits is shown.
• If 𝑣 > 0 and 𝑖 > 0, or if 𝑣 < 0 and 𝑖 < 0, then capacitor is charging
• If 𝑣 > 0 and 𝑖 < 0 , or if 𝑣 < 0 and 𝑖 > 0 , then capacitor is
discharging
• How does capacitors look in electrical circuits?

4
6.2 Capacitors
• What is the current-voltage relationship of a capacitor
𝑑𝑞
➢ 𝑖= (from chapter.1) sub 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐶𝑣)
➢ 𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
➢ 𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
➢ The current-voltage relationship is shown
➢ And the voltage can be obtained as
1
➢ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑣, integrate both sides
𝐶
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝐶
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫ 𝜏𝑑 𝜏 𝑖 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑣(𝑡0 )
𝐶 0

➢ Where 𝑣(𝑡0 ) is the voltage across the capacitor at 𝑡0 .

➢ (Was it charged before using it in the circuit ?)

5
6.2 Capacitors
• The power delivered to the capacitor is
➢ 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑣
➢ 𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑑𝑡

➢ The energy stored in the capacitor

𝑑𝑤
➢ 𝑝= (from chapter.1)
𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑤, integrate both sides
𝑡
➢ 𝑤= ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑝 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑣(𝑡) 1 𝑣(𝑡)
➢ 𝑤= 𝐶 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑣 𝑑𝜏 = 𝐶 ‫(𝑣׬‬−∞) 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 2 ฬ𝑣(−∞)
𝑑𝜏 2
1 𝑞
➢ 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2 , sub 𝑣 =
2 𝐶
𝑞2
➢ 𝑤=
2𝐶

6
6.2 Capacitors
• Some properties of the capacitor.
𝑑𝑣
• Notice from the equation 𝑖 = 𝐶 , If the voltage is not changing
𝑑𝑡
the current is zero.
➢ And in DC circuits the voltage is constant so, A capacitor is an open
circuit to dc.

• The voltage on the capacitor cannot change suddenly.

Steep rise Sudden rise, sudden fall

Can happen in a voltage Can not happen in a voltage
across a capacitor across a capacitor

7
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.1
• Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20 V across it. And find
the energy stored in the capacitor.
➢ The charge: 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣
➢ 𝑞 = 3 ∗ 10−12 ∗ 20 = 60 p𝐶
1
➢ The energy stored: 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
1
➢ 𝑤= 3 ∗ 10−12 ∗ (20)2 = 600 pJ
2

8
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.2
• What is the voltage across a 4.5-µF capacitor if the charge on one plate is 0.12
mC? How much energy is stored?
𝑞
➢ The voltage: 𝑣 =
𝐶
0.12∗10−3
➢ 𝑣= = 26.667 𝑉
4.5∗10−6
1
➢ The stored energy: 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
1
➢ 𝑤= 4.5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ (26.667)2 = 1.6 mJ
2

9
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.3
• The voltage across a 5-µF capacitor is 𝑣 𝑡 = 10 cos 6000𝑡 𝑉. Calculate the
current through it.
𝑑𝑣
➢ 𝑖= 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
➢ 𝑖 = 5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 10 cos 6000𝑡
𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝑖 = 5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 10 ∗ 6000 ∗ (−10 sin 6000𝑡 )
➢ 𝑖 = −0.3 sin 6000𝑡 𝐴

10
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.4
• Determine the voltage across a 2-µF capacitor if the current through it is
𝑖 𝑡 = 6𝑒 −3000𝑡 𝑚𝐴. Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero
➢ The initial value of the voltage is zero.
➢ 𝑣 𝑡0 = 0 𝑉
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫ 𝜏𝑑 𝜏 𝑖 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑣 𝑡0 = ‫𝜏𝑑 𝜏 𝑖 𝑡׬‬
𝐶 0 𝐶 0
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫( ׬‬6 ∗ 10−3 )𝑒 −3000𝑡 𝑑𝜏
2∗10−6 0
3000 −3000𝑡 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 ቚ0
−3000
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −3000𝑡 V.

