EE 1251 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II

II YEAR IV SEMESTER EEE

UNIT – I
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1. How are alternators classified?

According to type of field system
 Stationary field system type
 Rotating field system type
According to shape of field system
 Salient pole type
 Smooth cylindrical type
2. How does a three phase alternator differ from a dc generator?
Like a dc generator, an alternator has also an armature and a field winding.
However, here are following two differences between the two:
i. The armature of an alternator is an ac winding i.e., it is connected
to produce three phase ac supply while the field winding is
connected to dc supply. Therefore, no commutator is required in an
alternator which makes its construction quite simpler than dc
generator.
ii. In a dc generator, the armature winding rotates and the field system
is stationary. But practically an alternator has armature winding on
the stationary part called stator and field winding on the rotating
part called rotor.
3. Why three phase alternators are generally star connected?
Alternators are generally star connected due to the following reasons:
i. In a star connection, Vph = VL / 3 where VL is the line voltage.
Since the induced emf in the phase winding of an alternator is
directly proportional to the number of turns, a star connected
alternator will require less number of turns than a delta connected
alternator for the same line voltage.
ii. For the same line voltage, a star connected alternator requires less
insulation than a delta connected alternator.
iii. When an alternator is on load, the voltage per phase becomes
distorted and the waveform is no longer sinusoidal. The distortion
is mainly due to an undesired third harmonic voltage whose
frequency is three times that of the fundamental frequency. With a
Y-connection, the distorting line to neutral harmonics does not
appear between the lines because they effectively cancel out each
other. Consequently, the line voltages remain sinusoidal at all load
conditions. However, in delta connection, third harmonic voltages
do not cancel out but add up.
 2

4. Why do turbo alternators use non salient poles?

Turbo alternators or high speed alternators have non salient pole rotors
because of the following reasons:
i. For high speeds, it is difficult to build salient pole construction
strong enough to withstand the centrifugal forces.
ii. Salient pole rotors have large windage losses at high peed.
5. Why do we use hydrogen for cooling large turbo alternators instead of air?
i. Hydrogen being lighter than air causes less windage loss.
ii. Hydrogen is a better heat conductor than air and thus provides
better cooling.
iii. It produces les noise and oxidation in the windings
iv. It reduces fire hazards.
6. Why is the rotor of a turbo alternator made cylindrical?
The advantages of a cylindrical rotor for a turbo alternator are:
 It gives better balance
 The operation becomes quieter.
 The windage losses are reduced
7. What is synchronous reactance?
Since the emf induced by the rotating flux in any one phase leads the
current in that phase by 900, the effect is similar to that of inductive reactance i.e.,
the rotating magnetic flux produced by the stator currents may be regarded as
being responsible for the reactance of the stator winding. Furthermore, since the
rotating stator flux revolves synchronously with the poles, this reactance is
referred to as synchronous reactance of the alternator.
8. What is the effect of load power factor on armature reaction in an
alternator?
The load power factor affects the armature reaction in the following
manner:
 At unity load pf, the effect of armature reaction is minimum: its effect
being merely to distort the main field flux.
 At lagging pf, the armature mmf opposes the main field, resulting in a
weakened field and a low generated voltage.
 At leading pf, the armature reaction aids or strengthens the main field,
resulting in higher generated voltage.
9. What factors govern the terminal voltage of an alternator when the load
changes?
 Design of the machine which determines the parameters of the armature
circuit
 Amount of excitation
 Magnitude of load current
 Pf of the load
10. Why is the knowledge of voltage regulation of an alternator important?
 It indicates the range of field excitation required
 It indicates the magnitude of torque angle
 It indicates the performance of the machine when operating in parallel
with others.
 3

