ET2050

Circuit theory
ET2050: CIRCUIT THEORY
Lecturer: Dao Le Thu Thao

At the Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Email: thao.daolethu@hust.edu.vn

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Chapter 3: Resonance phenomenon

- A condition existing in any physical system, when a fixed –amplitude

sinusoidal forcing function produces a response with maximum amplitude.

In electronic application: a network containing at least L or C, is in

resonance (or resonant) when the voltage and current at the network
input terminals are in phase.
At that case, the input impedance is purely resistance

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Chapter 3: Phasor method – Resonance phenomenon

1 1
𝑌 = + 𝑗 𝜔𝐶 −
𝑅 𝜔𝐿
Resonance occurs:
1 1
B(𝜔0 ) = 𝜔0 𝐶 − = 0 ➔ 𝜔0 =
𝜔0 𝐿 𝐿𝐶

𝐼 𝐼
𝑉(𝜔) = =
𝑌 1 + 𝑗𝐵
𝑅
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 Chapter 3: Phasor method – Resonance phenomenon

The bandwidth of a resonant circuit is difference of

these two half-power frequencies.
The height of curve depend on only the value of R.
→An important application of resonance
phenomenon is the frequency selection circuit.
→ The sharpness of the response curve of any
resonance circuit is determined by the max
amount of energy stored in the circuit, compared
with the energy lost
max(𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑)
→Q = quality factor = 2𝜋
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

𝐶 𝜔0 𝑓0
𝑄 = 𝑅. ≈ = for hight − Q circuits
𝐿 𝐵 𝐵𝐻𝑧
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 Chapter 3: Phasor method – AC circuit power

The instantaneous power:

p(t) = u(t).i(t)
𝑢2 (𝑡)
R: 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 .𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅. 𝑖 2 𝑡 =
𝑅
𝑑𝑖
L: 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝐿. 𝑖 𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
C: 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝑢 𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
For sinusoidal excitation, The average power / cycle time
1 𝑇𝑜 1
𝑃 = ‫׬‬0 𝑢 𝑡 . 𝑖 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 = ‫ 𝑚𝑈 ׬‬. cos 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑢 . 𝐼𝑚 . cos 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑖 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜
1 𝑇𝑜 𝑈𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃= 𝑈 𝐼 ‫ ׬‬cos ∆𝜑 . 𝑑𝑡 = . cos ∆𝜑 [W - Watt]
2𝑇𝑜 𝑚 𝑚 0 2

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 Chapter 3: Phasor method – AC circuit power

The effective power:

The effective value of any periodic current is equal to the value of the direct
current, in which flowing through an R-Ohm resistor, delivers the same average
power to the resistor as does the periodic current.
1 1
R: 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅. 𝑖 2 𝑡 then, the average power P = ‫׬‬ 𝑅. 𝑖 2 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑅. ‫ 𝑖 ׬‬2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
is the same delivered power by DC current: P= R.I2
1
So, 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ‫׬‬ 𝑖2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑇

1 𝐼𝑚
For sinusoidal excitation, the effective value: 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ‫׬‬ 𝑖2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇 2

Using Irms Urms to compute the average P

𝑈𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃= . cos ∆𝜑 = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 . cos ∆𝜑 [𝑊]
2
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Chapter 3: Phasor method – AC circuit power

The apparent power and power factor:

Let see, the average power of sinusoid current:
𝑈𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃= . cos ∆𝜑 = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 . cos(∆𝜑)
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𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 is “apparently” the same DC technique to compute absorbed power, say:
apparent power [V.A]
The ratio of the average power to the apparent power is Power factor:
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝐹 = = cos ∆𝜑 related to difference of phase angle (lagging, leading
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

The complex power: ∗

𝑆 = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 . 𝑒 𝑗(𝜑𝑢 −𝜑𝑖) = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
𝑃 = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 . cos ∆𝜑 [W]
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 . sin(∆𝜑) [VAr]
So, the apparent power is |S| [VA]
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Chapter 3: Phasor method – Complex power

Effective Value with Multiple-Frequency circuit

2 2 2
𝑃 = (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓1 + 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓2 … + 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑁 ). 𝑅
2 2
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓1 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑁
Example:
Calculate the rms value of each periodic voltages:
a/ 6.cos(25t)
b/ 6.cos(25t) + 4.sin(25t+30o)
c/ 6.cos(25t) + 5.cos2(25t)
d/ 4 + 6.cos(25t) + 5.sin(30t)

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Chapter 3: Phasor method

The

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THANK YOU !

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