11
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.5
• Determine the current through a 200-µF capacitor whose voltage
is shown in the figure.
𝑑𝑣
➢ 𝑖=𝐶 , but how to write the voltage?
𝑑𝑡
➢ First describe the waveform mathematically.
➢ 0<t<1
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 50𝑡 𝑉
➢ 1<t<3
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 100 − 50𝑡 𝑉
➢ 3<t<4
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = −200 + 50𝑡 𝑉
➢ And 0 V otherwise.
12
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.5
50𝑡 𝑉 0<t<1
100 − 50𝑡 𝑉 1<t<3
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 =൞
−200 + 50𝑡 𝑉 3<t<4
0 Otherwise
➢ This is called 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑣
➢ Knowing C= 200 µF, apply 𝑖 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡

50 0<t<1
−50 1<t<3
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 200 ∗ 10−6 ൞
50 3<t<4
0 Otherwise

13
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.5
10 𝑚𝐴 0<t<1
−10 mA 1<t<3
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = ൞ 10 mA 3<t<4
0 Otherwise
➢ And the current waveform shape is shown

14
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.6
• An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor has the current shown
in the figure through it. Calculate the voltage across it at 𝑡 =
2𝑚𝑠 and 𝑡 = 5𝑚𝑠
➢ Describe the waveform mathematically.
➢ 0<t<2
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 50𝑡 𝑚A
➢ 2<t<6
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝐴

50𝑡 𝑚A 0<t<2
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 =ቊ
100 𝑚𝐴 2<t<6

15
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.6
1 𝑡
➢ Knowing C= 1 mF, apply 𝑣 𝑡 = ‫𝑖 ׬‬ 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 + 𝑣(𝑡0 )
𝐶 𝑡0
➢ At 𝑡 = 2𝑚𝑠 (the capacitor initially uncharged)
1 2
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = (1 ∗ 10−3 ) ‫׬‬0 50𝑡 𝑑t
1∗10−3
50 2 2
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡 ቚ0 = 25𝑡 2 = 25 ∗ (2 − 0)2 ∗ (1 ∗ 10−3 )
2
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 100 mV
➢ At 𝑡 = 5𝑚𝑠 (the capacitor has initial charge of 100 mV)
1 5
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 1 ∗ 10−3 ‫׬‬2 100 𝑑t + (100 ∗ 10−3 )
1∗10−3

➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 100𝑡 ቚ52 + 0.1 = 100 ((5 − 2) ∗ (10−3 )) + 0.1

➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 400 mV

16
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.7
• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in the circuit
under dc conditions
1
➢ The energy stored in capacitor is: 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
➢ This is a DC circuit which means the capacitors are open.
➢ Replace the capacitors with open circuit
➢ 𝑣1 = 𝑣2𝑘Ω . (in parallel)
➢ 𝑣2𝑘Ω = 𝑖 ∗ (2 ∗ 103 )
➢ Find 𝑖 using current division rule
3∗103
➢ 𝑖= (6 ∗ 10−3 ) = 2 𝑚𝐴
(4+2+3)(103 )

➢ 𝑣2𝑘Ω = 2 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 2 ∗ 103 = 4 𝑉.

17
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.7
➢ 𝑣2 =?
➢ 𝑣2 = 𝑣4𝑘Ω .
➢ 𝑣4𝑘Ω = 𝑖 ∗ (4 ∗ 103 ),
➢ 𝑣4𝑘Ω = 2 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 4 ∗ 103 = 8 𝑉.
➢ Now find the stored energy in each capacitor
1 1
➢ 𝑤1 = 𝐶1 𝑣12 = 2 ∗ 10−3 4 2
= 16 mJ
2 2
1 1
➢ 𝑤2 = 𝐶2 𝑣22 = 4 ∗ 10−3 8 2
= 128 mJ
2 2

18
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.8
• Under dc conditions, find the energy stored in the capacitors
1
➢ The energy stored in capacitor is: 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
➢ Under DC conditions, the capacitors are open.
➢ 𝑣1 = 𝑣3𝑘Ω . (in parallel)
➢ 𝑣3𝑘Ω = 𝑖 ∗ (3 ∗ 103 )
➢ Find 𝑖
50
➢ 𝑖= = 5 𝑚𝐴
(1+3+6)(103 )

➢ 𝑣3𝑘Ω = 5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 3 ∗ 103 = 15 𝑉.