11. What are the advantages of alternators having large ratings?

 The efficiency of an alternator automatically increases when its power
ratings increases.
 The power output per kilogram of an alternator increases as its power
rating increases.
12. What ratings encountered when an alternator grows in size?
 As they grow in size, serious cooling problem arise.
 Produce high power loss per unit surface area
13. What is synchronizing?
When two or more alternators operating n parallel fulfill the desired
condition, they are said to be in synchronism. The operation of getting alternators
in synchronism is called synchronizing.
14. What is the function of damper winding?
The damper winding reduces the hunting in alternators operating in
parallel. The damper winding consists of short circuited copper bars embedded in
the pole faces of the salient pole rotor. When hunting occurs there is a shifting of
the armature flux across the pole faces, thereby inducing currents in the damper
winding. Since any induced current opposes the action that produces it( Lenz’s
law), the hunting action is opposed by the flow of induced currents.
15. Why are alternators rated in KVA?
The power delivered by the alternator for the same value of current
depends upon pf of the load. But the alternator conductors are calculated for a
definite current and the insulation and magnetic system are designed for a definite
voltage independent of pf of the load. For this reason, apparent power measured
in KVA is regarded as the rated power of the alternator.
16. Discuss the power flow in an alternator?
For alternator operation, the rotor of the machine is supplied with
mechanical energy from same prime mover. Some of the mechanical input energy
is converted directly into heat energy through friction, windage and hysterisis and
eddy current loss. The reminder of the mechanical input energy is converted into
electrical energy in the armature circuit. Some of the electrical energy of the
armature circuit is converted into heat energy through the I 2R loss in the armature
circuit. The remainder becomes the useful electric output of the alternator.
17. How is sine wave emf obtained in an alternator?
The emf generated ina conductor at any instant is given by
E = B l v, volts
B = instantaneous value of flux density in Wb / m2
l= length of conductors in meters
v= velocity of conductors in m/s
since l and v are constant, e α B. Therefore the emf wave for each conductor is of
the same shape as the flux density wave.
 In salient pole type machine, the sine wane of flux density is closely
obtained by suitably shaping the pole shoe so that the air gap gradually
increases from the centre to the pole tips
 4

 In non salient pole type machine, the air gap is of constant length and the
sine wave is approximated to by distributing the field winding in several
slots.
A further improvement of waveform is obtained by making the coil span (coil
pitch) on the stator less than the pole pitch.
18. How is the efficiency of an alternator affected by load pf?
The efficiency of an alternator depends not only on KVA output but also
on pf of the load. For a given load, efficiency is maximum at unity pf and
decreases as the pf falls.
19. Is the efficiency of an alternator determined by direct loading?
As the dc machines, the efficiency of an alternator is not determined by
direct loading owing to the difficulty in finding a suitable load. The efficiency is
generally determined from losses.
20. How are iron and friction losses of an alternator measured?
Iron and friction losses can be measured by coupling the alternator to a
suitable calibrated dc motor ( i.e. one whose efficiency curve is known) and
driving it at synchronous speed with normal excitation. The, Iron and friction
losses = output of motor in watts.
21. Define distribution factor and angle of short pitch.
The factor by which there is a reduction in the emf due to distribution of
coils is called distribution factor denoted as Kd
The angle by which coils are short pitched is called angle of short pitch
denoted as α.
22. Define coil span factor.
The factor by which induced emf gets reduced due to short pitching is called
pitch factor or coil span factor denoted by Kc.
23. Define armature reaction.
The effect of the armature flux on the main flux affecting its value and the
distribution is called armature reaction.
24. Define voltage regulation.
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in its terminal
voltage when full load is removed, keeping field excitation and speed constant
divided by the rated terminal voltage.
25. What is two reaction theory?
The theory which gives the method of analysis of th distributing effects
caused by salient pole construction is called two reaction theory. According to
this theory the armature mmf can be divided into two components as
 Component acting along the pole axis called direct axis (d axis)
 Component acting at right angles to the pole axis called quadrature axis
(q-axis)
 5

UNIT – II
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1. What is synchronous motor?

