DC MACHINES

Electric Generator: Mechanical Energy Electrical energy.

Electrical Motor: Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

 PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

ELECTIRCAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
‘When a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field it experience a force’.
CONSTRUCTION
MAJOR COMPONENTS

1. Frame and Yoke

2. Poles
3. Armature
4. Field winding
5. Commutator
6. Brush
7. Other mechanical parts
 FRAME AND YOKE
It is outer cover of dc motor also called as frame.
It provides protection to the rotating and other part
of the machine from moisture, dust etc.
Yoke is an iron body which provides the path for the
flux to
complete the magnetic circuit.
It provides the mechanical support for the poles.
Material Used: low reluctance material such as cast
iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, cast steel etc.
 POLES AND POLE CORE

Poles are electromagnet, the field winding is wound over

it.
It produces the magnetic flux when the field
winding is excited.
The construction of pole is done using the lamination of
particular shape to reduce the power loss due to eddy
current.
 POLE SHOE

Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole.

Due to its typical shape, it enlarges the area of the pole,
so that more flux can pass through the air gap to
armature.
Material Used: low reluctance magnetic material such as
cast steel or cast iron is used for construction of pole and
pole shoe.
 FIELD WINDING
Field coil wound on pole
The coil wound on the pole core are called field coils.
Field coils are connected in series to form field winding.
Current is passed through the field winding in a specific
direction, to magnetize the poles and pole shoes. Thus
magnetic flux is produce in the air gap between the
pole shoe and armature.
Field winding is also called as Exciting winding.
Material Used for copper conductor is copper.
Due to the current flowing through the field winding
alternate N and S poles are produced.
ARMATURE CORE
Armature core is a cylindrical drum mounted on the
shaft.
It is provided with large number of slots all over its
periphery and it is parallel to the shaft axis.
Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
Armature core provides low reluctance path to the flux
produced by the field winding.
Material used: high permeability, low reluctance cast
steel or cast iron material is used.
Laminated construction of iron core is used to
minimize the eddy current losses.
ARMATURE WINDING

Armature conductor is placed in a armature

slots present on the periphery of armature core.
Armature conductor are interconnected to form the
armature winding.
When the armature winding is rotated using a prime
mover, it cuts the magnetic flux lines and voltage
gets induced in it.
Armature winding is connected to the external circuit
(load) through the commutator and brushes.
Material Used: Armature winding is suppose to carry
the entire load current hence it should be made up of
conducting material such as copper.
 COMMUTATOR
It is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along
with the armature core.
It is made up of large number of wedge shaped
segments of hard-drawn copper.
The segments are insulated from each other by thin
layer of mica.
Armature winding are tapped at various points and
these tapping are successively connected to various
segments of the commutator.
Function of commutator: • It converts the ac emf
generated internally into dc • It helps to produce
unidirectional torque.
Material Used: it is made up of copper and insulating
material between the segments is mica.
 BRUSHES

Current are conducted from the armature to the

external load by the carbon brushes which are held
against the surface of the commutator by springs.
Function of brushes: To collect the current from the
commutator and apply it to the external load in
generator, and vice versa in motor.
Material Used: Brushes are made of carbon and they are
rectangular in shape.
 BACK EMF
When a motor rotates, the conductors housed in the
armature also rotate and cut the magnetic lines of
force. So an emf is induced in the armature conductors
and this induced emf opposes the supply voltage as per
Lenz’s law. This induced emf is call Back emf(or)
counter emf.
 WORKING OF DC MOTOR
The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left hand rule and it's
magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where,
B = magnetic flux density,
I = current and
L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.

Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the index(first) finger,

middle(second) finger and thumb of our left hand to be perpendicular to
each other and the direction of magnetic field is represented by the
index(first) finger, direction of the current is represented by
middle(second) finger then the thumb represents the direction of the force
experienced by the current carrying conductor.
 When armature windings are connected to a DC
supply, current sets up in the winding. Magnetic
field may be provided by field winding
(electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnets.
In this case, current carrying armature conductors
experience force due to the magnetic field,
according to the principle stated above.
Commutator is made segmented to achieve
unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the direction of
force would have reversed every time when the
direction of movement of conductor is reversed the
magnetic field.
TYPES OF DC MOTOR
DC SHUNT MOTOR
In dc shunt motor the armature and field
winding are connected in parallel across
the supply voltage
The resistance if the shunt winding
Rsh is always higher than the armature winding Ra
Since V and Rsh both remains constant the Ish remains
essentially constant, as field current is responsible for generation
of flux. thus ф α Ish
So shunt motor is also called as constant flux motor.