19
6.2 Capacitors
• Example.8
➢ 𝑣2 = 𝑣(3𝑘+6𝑘)Ω . (in parallel)
➢ 𝑣(3𝑘+6𝑘)Ω = 𝑖 ∗ 3 + 6 ∗ 103 ,
➢ 𝑣(3𝑘+6𝑘)Ω = 5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 9 ∗ 103 = 45 𝑉 , or use voltage division
(3+6)(103 )
➢ 𝑣(3𝑘+6𝑘)Ω = ∗ 50 = 45 𝑉.
(1+3+6)(103 )

➢ Now find the stored energy in each capacitor

1 1
➢ 𝑤1 = 𝐶1 𝑣12 = 30 ∗ 10−6 15 2 = 3.375 mJ
2 2
1 1
➢ 𝑤2 = 𝐶2 𝑣22 = 20 ∗ 10−6 45 2 = 20.25 mJ
2 2

20
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• As with circuits containing resistors, it’s highly beneficial
to combine series and parallel capacitors into an
equivalent capacitor 𝐶𝑒𝑞 .
• Consider the following circuit where the connection of
capacitors is parallel.
• Applying KCL for the upper node yields:
➢ 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑁
𝑑𝑣
➢ Knowing the current through the capacitor is 𝑖𝑘 = 𝐶𝑘
𝑑𝑡
➢ And the voltage of parallel branches is equal
The equivalent capacitance
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
➢ 𝑖= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯+ 𝐶𝑁 of N parallel-connected
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 capacitors is the sum of the
➢ 𝑖= σ𝑁 𝐶
𝑘=1 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 individual capacitances.
𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁

21
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Consider the following circuit where the connection of
capacitors is series.
• Applying KVL for the loop gives:
➢ 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑁
1 𝑡
➢ The Voltage across the capacitor is 𝑣𝑘 = ‫𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 ׬‬ + 𝑣𝑘 𝑡0
𝐶𝑘 𝑡 0
➢ The current in series connection is the same.
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣= ‫ 𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 ׬‬+ 𝑣1 𝑡0 + ‫𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 ׬‬ + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ +
𝐶1 𝑡0 𝐶2 𝑡0
1 𝑡
‫ 𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 ׬‬+ 𝑣𝑁 𝑡0
𝐶𝑁 𝑡0
1 1 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣= + + ⋯+ ‫ 𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑣1 𝑡0 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ +
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁 0
𝑣𝑁 𝑡0
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣= ‫𝜏𝑑 )𝜏(𝑖 ׬‬ + 𝑣 𝑡0
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑡0

22
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣= ‫׬‬ 𝑖(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 + 𝑣 𝑡0
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑡0
1 1 1 1 1
➢ = + + + ⋯+
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶𝑁

➢ And the initial voltage 𝑣 𝑡0 is the sum of the initial voltages

across all capacitors.
➢ 𝑣 𝑡0 = 𝑣1 𝑡0 + 𝑣2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑁 𝑡0
➢ For two capacitors connected in series
1 1 1
➢ = +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2

➢ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 =
𝐶1 𝐶2 The equivalent capacitance of
𝐶1 +𝐶2 series-connected capacitors is
the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocals of the
individual capacitances.

23
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.9
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of the
circuit
➢ 5µF & 20µF in series.
5∗20
➢ = 4µF
5+20
➢ 4µF, 6µF & 20µF in parallel.
➢ 4 + 6 + 20 = 30𝜇𝐹
➢ 30µF & 60µF in series.
30∗60
➢ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = = 20µF
30+60

24
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.10
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals of the circuit
➢ 50µF & 70µF in parallel.
➢ 50 + 70 = 120𝜇𝐹
➢ 60µF & 120µF in series.
60∗120
➢ = 40µF
60+120
➢ 20µF & 40µF in parallel.
➢ 20 + 40 = 60𝜇𝐹
➢ 120µF & 60µF in series.
120∗60
➢ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = = 40µF
120+60

25
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.11
• For the shown circuit, find the voltage across each capacitor
𝑞
➢ The voltage across any capacitor is: 𝑣 =
𝐶
➢ Finding the charge for the circuit requires finding 𝐶𝑒𝑞 .
➢ 40µF & 20µF in parallel = 60 mF
1 1 1 1 1
➢ = + + = , 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 10 mF
𝐶𝑒𝑞 20 30 60 10

➢ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑣 = 10 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 30 = 0.3 C.

➢ Now find the voltage across each capacitor.