An alternator may operate as amotor by connecting its armature winding
to a 3-phase supply. It is then called a synchronous motor.
2. How does a synchronous motor start-up?
A synchronous motor cannot start by itself: the squirrel cage winding ( i.e.
damper winding) on the rotor makes it self starting.
 To start synchronous motor, the rotor is de energized and 3 phase supply
ids given to the stator. Due to the presence of damper winding, he motor
starts up as a 3 phase induction motor.
 As soon as the motor approaches synchronous speed, the rotor is energized
with direct current. Now the opposite polarity poles on the stator and rotor
will attract. The mutual attraction locks the rotor and stator together and
the rotor is literally pulled round at synchronous speed. The motor now
runs at synchronous speed.
3. During starting of a synchronous motor, when should the rotor excitation be
applied?
When the synchronous motor starts up s an induction motor up to nearly
synchronous sped, its pull-in torque is quite powerful but dc excitation must
produce the best effects. For example, if excitation is applied when the N-S poles
of the stator, the resulting magnetic repulsion produces a violent mechanical
shock. The motor will immediately slow down and circuit breakers will trip,
causing the motor to come to halt.
In practice starters for synchronous motors are designed to detect the precise
moment when excitation should be applied. The rotor then pulls automatically and
smooth into step with the rotating field.
4. How does synchronous motor behave while in operation?
A synchronous operates under
 When the synchronous motor is on no load, the rotor poles are directly
opposite to the opposite polarity poles of the stator and their axes
almost coincide.
 When we apply a mechanical load, the rotor poles falls slightly behind
the stator poles, while continuing to run at synchronous speed. The
mechanical angle α between the poles increases as we increases the
load
5. How does the behavior of a synchronous motor differ from that of a 3 phase
induction motor?
 A synchronous motor cannot start by itself.
 Due to squirrel cage winding it can start up as a 3 phase induction
motor
 Once the synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed, no voltage id
induced in the squirrel cage winding.
 Synchronous motor rotate because of the magnetic attraction between
the poles of the rotor and the opposite poles of the stator.
 6

6. What is the origin of the synchronous motor?

A synchronous motor moves in synchronism (i.e., in time) with the
rotating magnetic field. In other words, the motor runs at the speed of the rotating
flux i.e., synchronous speed. Hence the name synchronous motor.
7. What is the procedure of starting synchronous motor?
 Short the field winding through a suitable resistance
 Apply 3 phase supply to the stator winding. Since the rotor is equipped
with squirrel cage winding, the motor will strt as a 3 phase induction
motor.
 When the motor approaches synchronous speed, remove resistance and
excite the field winding from dc supply. The rotor and stator poles will
be locked, forcing the motor to run at synchronous speeed.
8. What is synchronous capacitor?
An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as a
synchronous capacitor. Under such conditions, the motor will take a leading
current, through it is performing no shaft work.
9. What is pull – out torque?
The load torque at which the motor pulls out of synchronism is called pull
- out or breakdown torque.
10. List the applications synchronous motor.
 Used for low speeds (, 300rpm)
 High efficiency
 Over excited synchronous motors can be used to improve the power
factor of the plant.
 Used to improve the voltage regulation of transmission lines.
 Used in crushers, rotary kilns and variable speed ball mills.
11. Define load angle.
When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
The angle by which rotor retards is called load angle or angle of retardation.
12. List the advantages of synchronous motor.
 Various pf can be achieved by changing excitation.
 Can be used as synchronous condenser for improving pf.
 Speed is always constant, irrespective of load
13. List the disadvantages of synchronous motor.
 Higher cost
 Require frequent maintenance
 Not self starting hence require additional starting device
 Require separate dc source for exciting the rotor
 Sensitive to sudden load changes causing hunting
14. What is hunting? How is it minimized?
It is the oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to
sudden application or removal of load is called swinging or hunting in
synchronous motor.
 7

