Power System Analysis

Spring-2022
Grading
CLO1 CLO2 CLO3 Total

Comments:

Lab Report: 6

Experiment No: 06 Date of Submission:

April-12-2022

Experiment Title:
Salient Pole Synchronous Generator Connected With Infinite Bus.
Students’ Name: Shaheer Ahmed Qureshi

Batch: Teacher:
BSEE 2019-23
Dr. Arif Gilgiti
Semester Lab Engineer:
6th
Mr. Bilal Nadeem

Department of Electrical Engineering

 415L-Power System Analysis
Lab Report 6
Salient pole synchronous generator connected with infinite bus.
Shaheer Ahmed Qureshi
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Islamabad, Pakistan
02-3-1-067-2019
bsee1932@pieas.edu.pk

Abstract–This lab exercise's main purpose is to teach From Phasor diagram, we have
you about the salient pole synchronous generator and
how it works. The reactance of its quadrature axis and |𝐸| = |𝑉| cos 𝛿 + 𝑋𝑑 𝐼𝑑
director axis, as well as the ramifications of these 𝑃 = 3|𝑉 ∥ 𝐼𝑎 |cos⁡𝜃
reactance’s. It is also unique from a synchronous |𝐼𝑎 |cos⁡𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑑𝑒
generator with cylindrical poles. When a system is
= 𝐼𝑞 cos⁡𝛿 + 𝐼𝑑 sin⁡𝛿
connected to an infinite bus, the p.u. system is used to
calculate the active and reactive power of the system. 𝑃 = 3|𝑉|(𝐼𝑞 cos⁡𝛿 + 𝐼𝑑 sin⁡𝛿)
To find the best angle (delta) for maximum generator |𝑉|sin⁡𝛿 = 𝑋𝑞 𝐼𝑞
power transmission. |𝑉|sin⁡𝛿
𝐼𝑞 =
𝑋𝑞
I. THEORY

A salient pole synchronous generator's reactance is |𝐸| − |𝑉|cos⁡𝛿

𝐼𝑑 =
𝑋𝑑
split into director axis reactance and quadrature axis
|𝐸||𝑉| 𝑋𝑑 − 𝑋𝑞
reactance, which are indicated by Xd and Xq, 𝑃3𝜙 = 3 sin⁡𝛿 + 3|𝑉|2 sin⁡2𝛿
𝑋𝑑 2𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑞
respectively. The armature current Ia can be split into 𝑄 = 3|𝑉| ∣ 𝐼s sin⁡𝜃
Iq and Id, which are in phase and time quadrature with 𝑄3 ∣ sin⁡𝜃 = 𝐼𝑑 cos⁡𝛿 − 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
the excitation voltage Ea, respectively. A salient pole ⁡ 𝑄 = 3(𝐼𝑑 cos⁡𝛿 − 𝐼o 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿)|𝑉|
|𝐸||𝑉| |𝑉|2 𝑋𝑑 − 𝑋𝑞
machine cannot be represented by a simple equivalent 𝑄=3 cos⁡𝛿 − 3 − 3|𝑉|2 ( ) sin2 ⁡𝛿
𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑞
circuit such as a cylindrical pole synchronous
generator. Figure 1.1 depicts the machine's phasor For Xd =Xq (uniform air gap), the last terms in Eq. (8)
diagram, with Ia lagging terminal voltage V by an and Eq. (13) become zero and therefore the
angle. expressions for P and Q are same as cylindrical rotor
machine.

Figure 1.1 Phasor diagram of a salient pole machine.

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II. TASKS c) From the plot of part (b) find the power
A. Question angle corresponding to max power and
a) A salient-pole synchronous machine is
verify it (Hint. At max power, dP/dδ =0 ).
connected to an infinite bus through a link
with reactance of 0.2 p.u. The direct-axis Code:
and quadrature-axis reactances of the
Xd = 1.1;
machine are 0.9 and 0.65 p.u. respectively. Xq = 0.85;
E = 1.3;
The excitation voltage is 1.3 p.u., and the
V=1;
voltage of the infinite bus is maintained at 1 P = ((3*E*V*sin(Delta)) / (Xd)) + (((3*V^2 *
(Xd - Xq)*sin(2*Delta))) / (2*Xd*Xq));
p.u. For a power angle of 30°, compute the
Derivative = diff(P);
active and reactive power supplied to the eqn = Derivative == 0;
MaxPt = vpasolve(eqn,Delta);
bus.
Angle = rad2deg(double(MaxPt));
Code: DeltaR1 = (Angle/360);
Xd = 1.1; fraction = sign(DeltaR1) *(abs(DeltaR1) -
Xq = 0.85; floor(abs(DeltaR1)));
E = 1.3; AngleR1 = abs(fraction*360);
V = 1 ; disp(['Value of Delta for maximum P : ',
Delta =30; num2str(AngleR1), sprintf('\xB0')]);
P1 = (3*E*V*sind(Delta)) / Xd;
P2 = (3*V^2 * (Xd - III. RESULTS
Xq)*sind(2*Delta)) / (2*Xd*Xq);
P = P1 + P2 Task a)
Q = ((3*E*V*cosd(Delta)) / Xd) -
((3*V^2)/Xd) - (3*V^2*(Xd-
Xq)*(sind(Delta))^2/(Xd*Xq))

b) Plot the active power and its two components on

Task b)
a single graph when the power angle varies
between 0 and 180o.

Code:

Xd = 1.1;
Xq = 0.85;
E = 1.3;
V = 1 ;
Delta = 0:0.001:180;
P1 = (3*E*V*sind(Delta)) / Xd;
P2 = (3*V^2 * (Xd -
Xq)*sind(2*Delta)) / (2*Xd*Xq);
P = P1 + P2 Task c)
plot(Delta,P1, Delta,P2, Delta,P);
xlabel('Power Angle (Delta)');
ylabel('Active Power (P)');
title('Real Power vs Power angle of
Salient Pole Generator');
legend('P1','P2','Total Power P');

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 IV. CONCLUSION
We learned about the study of salient pole machines as
well as how power flows in machines in this activity.
After working with active and reactive power
calculations and graphs, we spent a lot of time figuring
out why the power angle for the best power output is
not 90 degrees. Therefore, the purpose of this lab and
objectives were successfully met.

V. REFERENCES
[1] H. Saadat , Power System Analysis ,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999, pp. 62-64.
[2] S.Mustafa , “Lab 6 salient pole generators”
presented to BSEE-power (18-22), Pieas,
2021. [PowerPoint slides]. Available:
https://canvas.pieas.edu.pk/courses/876/files
?preview=155922 , accessed on: March 28,
2021.
[3] EE-415 Power System Analysis Laboratory
Manual, Dr. Muhammad Arif, Pieas, 2018.
[online]. Available:
https://canvas.pieas.edu.pk/courses/876/files
?preview=155923 , accessed on: May26,
2021.