26
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.11
➢ Now find the voltage across each capacitor.
𝑞 0.3
➢ 𝑣1 = = = 15 𝑉.
𝐶1 20∗10−3
𝑞 0.3
➢ 𝑣2 = = = 10 𝑉.
𝐶2 30∗10−3

➢ And by applying KVL we can find 𝑣3

➢ 𝑣3 = 30−𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 30 − 15 − 10 = 5 𝑉. Or
𝑞 0.3
➢ 𝑣3 = = = 5 𝑉.
(20+40)∗10−3 60∗10−3

27
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.12
• Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in the figure.
𝑞
➢ The voltage across any capacitor is: 𝑣 =
𝐶
➢ Find 𝐶𝑒𝑞 .
➢ 60µF & 30µF in series = 20µF
➢ 20µF & 20µF in parallel = 40µF
➢ 40µF & 40µF in series = 20µF, 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 20 µF
➢ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑣 = 20 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 90 = 1.8 mC.
➢ Now find the voltage across each capacitor.
𝑞 1.8∗10−3
➢ 𝑣1 = = = 45 𝑉.
𝐶1 40∗10−6

28
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Example.12
➢ Now find the voltage across each capacitor.
𝑞 1.8∗10−3
➢ 𝑣1 = = = 45 𝑉.
𝐶1 40∗10−6

➢ To find 𝑣2 applying KVL

➢ 𝑣2 = 90 − 𝑣1 = 90 − 45 = 45 𝑉.
➢ To find 𝑣3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣4 apply voltage division.
➢ (Can you derive voltage division for capacitor circuits).
𝐶4 30∗10−6
➢ 𝑣3 = 𝑣 = 45 = 15 𝑉.
𝐶3 +𝐶4 2 60∗10−6 +30∗10−6

➢ 𝑣4 = 45 − 𝑣3 = 30 𝑉.

29
6.4 Inductors
• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire
• Core material: iron, nickel,…
• Inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
• Inductor construction is shown.
• The voltage across an inductor:
𝑑𝑖
➢ 𝑣=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
• L: Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to
the change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
• The inductance of an inductor depends on the physical construction of the
inductor and it follow the equation:
𝑁2 𝜇𝐴
➢ 𝐿=
𝑙
➢ N: number of turns.
➢ 𝜇: the permeability of the core (𝐻Τ𝑚).

30
6.4 Inductors
• Commercial inductors found in electrical circuits are shown.
• What is the current-voltage relationship of an inductor
𝑑𝑖
➢ Knowing 𝑣 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡

➢ The current-voltage relationship is shown

➢ And the current can be obtained as
1
➢ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖, integrate both sides
𝐿
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝐿
1 𝑡
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫ 𝜏𝑑 𝜏 𝑣 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑖(𝑡0 )
𝐿 0

➢ Where 𝑖(𝑡0 ) is the current through the inductor −∞< t <𝑡0 .

➢ 𝑖 −∞ = 0

31
6.4 Inductors
• The power delivered to the inductor is
➢ 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑖
➢ 𝑝 = 𝐿𝑖
𝑑𝑡

➢ The energy stored in the inductor

➢ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑤, integrate both sides
𝑡
➢ 𝑤 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑝 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝑡 𝑑𝑖 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑤 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑖 𝑑𝜏 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 2 ቚ−∞
𝑑𝜏 2
1 2 1 2
➢ 𝑤= 𝐿𝑖 (𝑡) − 𝐿𝑖 (−∞), knowing 𝑖 −∞ = 0
2 2
1 2
➢ 𝑤= 𝐿𝑖
2

32
6.4 Inductors
• The inductor symbol in electrical circuits is shown.
• Some properties of the inductor.
𝑑𝑖
• Notice from the equation 𝑣 = 𝐿 , If the current is not changing
𝑑𝑡
the voltage is zero.
➢ And in DC circuits the current is constant so, An inductor acts like a
short circuit to dc.
• The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.

Steep rise Sudden rise, sudden fall

Can happen in a current Can not happen in a current
through an inductor through an inductor

33
6.4 Inductors
• Example.13
• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is 𝑖 𝑡 = 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 𝐴. Find the voltage
across the inductor and the energy stored in it
𝑑𝑖
➢ The voltage across an inductor: 𝑣 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡
➢ 𝑣= 𝐿 = 0.1 ∗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−5𝑡 −5𝑡
➢ 𝑣 = (𝑒 + −5 𝑡𝑒 )
➢ 𝑣 = 𝑒 −5𝑡 1 − 5𝑡 V
1
➢ The energy stored in an inductor: 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2
2
1 1
➢ 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2 = (0.1)(10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 )2
2 2
➢ 𝑤= 5𝑡 2 𝑒 −10𝑡 J