To prevent hunting, dampers or damping grids are employed. Damper

windings are short circuited, copper bars are embedded in the faces of the field
poles of the motor.
15. When is a synchronous motor said to receive 100% excitation?
When the power factor of the synchronous motor is unity then it said to
receive 100% excitation
16. Define pull in torque in synchronous motor.
It pertains to the ability of the machine to pull into synchronism when
changing from induction to synchronous motor operation.
17. What is meant by V curves of synchronous motor?
The curves show the relation that exists between the armature current and
field current for different constant power input.
18. When does a synchronous motor get over excited?
If the field excitation of the motor is increased, the field flux will become
strong and Eb will increase. As a result E b will exceed V and the motor will be
called as over excited motor.
19. What are the effects of load variation in synchronous motor?
Speed of synchronous motor remains the same from no load to full load,
but upto some extent. If the motor is over loaded beyond the limit, then its speed
will reduce, the torque will become zero and the motor will stop.
20. Why is a synchronous motor not self-starting?
If a three phase supply is given to the stator of stationary synchronous
machine with the rotor excited, no steady starting torque will be developed.
Instead, a sinusoidally time varying torque is developed, the average value of
which is zero and that is why synchronous motor is not self starting.
21. What are the special features of cylindrical rotor type?
 It is used for high speed turbo generators
 Rotor is of small diameter and larger length
 It has greater mechanical strength and dynamic balancing
 It can be used for machines with number of poles = 4
22. What are the special features of salient pole type?
 It can be used for machines having more number of poles
 It is used for low speed turbo generators
 Rotor is of large diameter and small length
23. Why does the synchronous motor always run at synchronous speed?
A synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed because of the
magnetic locking between the stator and rotor poles
24. What is the role of synchronous motor in a transmission line? How?
Synchronous motor acts as a voltage regulator in a transmission line.
When line voltage decreases due to inductive load, motor excitation is
increased thereby increasing its power factor which compensates for the line
voltage drop.
When the line voltage increases due to line capacitive effect, synchronous
motor excitation is decreased, thereby making its power factor lagging which
helps to maintain the transmission line voltage at its normal value.
25. Explain why a synchronous motor has no starting torque.
 8

A synchronous motor is a constant speed motor. It develops torque only

when running at synchronous speed. At all other speeds, its average torque is
zero.

UNIT – III
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
1. What do you mean by synchronous speed of a three phase induction motor?
The speed at which the flux produced by a 3 phase stator windings of
induction motor rotates is called the synchronous speed of the motor. It is given
by :
Ns = 120f / p
2. Why is the field producing winding of a three phase induction motor made
stationary?
A three phase motor has two windings viz. stator winding supported by
the stationary part of the machine and the rotor wining placed on the rotor. So far
as the basic operation of the motor is concerned, it makes no difference which
winding is located in the stator. The machine will function equally well with field
producing winding as either the stationary or rotating element. Making the field
winding stationary element eliminates the use of slip rings and brushes and
therefore, ill result in a very trouble free construction.
3. Why does the rotor of a 3 phase induction motor rotate in the same direction
as the rotating field?
When 3 phase stator winding is fed from 3 phase supply, a rotating
magnetic field is set up which cuts the rotor conductors. Since the rotor circuit is
closed, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors. Now, rotor conductors are
carrying currents and are in the magnetic field. Therefore, mechanical force acts
on the rotor, tending to move it in the same direction as the stator field. The fact
that the rotor is urged to follow the stator field can be explained by Len’s law.
According to Lenz’s, law the direction of rotor currents will be such so as to
oppose the cause producing them. Now, the cause producing the rotor current is
relative speed between the rotating field and stationary rotor. Hence to reduce this
relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as the stator field an d
tries to catch it.
4. Why cannot three phase induction motor run at synchronous speed?
Rotor can never reach the speed of ststor field. If it did, there would be no
relative movement between the stator field and rotor conuctors and, therefore, no
torque to drive the motor. Hence 3 phase induction motor can never run at
synchronous speed.
5. Why is the air gap between the rotor and stator of a three phase induction
motor kept as short as possible?
 Mutual flux may be produced with a minimum exciting current.
 Leakage reactances are a small as possible
6. How is magnetizing current kept small in a three phase induction motor?
 Making the air gap between stator and rotor very small
 Using partially closed stator and rotor slots
7. What is the importance of slip in a three phase induction motor?
 9

The rate at which the flux cuts the rotor conductors is directly proportional
to the difference between the speed of rotating field ( Ns) and that of the rotor
(N).
8. What are the advantages of three phase induction motors?
 Simple construction
 High reliability
 Rugged construction
 Low cost
 High efficiency
 Less maintenance
 Self starting torque
 Good power factor
 Can be operate in explosive and dirty environments
9. What are the disadvantages of three phase induction motor?
 The speed is not constant with load
 Reduction inefficiency when speed is varied.
 Low starting torque compared to dc shunt motor.
10. What is meant by end ring?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars
are short circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end
ring.
11. Compare squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor.

