Alternating Current

Generators
 LabWork No. 5: Deadline: 26July21, 12 PM
1. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 60-Hz, alternator has 12 slots per pole and four
conductor per slot. The winding is 5/6 pitch. There are 0.025 Wb
entering the armature from each north pole, and this flux is
sinusoidally distributed along the air gap. The armature coils are all
connected in series. The winding is wye-connected. Determine the
open circuit emf per phase of the alternator.
2. A 400 kVA, 6.9kV, 60 cycle Y-connected alternator has the following
data: poles=6, cond per slot=12, total slots=54, winding=two layer
lap, pitch=8/9, flux per pole=4xmaxwells. Determine; a. belt factor,
b. pitch factor, c. cond in series per phase, d. terminal voltage.
 1.
Solution:
Slots/pole = 12
p= x 180= (12 x / 12)(180 = 150
= sin = sin(150 = 0.9659
n = = 12/3 = 4
= = 180 = 15
= = = = 0.9576
f = 60 Hz
N=4 x x x = 48 turns/phase
= 4.44
= 4.44(60)(48)(0.025)(0.9659)(0.9576)
= 295.6867 volts/phase
 2.
Solution:
a. = = = 20
n = slots/pole/phase = = 3
= = = 0.96
b. = sin[(90)]
= sin[(90)(8/9)] = 0.985
c. = x54 slots = 648 cond
Z = = 216 cond/phase
N = 216 x = 108 turn/phase
d. = 4.44x
= 4.44(60)(108) (4x)(0.985)(0.96)x
= 10,882.42 volts/phase
= = (10,882.42) = 18,849 V
Equivalent Circuit Per Phase of an Alternator

 𝐼 𝑝  𝐸 𝑝
 𝐸 𝐿
 𝐸 𝐿 Three-
 𝐸 𝑝 n
phase
Balanced
 𝐸 𝑝 Load
 𝐸 𝐿

Y-connected alternator
Generated EMF per Phase
(Electric Circuit Relation)  𝑅 𝑝  𝑗𝑋 𝑝

 𝐼 𝑝

load
dc 𝑉  𝑝
Exciter
 𝑅 𝑓
   𝐸 𝑝
 
If load has a unity pf

 𝐸 𝑝
𝐼  𝑝 𝑋 𝑎
 𝛼  𝐼 𝑝 𝑅 𝑎

 𝐼 𝑝 𝑉
  𝑝

=
 
Where:
=generated emf per phase (volt)
=load voltage per phase (volt)
=armature current ❑ per
❑
phase (ampere)
=armature winding resistance per
phase (ohms)
=inductive reactance of armature
winding per phase (ohm)
 
If load has a lagging pf

𝐸 𝑝
𝐼  𝑝 𝑋 𝑎
𝛼
 

𝑉  𝑝
 𝐼 𝑝  𝐼 𝑝 𝑅 𝑎
 
If load has a leading pf

 𝐸𝑝
𝐼  𝑝 𝑋 𝑎
𝛼
 

 𝐼 𝑝 𝑅𝑎
𝑉  𝑝
=  𝐼 𝑝
 
Using complex number format
+j
Where:
+
-

Note: The sign of is dependent after the

result of simplifying the right side of the
equation.
Sample
  Problem #3
A single phase ac generator has an armature winding resistance and reactance of 0.2 ohm and 2.0 ohms
respectively. At rated load, the current delivered is 50 A at 500 V. Determine the generated emf when the
load power factor is; a. unity, b. 0.866 lagging, c. 0.7 07 leading.
Solution:
a.
= =0
=
=
= 519.71 V
b.
= = 30
=
=
= 564.59 V
c.
= = 45
=
=
= 443.24 V
 Tests on Alternators
Short Circuit Test
The armature terminals are short circuited
while a small field current is applied.
Adjustment maybe made such that Ip is
approximately equal to the rated load
armature current per phase.
 

  𝐼 𝑠𝑐 A  𝐼 𝑠𝑐 A

Y-conn Generator conn. Generator

=A =
A=ammeter reading during test.
Open Circuit Test
The armature terminals are open circuited
and the field current is made equal to the
field current during the short circuit test.
 

 𝐸𝑜𝑐
  𝐸 𝑜𝑐
 𝐸𝑜𝑐 V
V
 𝐸 𝑜𝑐

  𝐸 𝑜𝑐   𝐸 𝑜𝑐

Y-conn Generator conn. Generator

= =V
V=voltmeter reading during test.
DC Resistance Test
Using an ohmmeter, the dc resistance per
phase is to be determined.
 

 𝑅 𝑎
  𝑅𝑎
𝑅  𝑅𝑎 𝑅  𝑡
  𝑡

  𝑅𝑎   𝑅𝑎
 𝑅𝑎

Y-conn Generator conn. Generator

=() =()
=armature dc resistance per phase.
=dc resistance of the alternator bet any two
terminals.=ohmmeter reading during test
 
Remember:
In practice, it is customary to multiply the
dc resistance by a factor of 1.25 to 1.75 ,
to obtain a value more nearly equal to the
armature resistance when it carries AC
current.
 
Alternator parameters derived from tests
= =
Where:
= synchronous reactance per phase
= synchronous impedance per phase
= armature resistance per phase
= open circuit voltage per phase
= short circuit armature current per phase
 Sample Problem # 4
A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90% power. A wye-
connected alternator was tested for its effective resistance. The ratio
of the effective resistance to ohmic resistance was previously
determined to be 1.35. A 12-V battery was connected across two
terminals and the ammeter reads 120 A. What is the effective
resistance of the alternator?
Solution:
= = = 0.1 ohm
= = = 0.05 ohm
= 1.35 = 1.35(0.05)
= 0.0675 ohm
 
Voltage Regulation
Percent voltage regulation is the percentage rise in
the terminal voltage of a generator, when its load is
removed.
%VR=
%VR= - 1
Where:
+%IX= if pf is lagging
-%IX= if pf is leading
 Sample Problem # 6:
A 2.5 MVA, 6.6 kV alternator is operating at full load and 0.8 pf lagging. This machine
has a synchronous reactance per phase of 10.4 ohms and a negligible resistance.
Calculate the percentage voltage regulation?
I= = = 218.69 A
== 36.869
= = 3810.5 V
=
=
=5485.66 V
%VR = = = 43.96%
Lab Work No. 6: Deadline: Monday 12PM 2August21
1. The following are the test results on a 3-phase, star-connected alternator: Open
circuit test, voltmeter reading = 2300 V; Short circuit test, ammeter reading = 204 A;
Resistance test, ohmmeter reading = 0.8 ohm. Assuming that the effective a resistance
is 1.5 times the dc resistance. Determine the equivalent complex impedance of the
alternator per phase.

2. A 1,000 kVA 4,600-volt three-phase alternator is short circuited, and operating at

rated speed, the field excitation is adjusted to give rated armature – winding current.
The short circuit is then removed, and with the same field current and speed, the open
circuit voltage between stator terminals is found to be 1744. The effective (a-c)
resistance per phase of the armature winding is 1.2 ohms. Calculate the percent
regulation of the alternator at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Thank you! 