LAB 2 REPORT POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS
Name: Taimoor Ahmad Khan Class: BSEE(18-22) Section: B

MARCH 14, 2021

PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
NILORE, ISLAMABAD
Contents
I. THEORY ................................................................................................................................................. 2
II. TASK NO 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 3
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 3
C. Result of code ................................................................................................................................... 3
III. TASK NO 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 3
C. Results of MATLAB code and verification ......................................................................................... 3
IV. TASK NO 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 3
C. Result of MATLAB code ..................................................................................................................... 4
V. TASK NO 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 4
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 4
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 4
C. Graph of MATLAB code and observation.......................................................................................... 4
VI. TASK NO 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 4
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 5
C. Graph of MATLAB code and observation.......................................................................................... 5
VII. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 5
VIII. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 5
IX. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 6

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 Experiment 2:
Study of complex power flow between two
sources connected by a line with
Impedance Z:
Taimoor Ahmad Khan

BSEE(18-22)

Semester-06

bsee1825@pieas.edu.pk

Abstract–Complex power in an AC circuit flows

from the voltage source of greater voltage angle to
a voltage source of smaller phase angle. The
magnitude of voltage does not matter much. The
example of this can be considered a high voltage
generator set supplying power to a grid. In this
MATLAB experiment, we will prove the same
effect of phase angles on power flow in power
transmission systems.
Thus, the reactive power at sending and
I. THEORY receiving ends will be:
Consider two ideal voltage sources connected by a line
with impedance 𝑍 as shown in Figure 2.1. |𝑉 | |𝑉 ||𝑉 |
𝑃 = cos 𝛾 − cos(𝛾 + 𝛿 − 𝛿 ) (2)
With 𝑉 = |𝑉 | < 𝛿 and 𝑉 = |𝑉 | < 𝛿 , the current |𝑍| |𝑍|
𝐼 and 𝐼 will be 𝐼 = (𝑉 − 𝑉 )/𝑍 and 𝐼 = |𝑉 | |𝑉 ||𝑉 |
(𝑉 − 𝑉 )/𝑍.Once currents are known, we can 𝑄 = sin 𝛾 − sin(𝛾 + 𝛿 − 𝛿 ) (3)
|𝑍| |𝑍|
compute the complex power flow in both directions
using 𝑆 = 𝑉 ∗ conjugate (𝐼 ) and 𝑆 = R for transmission lines is generally small as
𝑉 ∗conjugate (𝐼 ). The active and reactive line losses compared to X. under these conditions, Eq.
will be given by 𝑆 = 𝑆 + 𝑆 which can also be (2.3) and Eq. (2.4) can be written as:
verified by 𝑃 = 𝐼| 𝑅 and 𝑄 = |𝐼| 𝑋.
|𝑉 ||𝑉 |
𝑃 = sin(𝛿 − 𝛿 ) (4)
Alternatively, the complex power S12 is also given by 𝑋
|𝑉 |
𝑄 = [|𝑉 | − |𝑉 |cos (𝛿 − 𝛿 )] (5)
|𝑉 | |𝑉 | 𝑋
𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∗ = |𝑉 |∠𝛿 ∠𝛾 − 𝛿 − ∠𝛾 − 𝛿
|𝑍| |𝑍|
Under these circumstances, the real power at
|𝑉 | |𝑉 ||𝑉 | the sending end will be equal to at the
= ∠𝛾 − ∠𝛾 + 𝛿 − 𝛿 (1)
|𝑍| |𝑍| receiving end. Assuming R = 0, the
theoretical maximum power transfer will take
place when δ = δ1- δ2= 90 degrees. It will be
given by:

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 𝑃 =
| || |
(6) III. TASK NO 2
A. Question
Determine the line losses from task 1 and
To ensure the stability of power system, δ is
maintained at smaller value. Note from Eq. (2.5) that verify lines losses by 𝑃 = |𝐼| 𝑅 and 𝑄 =
real power flow is determined by δ and is sensitive to |𝐼| 𝑋.
changes in δ and reactive power. It flows from source
B. MATLAB code
1 to source 2 if δ1>δ2, otherwise from source 2 to
source 1. On the other hand, the reactive power flow V1 = 120*cosd(-5) + j*120*sind(-5);
V2 = 100*cosd(0) + j*100*sind(0);
is determined by the difference of the magnitudes of
Z = 1 + j*7;
both voltages.
I12 = (V1-V2)/ Z;
I21 = - I12;
II. TASK NO 1
S12 = V1.*conj(I12);
A. Question S21 = V2.*conj(I21);
With V1 =120<-5, Z =1+j7 and V2 =100<0,
determine the real and reactive power supplied losses = S12 + S21;
and received by each source using complex power X = real(losses);
flow relationships. Y = imag(losses);

B. MATLAB code disp(['Losses due to resistance = ',

V1 = 120*cosd(-5) + j*120*sind(-5); num2str(X)]);
V2 = 100*cosd(0) + j*100*sind(0); disp(['Losses due to inductance =
Z = 1 + j*7; ',num2str(Y)]);
I12 = (V1-V2)/ Z;
I21 = - I12;
S12 = V1.*conj(I12); C. Results of MATLAB code and verification
S21 = V2.*conj(I21); The result of the code is as follows:

A = real(S12); %(Real power supplied by source

1 to 2)
B = imag(S12); %Reactive power supplied by It can be verified by the simple power loss
source 1 to 2 formula as follows:
C = real(S21); %Real power supplied by source 2
to source 1 𝑃 = 𝑅|𝐼 | = (1)(3.135) = 9.8 W
D = imag(S21); %Reactive power supplied by
source 2 to source 1 𝑄 = 𝑋|𝐼 | = (7)(3.135) = 68.8 var