Sl. No Squirrel cage Rotor Slip Ring Rotor

1 Simple in construction
2 Rotor consists of copper
bars which are short
circuited at the ends with
the help of end rings
Construction is complicated
Rotor consists of three
phase winding

3 Slip rings and brushes are Slip rings and brushes are
not present present
4 External resistance cannot External resistance can be
be added added
5 Moderate torque High starting torque can be
added
6 Speed control by rotor Speed control by rotor
resistance is not possible resistance is possible

12. What are the important quantities involved in the torque equation?
 The magnitude of rotor current under running condition
 The part of rotating magnetic field which reacts with rotor and is
responsible to produce induced emf in rotor
 Rotor power factor under running condition
13. What are the characteristics of maximum torque?
 10

 The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance

 It is directly proportional to the square of the applied voltage
 It is inversely proportional to standstill reactance, hence the reactance
rotor) should be kept as small as possible
14. How can the reversal of rotation of poly phase induction motor be attained?
The direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be changed by
interchanging any two terminals of the input supply. The direction of the
synchronously rotating field reverses and hence the direction of rotor reverses.
15. Write the advantages of slip ring induction motor?
 High starting torque with low starting current
 No abnormal heating during starting condition
 The motor speed can be easily varied by varying the rotor resistance
 Smooth acceleration under heavy load condition
 The running characteristics is good after external rotor resistances are
cut out.
16. Write the applications of squirrel cage induction motor?
 Lathes
 Drilling machines
 Fans and blowers
 Grinders
 Printing machine
17. What is cogging in induction motor? How can it be overcome?
When the number of rotor slots is equal to the stator slots, precisely the
same order harmonics are strongly produced, all rotating at corresponding speeds
in both stator and rotor. Thus harmonics of every order would try to exert
synchronous torques at their corresponding synchronous speeds and the motor
would refuse to start. i.e. magnetic locking between the stator and rotor slots. This
is known as cogging or magnetic locking. Similar thing happens when number of
rotor slots is an integral multiple of number of stator slots.
Cogging of cage induction motors can be easily overcome by making the
number of rotor slots prime to the number of stator slots
18. Mention the losses that occur in induction motor?
 Stator losses
o Stator core loss
o Stator copper loss
 Rotor Losses
o Rotor copper loss
 Mechanical losses
19. What is crawling in induction motor?
The tendency of the motor to run stably at speeds as low as one seventh of
its synchronous speed with a low pitched howling sound is called crawling.
20. Why the no load current of an induction motor is much higher than that of
an equivalent transformer?
In induction motor, due to presence of the air gap, the magnetizing current
which is required to set up the flux is much higher. The working component of the
 11

current has to meet the hysterisis loss, eddy current loss and friction and windage
losses. Hence no load current of induction motor is higher
21. What is an induction generator?
In general, the induction motor connected to a constant voltage constant
frequency supply is able to run only at sub synchronous speeds. Suppose the rotor
is to be driven by another machine at above synchronous speed, the induction
motor runs as a generator. Such arrangement of the machine is called a induction
generator
22. Why air gap length is minimum in an induction motor?
o To reduce the magnetizing current which is required to set up the flux.
o To improve the power factor
23. What are the characteristics of double squirrel cage motor, compared to a
squirrel cage motor?
o High starting torque
o Excellent running performance
24. Why the slots on the induction motors are usually skewed?
o To make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic horn
o To educe the locking tendency of the rotor
25. What are the tests to be performed on induction motor to obtain data
necessary to draw the circle diagram?
 No load test
 Blocked rotor test
 Stator resistance test
UNIT – IV
STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
1. Why is starter necessary to start a 3 phase induction motor?
When a 3 phase induction motor is switched on at normal supply voltage,
heavy current will flow through the motor because at the time of starting, there is
no back emf. An induction motor, when directly switched on, takes five to seven
times its full load current and it develops only 1.5 to 2.5 times full load torque.
This initial inrush of excessive current is objectionable because it will produce
large line voltage drop. This will affect the operation of other electrical
equipments connected to the same line. Due to this, starters are used for starting
the three phase induction motors.
2. List out the methods of speed control in 3 phase induction motor.
Stator side control
 Stator voltage control
 Stator frequency control
 Pole changing method
 V/f control
Rotor side control
 Rotor resistance control
 Slip Power recovery scheme
 Cascade control
 12

