ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (EE110)

(UNIT-6: THREE PHASE POWER)

Instructor
Dr. Prajof Prabhakaran
Dr. Ravi Raushan

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics

1
Engineering, NITK
CONTENT

❑ Power expressions and evaluation from phasor.

Power factor compensation in three phase system

❑ Power Measurement: three wattmeter method and two wattmeter

method of measuring power.

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LECTURE 6.1: Power in three phase balanced system and
Power factor compensation

Instructor
Dr. Prajof Prabhakaran
Dr. Ravi Raushan

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics

3
Engineering, NITK
INTRODUCTION
❑ Assume a star connected Load

For star connected load, the phase voltage

Consider the impedance in each phase as let current in each phase 𝑍∠𝜃

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CONTD….
Instantaneous power in a phase

Instantaneous power in b phase

Instantaneous power in c phase

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CONTD….
Total instantaneous power flowing to load
= sum of Instantaneous power in all phases

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CONTD….
❖Points to remember

✓Here Vp, Ip are phase voltage and phase current RMS

✓Total instantaneous power is constant -it does not change with time as the
instantaneous power of each phase does

✓We can also write

for star connected load:𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑝 , 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑝
ቐ
for delta connected load:𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝 , 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑝

where VL: line voltage IL: line current

Average power per phase power

Reactive power per phase

Apparent power per phase

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CONTD….
Complex power per phase 𝑆𝑝 = 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝∗

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EXAMPLE#1
 Determine the total average power, reactive power, and complex
power absorbed by the source and load.
 Also calculate the power absorbed by the line impedance

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CONTD.
System is balanced.
(all three source phase voltage magnitude
are equal, they differ in phase.
Similarly loads in phases are equal)
So

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 110∠0

𝑍𝑌 = (5 − 𝑗2) + (10 + 𝑗8) = 15 + 𝑗6 = 16.155∠21. 80

𝑉𝑎𝑛 110∠00
𝐼𝑝 = = 0
= 6.809∠ − 21. 80
𝑍𝑌 16.155∠21. 8

Ss = −3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 ∗ = 3(110∠00 )(6.809∠21. 80 ) = −2246.97∠21. 80 = −(2086.27 + 𝑗834.45) VA

Ps = −2086.27 W Q s = −𝑗834.45 VAR power absorbed

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CONTD.
2
Load: Complex power absorbed SL = 3 𝐼𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑍𝐿 = 10 + 𝑗8 = 12.806∠38.660

𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑎 = 6.809∠ − 21. 80

SL = 3 6.809 2 12.806∠38.660 = 1781.154∠38.660

= (1390.84 + 𝑗1112.68)𝑉𝐴

PL = 1390.84W Q L = 𝑗1112.68 VAR power absorbed

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Line impedance: Complex power absorbed SL = 3 𝐼𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑍𝑙 = 5 − 𝑗2 = 5.385∠ − 21.800 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑎 = 6.809∠ − 21. 80

Sl = 3 6.809 2 5.385. ∠ − 21.80.0 = 748.986∠ − 21.800

= (695.43 − 𝑗278.149)𝑉𝐴

P𝑙 = 695.63 W Q l = −𝑗278.23 VAR power absorbed

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EXAMPLE#2
Calculate the line current required for a 30-kW three-phase motor (assume 100%
efficiency) having a power factor of 0.85 lagging if it is connected to a balanced
source with a line voltage of 440 V.
Given : P=30kW, p.f=0.85 VL=440 V

𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃

Putting values, we get

30,000 = 3 × 440 × 𝐼𝐿 × 0.85

𝐼𝐿 = 46.31𝐴

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EXAMPLE#3
Determine the amplitude of the line current in a three-phase system with a line
voltage of 300 V that supplies 1200 W to a delta connected load at a lagging PF
of 0.8; then find the phase impedance.

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CONTD.
Solution to Example#3

Given : P=1200kW, p.f=0.8(lagging) VL=300 V

We know
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃
Putting values, we get
1200 = 3 × 300 × 𝐼𝐿 × 0.8

𝐼𝐿 = 2.89𝐴
Load is delta connected 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝

𝐼𝑝 = 1.667𝐴

Impedance in each phase

𝑉𝑝
𝑍𝑝 = ∠36. 90 = 180∠36. 90 Ω
𝐼𝑝

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POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT IN THREE PHASE
Similar to single phase case. Use capacitors to increase the power factor

Balanced
load
Low pf
lagging

Δ𝑄 = 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 To use capacitors this value

Reactive Power to be added should be negative

𝑝𝑓 = cos𝜃𝑓 ⇒ sin𝜃𝑓 = 1 − 𝑝𝑓 2 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑓

1 − 𝑝𝑓 2
tan𝜃𝑓 =
𝑝𝑓

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EXAMPLE#4
𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧, 𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 34.5𝑘𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. Required: 𝑝𝑓 = 0.94𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

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CONTD.

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EXAMPLE#4
𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧, 𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 34.5𝑘𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. Required: 𝑝𝑓 = 0.94𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 18.72𝑀𝑊
𝑝𝑓 = cos𝜃𝑖 𝑝𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.94𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
ൠ ⇒ 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = −6.8𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 = |𝑆| cos𝜃𝑖 Δ𝑄 = −6.8 − 15.02 = −21.82𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 = |𝑆| sin𝜃 𝑖 𝑄per capacitor = −7.273𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑓 34.5

𝑌 − connection ⇒ 𝑉capacitor = 𝑘𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
3
|𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 | = 15.02𝑀𝑉𝐴 2
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 18.72𝑀𝑊 34.5 × 103 𝐶 = 58.3𝜇𝐹
−7.273 × 106 = −2𝜋 × 50 × 𝐶 ×
3
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LECTURE 6.2: POWER MEASUREMENT USING
WATTMETER

Instructor
Dr. Prajof Prabhakaran
Dr. Ravi Raushan

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics

19
Engineering, NITK
WATTMETER
Remember for power measurement we need
two coils
• Current measurement coil (similar to an ammeter)

• Voltage measurement coil (similar to a voltmeter)

Reading proportional to P (set up will take care of PF)

Fig. The wattmeter

Fig. The wattmeter connected to the load.