34
6.4 Inductors
• Example.14
• If the current through a 1-mH inductor is 𝑖 𝑡 = 60 cos 100𝑡 mA, find the
terminal voltage and the energy stored.
𝑑𝑖
➢ The voltage across an inductor: 𝑣 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 −3 𝑑 60∗10−3 )(cos 100𝑡
➢ 𝑣= 𝐿 = (1 ∗ 10 ) ∗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝑣 = (6 ∗ 10−5 ) ∗ (−100 sin 100𝑡)
➢ 𝑣 = −6 sin 100𝑡 mV
1
➢ The energy stored in an inductor: 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2
2
1 1
➢ 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2 = 1 ∗ 10−3 ∗ ((60 ∗ 10−3 )(cos 100𝑡))2
2 2
➢ 𝑤= 1.8 cos 2 (100𝑡) µJ

35
6.4 Inductors
• Example.15
• Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is

30𝑡 2 , t > 0
𝑣 𝑡 =ቊ
0, t < 0
Also, find the energy stored at 𝑡 = 5 𝑠. Assume 𝑖 𝑡0 > 0 .
1 𝑡
➢ The current through an inductor: 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫𝑑 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡׬‬t + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
L 0
1 𝑡 2 𝑡3 𝑡
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫׬‬ 30𝑡 𝑑t + 0= 6 ቚ0 = 2𝑡 3 A.
5 0 3
➢ The stored energy can be obtained in two ways
5
➢ 𝑤 = ‫= 𝑡𝑑 𝑖𝑣 ׬ = 𝑡𝑑 𝑝׬‬ ‫׬‬0 30𝑡 2 2𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
5 𝑡6 5
➢ 𝑤= ‫׬‬0 60𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 = 60 ቚ0
6
= 10 ∗ 56 = 156.25 kJ

36
6.4 Inductors
• Example.15
• Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is

30𝑡 2 , t > 0
𝑣 𝑡 =ቊ
0, t < 0
Also, find the energy stored at 𝑡 = 5 𝑠. Assume 𝑖 𝑡0 > 0 .
➢ A different way of finding stored energy in the inductor is
1
➢ 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2
2
1
➢ 𝑤 ቚ50 = 𝐿𝑖 2 ቚ50
2
1 2 1 2
➢ 𝑤 ቚ50 = ∗ 5∗ 2𝑡 3
ቚ 𝑡=5
− ∗5∗ 2𝑡 3
ቚ 𝑡=0
2 2

➢ 𝑤 ቚ50 = 10 ∗ 56 − 0 = 156.25 kJ

37
6.4 Inductors
• Example.17
• Consider the following circuit . Under dc conditions, find: (a) 𝑖,
𝑣𝐶 and 𝑖𝐿 , (b) the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.

➢ Under DC condition the capacitor will be open circuit and the

inductor will be short circuit (redraw the circuit).
➢ Find 𝑖
𝑣
➢ 𝑖=
𝑅𝑒𝑞
12
➢ 𝑖= = 2 A.
6
➢ 𝑖𝐿 = ?
➢ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖 = 2 A, the current doesn’t flow in open circuit.
➢ 𝑣𝐶 =?
➢ 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑣5Ω = 𝑖 ∗ 5 = 10 V.

38
6.4 Inductors
• Example.17

1
➢ The energy stored in the capacitor is: 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
1 1
➢ 𝑤𝐶 = 𝐶𝑣 2 = ∗ 1 ∗ 102 = 50 J
2 2
1 2
➢ The energy stored in the inductor is: 𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖
2
1 1
➢ 𝑤𝐿 = 𝐿𝑖 2 = ∗ 2 ∗ 22 = 4 J
2 2

39
6.4 Inductors
• Example.18
• Determine 𝑣𝐶 , 𝑖𝐿 and the energy stored in the capacitor
and inductor in the shown circuit under dc conditions
➢ Under DC condition the capacitor will be open circuit and the inductor
will be short circuit (redraw the circuit).
➢ The current 𝑖𝐿 is the same current through 2-Ω resistor.
➢ Using current division rule
6
➢ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖2Ω = 10 = 7.5 A
2+6
➢ The voltage 𝑣𝐶 is the same voltage across the 2-Ω resistor.
➢ 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑣2Ω = 𝑖2Ω ∗ 2 = 7.5 ∗ 2 = 15 V.
1 1
➢ The energy stored in the capacitor is: 𝑤𝐶 = 2 𝐶𝑣 2 = 2 ∗ 4 ∗ 152 = 450 J
1 1
➢ The energy stored in the inductor is: 𝑤𝐿 = 2 𝐿𝑖 2 = 2 ∗ 6 ∗ 7.52 = 168.75 J