3. State any two advantages of speed control of IM by injecting an emf in the

rotor circuit.
 The main advantage of this method is that any speed, within the
working range can be obtained.
 If the rotary converter is over excited, it will take a leading current
which compensates for the lagging current drawn by SRIM and hence
improves the power factor of the system.
4. Point out the disadvantages of rotor rheostat control to obtain variable speed
of induction motor.
 Reduced efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in the rotor
circuit resistance.
 Speed changes vary widely with load variation.
 Unbalance in voltage and current if rotor circuit resistance are not
equal.
5. Give the functions performed by IM starter.
 To limit the starting current
 To start the motor
 To protect from overload condition and low voltage condition.
6. What are the starters used for 3 phase IM?
 DOL starter
 Primary resistance starter
 Auto transformer starter
 Star – delta starter
 Rotor resistance starter
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of auto transformer starter?
Advantages:
 Reduced line current
 Smooth starting
 High acceleration
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 It is used for large motors only.
8. What is meant by starter voltage control?
The IM speed can be controlled by varying the stator voltage. This method
of speed control is known as stator voltage control. Here, the supply frequency is
constant.
9. What are the different methods of stator voltage control?
 Using Auto transformer
 Primary resistors connected in series with stator winding.
10. What is V / F method?
The voltage/frequency(V/F) control is one method of speed control of
three phase IM. From the emf equation, the air gap flux is given by Φ = ( V/f) *
( 1/2ΠT1Kw). From this expression, by varying the supply frequency, the air gap
flux should be maintained constant.
 13

To maintain air gap flux constant, the parameters V and f must be changed
so as to maintain ( V/f) ratio constant. This is known as V/f control
11. What is the purpose of adding external resistance in the rotor circuit?
 Starting torque can be improved
 Starting current will be reduced
 Motor speed can be controlled
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Rotor resistance control?
Advantages:
 Smooth and wide range of speed control
 Absence of in rush starting current
 Availability of full rated torque at starting
 High line power factor
 Absence of line currnt harmonics
 Starting torque can be improved.
Disadvantages:
 Reduced efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in the rotor
circuit resistance
 Speed changes very widely with load variation
 Un balance in voltage and current if rotor circuit resistance are not
equal
13. What are the disadvantages of cascade control?
 This method requires two motors
 More expensive
 Wide range of speed control is not possible
 It cannot be operated when P1 = P2 or P1 < P2.
14. What is meant by slip power recovery scheme?
This slip power can be returned to the supply source and can be used to
supply an additional motor which is mechanically coupled to the main motor.
This type of drive is known as s slip power recovery system and improves the
overall efficiency of the system
15. Why is speed control by pole changing technique suitable only to squirrel
cage IM?
Cage rotor is not wound for any specific number of poles as stator winding
has. Therefore, in a squirrel cage IM, an arrangement is required only for
changing the number of poles in stator. In slip ring IM arrangement for changing
the number of poles in rotor is also required, which complicates the machine.
Therefore, this method of speed control is used with squirrel cage IMs.
16. Indicate the methods of starting 3 phase squirrel cage IM.
 Auto transformer starter
 Star – Delta starter.
17. What are the speed control method of 3 phase IM from rotor side?
 Rotor resistance control
 Slip power recovery scheme
 Cascaded control
18. What are the types of slip power recovery scheme?
 14

