DMX4307 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES

ASSIGNMENT 01

Name : G.G.P.Chinthaka
REg.No : 616959352
Date of Sub : 15/05/2021
Q01
(a)
H=3500(A/m)
µ=200(Wb/Am)
B=µH
=200x3500(Wb/m2)
=7x 105(Wb/m2)

Q01 a
(b)
N=300
µ=130(Wb/Am) L
L=0.1(m)
i=3(A) 3A

(i)
F=Ni
=300x3
=900N

(ii)
F=RØ
Ø=F/R
But,
R=L/µA and F=900
Ø=900µA/L
But,
Ø=BA
BA=900µA/L
B=900µ/L
But B=µ/H
Hence,H=900/L
H=0.9(A/m)

(iii)
B=µH
=130x 0.9 (Wb/m2)
=11.7 (Wb/m2)
Q02.
(a) DC Generator-

DC generator or direct current generator is one kind of electrical machine, and the main
function of this machine is to convert mechanical energy into DC (direct current)
electricity. The energy alteration process uses the principle of energetically induced
electromotive force.

DC motor-

The DC motor is the device which converts the direct current into the mechanical work. It
works on the principle of Lorentz Law, which states that “the current-carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic and electric field experience a force”. The experienced force is called
the Lorentz force. The Flemming’s left-hand rule gives the direction of the force.

Working Principle
According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is placed
in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf
(electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be
calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is provided with a closed
path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field coils
produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are rotated into the field.
Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature conductors. The
direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.in DC motor it will
happen reverse.
Q2
(b)
i) Yoke:
The yoke make by cast steel for large machines and cast iron for a small machine. It uses
to protect the internal parts of the DC machine and gives mechanical support to the
poles. The yoke provides a return path for magnetic flux. In the yoke, the laminations are
not required, but the modern machines uses the laminations in yoke.
ii) Poles and Pole shoe:
The pole core use to provide housing to the field winding. When field winding excites, it
behaves like a magnet. The pole shoes provide mechanical support to the field winding and
due to a large area, it reduces the magnetic reluctance. The pole and pole shoe make by
cast steel. Pole is not necessary to laminate. The pole shoe is always laminated because it
is close to the armature.
iii) Armature:
Armature core provides housing to the armature winding. It completes low reluctance path
for magnetic flux. The armature slots are skew at some angle to reduce the mechanical
vibration. Armature core is made with silicon steel. It is laminated to reduce the eddy
current losses. In a DC machine, open slots are use to reduce leakage flux, inductance, and
leakage reluctance.
iv) Armature winding and Field winding:
There are two types of armature windings; Lap winding and Wave winding.
Lap winding is known as complete winding because, after completion of winding, all slots
does fill with armature winding. Wave winding is known as incomplete winding because,
after completion of winding, all slots does not fill with armature winding. Some slots
remain empty. These slots do fill with dummy coils. The dummy coils only use in wave
winding to fill empty slots and give mechanical balance. It is not used in lap winding.
In lap winding, due to unbalance flux and unbalance voltage, the circulating current is
more. It causes more copper loss and heat. The circulating current can minimise by using
the equalizer ring. In wave winding, circulating current does not exist.
The field winding connects with DC supply. Whenever the field winding is energies, it
produces the magnetic flux and poles behaves like a magnet.
v) Commutator:
In case of a generator, the commutator uses to convert AC voltage into DC voltage. The
commutator uses as a rectifier. In the case of the motor, the commutator use to produce
unidirectional torque. To reduce wear and tear, the commutator make by hard drawn
copper. The number of armature slots is equal to the number of commutator segments.
vi) Brush:
Brushes use to carry the current or give the current to the armature conductors through the
commutator. The brushes make by copper or carbon materials for small machines. Electro-
graphite brushes use for large machines. Carbon-graphite brushes use for large current low
voltage machines.
vii) Shaft:
The shaft use to transfer mechanical power. In case of DC motor, mechanical power is
transfer from DC machine to load. In the case of a DC generator, mechanical power is
transfer from Prime mover to the DC generator.
Q2.
(c )

Armature winding is classified into two types namely lap winding as well as wave
winding. The main difference between these two are as below

Lap Winding Wave Winding

The lap winding can be defined as a coil which The wave winding can be defined as the loop
can be lap back toward the succeeding coil. of the winding can form the signal shape.
The connection of the lap winding is, the The connection of the wave winding is, the
armature coil end is connected to the nearby armature coil end is connected to
section on the commutators. commutator sections at some distance apart.
The numbers of the parallel path are equal to the
total of number poles. The number of parallel paths is equal to two.
Another name of lap winding is multiple Another name of wave winding is Series
winding otherwise Parallel Winding Winding otherwise Two-circuit
The e.m.f of lap winding is Less The e.m.f of wave winding is More
The no. of brushes in lap winding is Equivalent The no. of brushes in wave winding is
to the no. of parallel paths. Equivalent toTwo
The types of lap winding are Simplex lap The types of wave winding are Progressive
winding & Duplex lap winding. & Retrogressive
The efficiency of the lap winding is Less The efficiency of the wave winding is High
The additional coil used in the lap winding is The additional coil used in the wave
Equalizer Ring winding is Dummy coil
The winding cost of the wave winding is
The winding cost of the lap winding is High Low
The lap winding used for high current, low The applications of wave winding include
voltage machines. low current and high voltage machines.

Q03.
(a)
Self-excited DC Generator is a device, in which the current to the field winding is supplied
by the generator itself.
A DC generator whose field winding or coil is energized by a separate or external DC
source is called a separately excited DC Generator.
Q03.

(b)

DC Generator is classified according to the methods of their field excitation.

By excitation, the DC Generators are classified as Separately excited DC Generators

and Self-excited DC Generators. There is also Permanent magnet type DC generators.
The self-excited DC Generators are further classified as Shunt wound DC
generators; Series wound DC generators and Compound wound DC generators.

Fig.1 Shunt wound DC generator

Fig.2 Series wound DC generators

Q4.
(a)
Self-excited DC Motor is further divided into shunt wound, and series wound motor. In
a DC shunt motor, the armature and field (shunt) windings are connected in parallel with
the armature. In the series motor, the field winding is connected in series with the armature
winding.

Q4.
(b)
DC Motor Characteristics
The performance of a DC motor can be judged by its characteristics and a motor for any
particular application can be selected easily. In this article, dc motor characteristics are
o Torque versus armature current
o Speed versus armature current
o Torque versus speed

In a DC series motor, initially the field flux φ rises in proportion to the current but after
saturation, it is independent of armature current. Consequently, speed N is roughly
proportional to the current. The speed may become dangerously high if load reduces to a
small value. So,a DC series motor should not run on no-load. DC series motors are always
connected to loads by gears so that minimum load is always maintained to keep the speed
with in safe limits.
Shunt wound motors are used where constant speed and low starting torque is required like
centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers, conveyers etc .
The field flux of shunt motor is almost constant. So there is a little fall in speed with the
increase in load, hence the curve bends slightly as the load is increased due to
increased IaRa voltage drop.