40
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• As with resistors and capacitors, inductors in series or
parallel are combined into 𝐿𝑒𝑞 .
• Consider the following circuit where the connection of
inductors is series.
• Applying KVL for the loop yields:
➢ 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑁
𝑑𝑖
➢ Knowing the voltage across the inductor is 𝑣𝑘 = 𝐿𝑘
𝑑𝑡
➢ And the current is the same in all inductors
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
➢ 𝑣 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁 The equivalent inductance
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 of series-connected
➢ 𝑣 = (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
inductors is the sum of the
➢ 𝑣 = σ𝑁
𝑘=1 𝐿𝑘 = 𝐿𝑒𝑞 individual inductances.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁

41
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Consider the following circuit where the connection of
inductors is parallel.
• Applying KCL for the upper node yields:
➢ 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑁
1 𝑡
➢ Knowing the current through the inductor is 𝑖𝑘 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ +
𝐿𝑘 𝑡0
𝑖𝑘 𝑡0
➢ And the voltage is the same across all inductors
1 𝑡 1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑖= ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ + 𝑖1 𝑡0 + ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ + 𝑖2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ +
𝐿1 𝑡0 𝐿2 𝑡0 𝐿𝑁 𝑡0
𝑖𝑁 𝑡0
1 1 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑖= + + ⋯+ ‫ 𝑡𝑑 𝑣 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑖1 𝑡0 + 𝑖2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑁 𝑡0
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿𝑁 0

1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 = σ𝑁
𝑘=1 ‫ 𝑡𝑑 𝑣 𝑡׬‬+ σ𝑁
𝑘=1 𝑖𝑘 𝑡0 = 𝐿 ‫ 𝑡𝑑 𝑣 𝑡׬‬+ 𝑖 𝑡0
𝐿𝑘 0 𝑒𝑞 0

42
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Consider the following circuit where the connection of
inductors is parallel.
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑣 = σ𝑁
𝑘=1 ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 𝑡׬‬ + σ𝑁
𝑘=1 𝑖𝑘 𝑡0 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ + 𝑖 𝑡0
𝐿𝑘 0 𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑡0
1 1 1 1 1
➢ = + + + ⋯+
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿𝑁
➢ 𝑖 𝑡0 = 𝑖1 𝑡0 + 𝑖2 𝑡0 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑘 𝑡0
➢ In case of two parallel inductors:
1 1 1
➢ = +
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿2
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = The equivalent inductance
𝐿1 +𝐿2 of parallel inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocals of the
individual inductances.

43
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.19
• Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown
➢ 20H, 12H & 10H in series.
➢ 20 + 12 + 10 = 42H
➢ 42H & 7H in parallel.
42∗7
➢ = 6H
42+7
➢ 4H, 6H & 8H in series.
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18H

44
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.20
• Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder network in
the figure.
➢ 20 mH & 40 mH in series = 60 mH
60∗30
➢ 60 mH & 30 mH in parallel: = 20 mH
60+30
➢ 100 mH & 20 mH in series = 120 mH
120∗40
➢ 120 mH & 40 mH in parallel: = 30 mH
120+40
➢ 20 mH & 30 mH in series = 50 mH
➢ 50 mH & 50 mH in parallel
50∗50
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = = 25 mH
50+50

45
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.21
• For the circuit shown, 𝑖 𝑡 = 4 2 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 mA. If 𝑖2 0 = −1 mA, find:
(a) 𝑖1 0
(b) 𝑣 𝑡 , 𝑣1 𝑡 and 𝑣2 𝑡
(c) 𝑖1 𝑡 and 𝑖2 𝑡

➢ (a) find 𝑖1 0 ,
➢ Apply KCL for the upper node
➢ 𝑖 0 = 𝑖1 0 + 𝑖2 0
➢ 4 2 − 1 = 𝑖1 0 + (−1)
➢ 𝑖1 0 = 5 mA