 Kramer system
 Scherbius system
19. What is pull out torque.
The maximum torque of a squirrel cage IM is also called pull-out torque
because of the way the motor reacts to an overload.
20. What are disadvantages of Stator resistance starting?
 The reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period
lowers the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time.
 Lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances.
21. What are disadvantages of Star delta starting?
 With the star connection during starting, stator phase voltage is (1/√3)
2
time the line voltage. Consequently, starting torque is (1/√3) or (1/3)
time the value it would have with delta connection. This rather a large
reduction in starting torque.
 The reduction in voltage is fixed.
 This method of starting is used for medium size machines ( 25HP)

UNIT V
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTROR AND SPECIAL MACHINES
1. Define resolution.
It is defined as the number of steps needed to complete one revolution of
the rotor shaft.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of stepper motor?
 It can drive open loop without feedback
 No accumulative position error
 Responds directly to digital control signals: so stepper motors are
natural choice for digital computer controls
 It is mechanically simple
 It requires little or no maintenance
 Free form contamination
 Can be repeatedly stalled without damage
 Relatively rugged and durable
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of stepper motor?
 Low efficiency with ordinary controller
 Fixed step angle
 No flexibility in step resolution
 Limited ability to handle large inertia load
 High overshoot and oscillation in step response
4. List the applications of reluctance motors.
 Timing devices
 Signaling devices
 Recording instruments
 Photographs
 15

5. What are the demerits of repulsion motor?

 Speed variations with the variations in load, dangerously high at no
load
 Low power factor, except at high speeds
 Requires frequent maintenance
 Higher cost
 Sparking at the brushes
6. What is hysteresis motor?
It is a single phase motor whose operation depends upon the hysterisis
effect ( i.e. magnetization produced in a ferromagnetic martial lags behind the
magnetizing force) and on the presence of continuously revolving magnetic flux
7. What is repulsion motor?
Repulsion motors are similar to series motors except that the rotor and
the stator windings are inductively coupled i.e., the rotor current is obtained by
transformr action from the stator
8. What is reluctance motor?
It is a single phase synchronous motor which does not require dc
excitation to the rotor, It is also known as synchronous reluctance motor.
9. What are applications of hysterisis motor?
Due to their quiet operation and abilty to drive high inertia loads,
hysterisis motors are used for driving i) electric clocks 2) timing Devices iii)
tape-decks iv) turn tables and other precision equipment
10. What are the specific characteristics of reluctance motor?
 These motors have poor torque, power factor and efficiency
 These motors cannot accelerate high inertia loads to synchronous
speed
 The pull in and pull out torques of such motors are low.
11. Mention the applications of reluctance motor.
These motors are widely used for constant speed applications such as
timing devices, signaling devices, recording instruments, phonographs etc.
12. What are the different types of single phase motor?
 Single phase induction motors
 Single phase synchronous motors
 Single phase series or universal motors
13. What are the different types of single phase induction motor?
 Resistance start (Split – phase) induction motor.
 Capacitor - start induction motor.
 Capacitor - run induction motor.
 Capacitor - start Capacitor - run induction motor.
 Shaded pole induction motor
14. Why single phase induction motor is not self starting?
When a single phase supply is fed to the stator winding, it produces only
an alternating flux i.e., one which alternates along one space axis only. Due to
this, starting torque will be zero. Hence the motor does not rotate.
 16

15. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase induction
motors?
The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motors,
because, when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the
centrifugal switch connected in the auxiliary circuit operates and disconnects the
auxiliary winding from the supply.
16. Explain how the single phase induction motor is made as self starting
motor.
The starting method of single phase induction motor is very simple. An
auxiliary winding in the stator is provided in addition to the main winding. Then
the induction motor starts as a two phase motor.
The main winding axis and auxiliary winding axis are displaced by 900
electrical. The impedance of the winding differs and currents in the main and
auxiliary winding are phase shifted from each other. As a result of this, a
rotating stator field is produced and the rotor rotates.
17. How would you reverse the direction of a capacitor start induction motor?
The direction of rotation of the motor can be changed by changing the
connection of one of the windings.
18. What are the advantages of capacitor run over capacitor start motor?
 High power factor at full load
 High full load efficiency
 Increased Pull-out torque
 Low full load line current
19. Mention the motors used in ceiling fan and in lathes.
Ceiling fan – Capacitor run motor
Lathes – Capacitor start Capacitor Run Motor.
20. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor?
The copper shading coil is used to produce rotating magnetic field moving
from the unshaded to shaded portion of the pole. Hence, the motor produces a
starting torque
21. Why is capacitor start induction motor advantageous?
 It has higher starting torque
 Power factor high
 High efficiency
22. List out the disadvantages of shaded pole single phase motor and give
applications of the motor.
Disadvantages:
 Low efficiency
 Low power factor
 Very low starting torque
Applications
 Turn tables
 Hair driers
 Blowers
 Fans
 17

23. What are the drawbacks of the presence of the backward rotating field in a
single phase induction motor?
 Net flux will be zero.
 No starting torque in the motor.
24. Which type of single phase induction motor is to be selected for driving
fans and blowers and why?
Split phase induction motor is used for driving fans and blowers because
it requires lesser starting torque.
25. Draw the characteristics of single phase series mtor.
ed
pe
S

or
ot
m
es
ri
se
C
A
or
ot
m
es
ri
se
C
D
Torque

PART B QUESTIONS

UNIT – I
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1. Describe the principle and construction of two types of alternators.

2. Derive the EMF equation of an alternator.
3. Define voltage regulation. Explain the different methods used for
predetermining the regulation of alternator.
4. Compare the methods used to predetermine the voltage regulation of
synchronous machine.
5. What is the effect of armature reaction at different power factors on
synchronous machine?
6. Explain the characteristics features of alternator on load
7. Explain parallel operation of alternator
8. Explain the two reaction theory of synchronous machine. How can X d
and Xq be determined?
9. Explain capability curve with its boundaries of synchronous machine.
10. Explain in detail about synchronizing current, synchronizing power
and synchronizing torque.
 18

UNIT – II
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1. Explain the principle of operation of synchronous motor.

2. Discuss the various methods of starting and procedure for starting
synchronous motor.
3. Explain V and inverted V curves.
4. Explain the working of synchronous motor with different excitations.
5. Explain in detail about constant power lines of synchronous motor.
6. Explain in detail about constant excitation circles and constant power
circle of synchronous motor.

UNIT – III
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1. Describe the principle and operation of a 3 phase induction motor.

2. Deduce the equivalent circuit of an induction motor.
3. Derive the expressions for torque, power and efficiency of induction
motor.
4. Write brief notes on Double Cage Rotor and Induction generator.
5. Discuss the different power stages of an induction motor with losses.
6. Explain the construction of circle diagram of a three phase induction
motor.
7. Explain the operation of synchronous induction motor.
8. Derive the equation for torque developed by an induction motor. Draw
a typical torque – slip curve and deduce the condition for maximum
torque.

UNIT – IV
STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
1. Discuss the various starting methods of slip ring induction motors.
2. Discuss the various starting methods of squirrel cage induction motors.
3. Explain the different speed control methods of induction motor from
stator side.
4. Explain the different speed control methods of induction motor from
rotor side.
5. Discuss the theory of Star – delta starter.
6. Explain the rotor rheostat control of 3 phase slip ring induction motor.
7. Explain the cascade operation of induction motors to obtain variable
speed.
8. Explain in detail the slip power recovery schemes.
 19

UNIT V
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTROR AND SPECIAL MACHINES

1. Explain the types of single phase induction motor.

2. Explain the double field revolving theory for operation of single phase
induction motor.
3. Develop equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor ignoring
losses.
4. Describe stepper motor with diagram.
5. Explain the principle of operation of AC series motor with neat sketch.
6. Explain briefly the construction and working principle of hysteresis
motor.
7. Explain briefly the construction and working principle of relectance
motor.
8. Explain briefly the construction and working principle of repulsion
motor.