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THREE-WATTMETER METHOD
Three single-phase wattmeters are required

Total average power

PT = P1 + P2 + P3

P1 : Reading of wattmeter W1
P2 : Reading of wattmeter W2 (a) A Y-connected load.
P3 : Reading of wattmeter W3

✓ Neither the loads nor the source need be balanced.

(b) A Δ-connected load.

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THREE-WATTMETER METHOD
If the loads/source terminal are not available
𝑇
1
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = න(𝑣𝐴0 𝑖𝑎𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵0 𝑖𝑏𝐵 + 𝑣𝐶0 𝑖𝑐𝐶 )𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
As
𝑣𝐴0 = 𝑣𝐴𝑁 + 𝑣𝑁0
𝑣𝐵0 = 𝑣𝐵𝑁 + 𝑣𝑁0
𝑣𝐶0 = 𝑣𝐶𝑁 + 𝑣𝑁0

Invoking the above relation

𝑇 𝑇
1 1
PT = න(𝑣𝐴𝑁 𝑖𝑎𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝑏𝐵 + 𝑣𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝑐𝐶 )𝑑𝑡 + න(𝑣𝑁0 𝑖𝑎𝐴 + 𝑣𝑁0 𝑖𝑏𝐵 + 𝑣𝑁𝑜 𝑖𝑐𝐶 )𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
0 0

Kirchhoff’s Law gives 𝑖𝑎𝐴 + 𝑖𝑏𝐵 + 𝑖𝑐𝐶 = 0

𝑇
1
PT =
𝑇
න(𝑣𝐴𝑁 𝑖𝑎𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝑏𝐵 + 𝑣𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝑐𝐶 )𝑑𝑡 Power consumed by the load
0
✓the point “O” may be connected at any place
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TWO-WATTMETER METHOD

Connecting
“b” to “o”

Fig :Two-wattmeter method for measuring

three-phase power.

PT = P1 + P2

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TWO-WATTMETER METHOD

Fig,Two-wattmeter method applied to a balanced wye load.

Reading of wattmeter W1

P1 = Re[ 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝐼𝑎 ∗] = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝐼𝑎 cos( 𝜃 + 300 ) = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 + 300 )

Reading of wattmeter W2
P2 = Re[ 𝑉𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑐 ∗] = 𝑉𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑐 cos( 𝜃 − 300 ) = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 − 300 )
Total Power
PT = P1 + P2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 + 300 ) + 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 − 300 )
= 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃
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CONTD….

P1 − P2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 + 300 ) − 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos( 𝜃 − 300 )

= −𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃

( proportional to Reactive power)

✓If P2=P1,Load is resistive
Total reactive power Q T = 3(P2 − P1 ) ✓If P2>P1,Load is inductive
✓If P2<P1,Load is capacitive
𝑄𝑇 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
t𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = 3
𝑃𝑇 𝑃2 + 𝑃1

𝑃2 − 𝑃1
cos𝜃 = cos tan−1 3
Power factor 𝑃2 + 𝑃1

Total apparent power ST = PT2 + Q2T

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CONTD….
Some points to note

✓The two wattmeter would give correct result even for balanced delta
connected load

✓ the two-wattmeter method cannot be used for power measurement

in a three-phase four-wire system unless the current through the neutral
line is zero

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EXAMPLE#5
The two-wattmeter method produces wattmeter readings P1=1560W and P2=2100W
when connected to a delta-connected load. If the line voltage VL=220V
Determine:
(a) the per-phase average power
(b) the per-phase reactive power
(c) the power factor
(d) the phase impedance
Solution
The per-phase average power
PT =P1+ P2 =(1560+2100)=3660W
The per-phase average power Pp =1/3 PT =1220W

Total reactive power

Q T = 3(P2 − P1 )=935.3 VAR
The per-phase reactive power is
Q p = 1/3Q T =311.77 VAR
Power factor 𝑄𝑇 Power factor=cos 𝜃=0.9689 (lagging)
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 14.330
𝑃𝑇 27
CONTD…
Phase impedance
Pp = Vp Ip 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1220
Ip = 220×0.9689 = 5.723 𝐴

𝑉𝑝
Zp = ∠14.330 = 38.44∠14.330 Ω
𝐼𝑝

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EXAMPLE#6
The three-phase balanced load in Fig. has impedance per phase Zy=(8+j6) Ω.
The load is connected to 208V lines.
Determine:
(a) the reading of W1and W2
(b) Find PT and QT

Solution 𝑍𝑌=8+j6=10 ∠36.870Ω

𝑉𝑝
IL = = 12𝐴
|𝑍𝑌 |

P1 = VL IL cos 𝜃 + 300 = 208 × 12 × cos 36.870 + 300 30 = 980.48 𝑊

P2 = VL IL cos 𝜃 − 300 = 208 × 12 × cos 36.870 − 300 = 2478.1 𝑊

PT =P1+ P2 =3.459kW

Q T = 3(P2 − P1 )=2.594 KVAR

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THANK YOU

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