46
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.21
𝑑𝑖
➢ (b) find 𝑣 𝑡 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐿𝑒𝑞
𝑑𝑡
4∗12
➢ 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 2 + =5H
4+12
𝑑𝑖 𝑑(4 2−𝑒 −10𝑡 )
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =5 = 20 10𝑒 −10𝑡 = 200𝑒 −10𝑡 mV
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ Find 𝑣1 𝑡 and 𝑣2 𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
➢ 𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝐿1 =2 = 8 10𝑒 −10𝑡 = 80𝑒 −10𝑡 mV
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ Apply KVL to find 𝑣2 𝑡 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡
➢ 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑣1 𝑡 = 200𝑒 −10𝑡 − 80𝑒 −10𝑡 = 120𝑒 −10𝑡 mV

47
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.21
1 𝑡
➢ (c) find 𝑖1 𝑡 and 𝑖2 𝑡 , 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫𝑑 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡׬‬t + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
L 0
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
➢ 𝑖1 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑣2 𝑡 𝑑t + 𝑖1 𝑡0 = ‫׬‬0 120𝑒 −10𝑡 𝑑t + 5
4 4
120 𝑒 −10𝑡 𝑡
➢ 𝑖1 𝑡 = ∗ ቚ + 5 = −3 𝑒 −10𝑡 − 1 + 5 = 8 − 3𝑒 −10𝑡 mA
4 −10 0
1 𝑡 1 𝑡 −10𝑡
➢ 𝑖2 𝑡 = ‫𝑣 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑t + 𝑖2 𝑡0 = ‫׬‬ 120𝑒 𝑑t + (−1)
12 0 2 12 0
120 𝑒 −10𝑡 𝑡
➢ 𝑖1 𝑡 = ∗ ቚ − 1 = − 𝑒 −10𝑡 − 1 − 1 = −𝑒 −10𝑡 mA
12 −10 0

➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖1 𝑡 + 𝑖2 𝑡 = 8 − 3𝑒 −10𝑡 + −𝑒 −10𝑡
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 8 − 4𝑒 −10𝑡 = 4 2 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 mA

48
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.22
• For the circuit shown, 𝑖1 𝑡 = 0.6𝑒 −2𝑡 A. If 𝑖 0 = 1.4 A. Find
(a) 𝑖2 0
(b) 𝑖2 𝑡 and 𝑖 𝑡
(c) 𝑣1 𝑡 , 𝑣2 𝑡 and 𝑣 𝑡

➢ (a) find 𝑖2 0 ,
➢ Apply KCL for the upper-left node
➢ 𝑖 0 = 𝑖1 0 + 𝑖2 0
➢ 1.4 = 0.6 + 𝑖2 0
➢ 𝑖2 0 = 0.8 A

49
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.22
1 𝑡
➢ (b) 𝑖2 𝑡 and 𝑖 𝑡 , 𝑖 𝑡 = ‫𝑣 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑t + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
L 𝑡0
➢ Applying current divider
3 1
➢ 𝑖1 𝑡 = 𝑖 = 𝑖 (1)
3+6 3
➢ We find 𝑖 𝑡 from (1)
➢ 3𝑖1 𝑡 = 𝑖(𝑡)
➢ 3 0.6𝑒 −2𝑡 − 0.6 = 𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑖(0) 𝑖 0 = 1.4
➢ 1.8𝑒 −2𝑡 − 1.8 + 1.4 = 𝑖(𝑡)
➢ 𝑖 𝑡 = 1.8𝑒 −2𝑡 − 0.4 A
➢ 𝑖2 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑖1 𝑡 = 1.8𝑒 −2𝑡 − 0.4 − 0.6𝑒 −2𝑡 = 1.2𝑒 −2𝑡 − 0.4 A

50
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Example.22
𝑑𝑖
➢ (c) 𝑣1 𝑡 , 𝑣2 𝑡 and 𝑣 𝑡 , 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑 0.6𝑒 −2𝑡
➢ 𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝐿1 1 =6 = 6 ∗ 0.6 ∗ −2 𝑒 −2𝑡 = −7.2𝑒 −2𝑡 V
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑 1.8𝑒 −2𝑡 −0.4
➢ 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝐿8𝐻 =8 = 8 ∗ 1.8 ∗ −2 𝑒 −2𝑡 = −28.8𝑒 −2𝑡 V
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡 = −7.2𝑒 −2𝑡 V + −28.8𝑒 −2𝑡 V = −36𝑒 −2𝑡 V

51
Passive Elements Characteristics

52
Review Example Questions

53
Review Example Questions

54
Review Example Questions

55
End of Chapter.6

56