Which are the same answers as shown by

disp(['Real power delivered from source 1 to 2 = MATLAB results.
', num2str(A)]);

disp(['Real power delivered from source 2 to 1 =

', num2str(C)]); IV. TASK NO 3
A. Question
disp(['Reactive power delivered from source 1 to Vary phase angle of voltage source 1 between
2 = ', num2str(B)]); +30 degrees and -30 degrees in 5 degree steps
and compute complex power of each source
disp(['Reactive power delivered from source 2 to and line losses.
1 = ', num2str(D)]);
B. MATLAB code
C. Result of code MATLAB code for this task is as follows (on
next page):

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 delta = -30:5:30; losses = S12 + S21;
V1 = 120*cosd(delta) + j*120*sind(delta);
V2 = 100*cosd(0) + j*100*sind(0); Zero_line = ones(1,length(delta));
Z = 1 + j*7; plot(delta,real(S12),'r', delta, real(S21), 'b',
I12 = (V1-V2)/ Z; delta, real(losses), 'g', delta, 0*Zero_line, 'k');
I21 = - I12; xlabel('Source#1 Phase angle delta1');
ylabel('Real Power (Watts)');
S12 = V1.*conj(I12); text(-24,700,'P21');
S21 = V2.*conj(I21); text(15,90,'PL');
losses = S12 + S21; text(9,450,'P12');

disp(' Delta P12 P21 PL');

disp([transpose(delta), transpose(real(S12)), C. Graph of MATLAB code and observation
transpose(real(S21)), The graph of the written MATLAB code is as
transpose(real(losses))]) ; follows:

C. Result of MATLAB code

The table appeared as MATLAB code’s
result is shown as below:

Figure 2.2: Variation of real power and PL with

source 1 phase angle

We see that when δ is negative, P12 is

negative and P21 is positive, means power
V. TASK NO 4 flows from source 2 to 1 for a phase angle of
A. Question less than 0. When δ is positive, P12 is positive
Plot real power supplied by the two sources and P21 is negative, means that power flows
and resistive line losses against δ. From the from source 1 to 2 for a phase angle greater
plots, comment on the direction of power than 0.
flow with δ.

B. MATLAB code VI. TASK NO 5

delta = -30:5:30; A. Question
V1 = 120*cosd(delta) + j*120*sind(delta); Keep the voltage magnitude and phase angle
V2 = 100*cosd(0) + j*100*sind(0); of source 2 constant. Vary the voltage
Z = 1 + j*7; magnitude of source 1 between 75% and
I12 = (V1-V2)/ Z; 100% in steps of 1% and plot Q1, Q2, and QL
I21 = - I12; against |V1|. From the plot, comment the
S12 = V1.*conj(I12); effect of voltage magnitude on the direction
S21 = V2.*conj(I21); of reactive power flow.

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 power Q12 is positive and power flows from
B. MATLAB code source 1 to 2, but when the difference is
V = 120 * (75/100) : 120*0.01 : 120; positive, Q21 is positive and power flows
V1 = V*cosd(-5) + j*V*sind(-5); from source 2 to source 1.
V2 = 100*cosd(0) + j*100*sind(0);
Z = 1+j*7;
I12 = (V1 - V2) / Z;
I21 = -I12; VII. DISCUSSION
S12 = V1.*conj(I12); The two graphs that we got, give us a great
S21 = V2.*conj(I21); insight about the complex power flow. In
Q1 = imag(S12); figure 2.2, we can see that when the phase
Q2 = imag(S21); angle of source 1 is negative, the real power
QL = imag(S12+S21); flows from source 2 to source 1. Likewise,
plot(V1,Q1,V1,Q2,V1,QL, when the angle is positive, real power flows
V1,0*ones(1,length(V)));
from source 1 to 2. This shows that real
axis([90,120,-400,300]);
power always flow from higher phase angle
text(92,115,'Q12');
text(107,179,'Q21'); source to lower phase angle source.
text(102,30,'\downarrow QL'); The other noticeable thing in the graph is that,
xlabel('Source#1 Voltage V1'); as we increase the angle difference between
ylabel('Reactive Power Q (watts)'); the two sources, the losses increase. There is
instability in the system. Hence the angle
difference between the two sources is kept
C. Graph of MATLAB code and observation small in practical power transmission
Graph for MATLAB code of Task 5 is shown systems.
in figure . Changing the magnitude of voltage The minimum losses are at 0 angle difference
while keeping the phase angle of source 1 but we do not keep 0 angle difference, rather
constant brings a significant effect on there is a small angle lag because at 0 angle
reactive power but it is lesser than the effect difference, very small or zero real power is
of changing phase angle of source 1 (seen transferred (as it can be seen from figure 2.2).
previously). Now let’s discuss the effect of voltage
magnitude on complex power flow. By
changing the magnitude the variation in
power is not as high as seen due to phase
angle in figure 2.2. If we talk about real
power, so change in voltage’s magnitude
causes a negligible change in real power. But
if reactive power is concerned, then the
magnitude of voltage does affect the reactive
power which can be seen in figure 2.3. As
stated earlier, the difference V1-V2 tells us
about the direction of reactive power flow.

Figure 2.3: Variation of reactive power with Magnitude of
source#1 voltage
The difference V1-V2 controls the flow of
reactive power in between the two sources.
When the difference is negative, reactive
VIII. CONCLUSION
To sum up all, we can conclude that in high
power transmission systems complex power
is affected mainly by the phase angle
difference of the two points of a transmission
line and not much by magnitude of voltages.
Also, to keep the system synchronized and
stable, the angle difference is kept small. This

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ensures minimum losses with sufficient
power transmission across the lines.

IX. REFERENCES
[1] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999