Eb= VL – Ia Ra
Ia= IL + Ish
VL = Eb + Ia Ra
Ish = VL
Rsh
 TORQUE AND SPEED
EQUATION OF DC SHUNT
CHARACTERISTIS OF DC
SHUNT MOTOR
To study the performance of the DC shunt Motor various types of
characteristics are to be studied.
1. Torque Vs Armature current characteristics.
2. Speed Vs Armature current characteristics.
3. Speed Vs Torque characteristics.
1) TORQUE Vs ARMATURE CURRENT:
2) SPEED Vs ARMATURE CURRENT:
3) SPEED Vs TORQUE:
APPLICATIONS OF DC SHUNT
MOTOR
DC SERIES MOTOR

In series wound motor the field winding is

connected in series with the armature.
Therefore, series field winding carries the
armature current.
Since the current passing through a series field winding is the same
as the armature current, series field windings must be designed with
much fewer turns than shunt field windings for the same mmf.
Therefore, a series field winding has a relatively small number of
turns of thick wire and, therefore, will possess a low resistance.

Eb = VL – Ia Ra – Ise Rse
Ia = IL = Ise
VL = Eb + Ia Ra + Ise Rse
 TORQUE AND SPEED
EQUATIOND OF DC SERIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
SERIES MOTOR
TORQUE Vs ARMATURE CURRENT:
SPEED Vs ARMATURE CURRENT:
SPEED Vs TORQUE:
APPLICATIONS
 DC COMPOUND MOTOR

Compound wound motor has two field windings; one connected

in parallel with the armature and the other in series with it. There
are two types of compound motor connections
1. Short-shunt connection
2. Long shunt connection
SHORT SHUNT CONNECTION
Eb = VL – Ia Ra – ISE RSE

Ia = IL – Ish

IL = ISE

VL = Eb + Ia Ra + ISE RSE

Ish = VL
Rs
h
LONG SHUNT CONECTION
Eb = VL – Ia Ra – ISE RSE

IL = ISE = IL – Ish

VL = Eb + Ia Ra + ISE RSE
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
COMPOUND MOTOR
APPLICATIONS
 SPEED CONTROL

Numerous applications require control of speed, as in rolling

mills, cranes, hoists, elevators, machine tools, and
locomotive drives.
DC motors are extensively used in many of these
applications.
Control of dc motors speed below and above the base
(rated) speed can easily be achieved.
The methods of control are simpler and less expensive
than ac motors.
Classis way used Ward-Leonard System, latest used
solid-state converters.
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
The speed equation of dc motor is 𝑁 ∝ 𝐸𝑏 / ∅∝(𝑉−𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎) / ∅
But the resistance of armature winding or series field winding in
dc series motor are small.
Therefore the voltage drop 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎 or 𝐼𝑎(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠e) across them will
be negligible as compare to the external supply voltage V in
above equation.
Therefore 𝑁 ∝ 𝑉 /∅, since V>>>> 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
Thus we can say
1. Speed is inversely proportional to flux ∅
2. Speed is directly proportional to armature voltage.
3. Speed is directly proportional to applied voltage V.
So by varying one of these parameters, it is possible to change
the speed of a dc motor
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
Speed Control of Shunt Motors:
Flux control method
Armature and Rheostat control method
Voltage control method
1) Multiple voltage control
2) Ward Leonard system
Speed Control of Series Motors:
Flux control method
1) Field diverter
2) Armature diverter
3) Trapped field control
4) Paralleling field coils
Variable Resistance in series with motor
Series -parallel control method
 FLUX CONTROL METHOD
In this flux control method, speed of the motor is inversely
proportional to the flux. Thus, by decreasing flux and speed can be
increased vice versa. To control the flux , the rheostat is added in
series with the field winding will increase the speed (N), because of
this flux will decrease. So, the field current is relatively small and
hence I2R loss is decreased. This method is quite efficient.

So in this method, the speed can be

increased by reducing flux, it puts a
method to reducing flux with this
method, it puts a method to maximum
speed as weakening of flux beyond the
limits will adversely affect the
commutator.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
In the armature control method, the speed of the DC motor is
directly proportional to the back emf (Eb) and Eb = V- IaRa. When
supply voltage (V) and armature resistance Ra are kept constant, the
Speed is directly proportional to armature current (Ia). If we add
resistance in series with the armature, the armature current (Ia)
decreases and hence speed decreases.
This armature control method is based on the fact that by varying the
voltage across the required voltage. The motor back EMF (Eb) and
Speed of the motor can be changed. This method is done by
inserting the variable resistance (Rc) in series with the armature.
The basic equation of the armature control method, N is directly
proportional to the V-Ia (Ra+Rc) where Rc is controller resistance and
Ra is the armature resistance. Due to the voltage back in the controller
resistance the back EMF is decreased.
Since N is directly proportional to the Eb.

VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD

Multiple Voltage Control: In this method, the shunt field is
connected to a fixed exciting voltage, and the armature is supplied
with different voltages.
So the Voltage across armature is changed with the help of a
suitable switchgear devises. Armature speed is approximately
proportional to the voltage across the armature.
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
Field Diverter : A Rheostat is connected parallel to the series
field as shown in fig(a). This variable resistor is also called as a
diverter, as desired value of the current can be diverted through
this resistor and hence current through field coil can be decreased.
Hence flux can be decreased to desired amount and speed(N) can
be increased.
Armature Diverter : Rheostat (Divider) is connected across the
armature of the coil as shown in fig (b). For a given constant load
torque, if armature current is reduced, then flux must increase. As
armature torque Ta α ØIa. This will result in an increase in current
taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and
subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.
TAPPED FIELD CONTROL: This tapped field control method is
shown in fig (c). In this method, field coil is tapped dividing the number
of turns. Thus we can select different value of Ø by selecting a different
number of turns. In this method flux is reduced and speed is increased
by decreasing the number of the turns of the series field winding. The
switch S can be short circuit any part of the field winding, thus
decreasing the flux and raising the speed (N) with full turns of coil.
Starters & its Significance
 Introduction to starter

 Its Importance

 Types of Starter

 Three Point Starter

 Merits & Demerits

 Four point Starter

 Merits & Demerits

 Starter
 Before ,we deal with starter we should know some fundamental.
 Every D.c motors basically are self starting motors.
 As armature & field winding receives supply, motoring action take
place.
 Device which is used as starter conveys wrong meaning
 So we can conclude that “Starter is not required to start a dc motor ,
but it enables us to start the motor in a desired safe way”
 Now at starting instant the speed of motor is zero, as due to this back
emf is also zero .
 As Eb is proportional to N.
 Voltage Eq. is V= Eb + IaRa
 At start, V = Ia Ra (as Eb =0)
 So ,generally motor start at normal voltage and as armature
resistance is very small , armature current start at very high.
 As armature current is 15 to 20 times more than the load current at
starting , which we will understand by 1 eg.
 Consider a motor having full load input power as 8000 watts, motor
rated with 250 v & armature resistance is 0.5
High current drawn by armature causes
 As in constant voltage system, such high inrush of current may cause line voltage
fluctuations , which also effect the performance of other equipment connected to
same line.
 Such high Ia blows out the fuses.
 Suppose motor failed to start due to problem in field winding, such high Ia flowing
for a longer time may burn the insulation of armature winding.
 Assume that ,we are dealing with shunt motor operation then As armature
current is 15 to 20 times more than the full load current, the torque
developed which is proportional to Ia is also 15 to 20 time.
 Due to such high torque , the shaft & other accessories subject to high
mechanical stresses.This stress causes permanent mechanical damage to the
motor
 So to reduce this armature current a variable resistance is connected in series with
the armature at start.
 This resistance is called starter or starting device. So, basically starter is a current
limiting device.
 In beginning the entire resistance is in the series with armature and then gradually
cut-off as motor gather speed ,producing back e.m.f.
Types of Starter

 Three Point Starter

 Four Point Starter

Three point Starter
 overview
 figure shows the schematic diagram of a three point starter for a shunt
motor
 It is so called because it has three terminals L, F and A. the starter consist
of starting resistance divided into several sections and connected in series
with the armature.
 The tapping points of the starting resistance are known as number of
studs
 The three terminal L, F and A of the starter are connected respectively to
the positive line terminal, shunt field terminal and armature terminal.
 The other terminal of the armature and shunt field windings are
connected to the negative terminal of the supply.
 The no volt coil is connected in the shunt field circuit.
 One end of the handle is connected to the terminal L through the over
load release coil.
 The other end of the handle moves against a spiral spring and make
contact with each stud during starting operation cutting out more and
more starting resistance as it passes over each stud in clockwise
direction.
 Working
 Initially when a DC supply is switched ON with handle in the OFF
position.
 The handle is now moved clockwise to the first stud, the shunt field
winding is directly connected across the supply while the whole
starting resistance is inserted in series with the armature circuit.
 As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting
resistance is cut out of the armature circuit in steps. The handle is
now held magnetically by the no volt release coil which is energized
by shunt field current
 If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or if the field excitation
is accidently cut, the no volt release coil is demagnetized and the
handle goes back to the OFF position under the pull of the spring.
 If no volt coil were not used, then in case of failure of supply. The
handle would remain on the final stud.
 If then supply is restored, the motor will be directly connected across
the supply, resulting in an excessive armature current.
• If the motor is overloaded (or any fault occurs) it will draw
excessive current from the supply. This current will increase the
ampere turns of the overload release coil and pull the armature,
thus short circuited the no volt release coil.
• The no volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the
OFF position by the spring .
• Thus the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply

Limitations Of The Three Point Starter:

 Unnecessary tripping of starter if a field regulator is connected in

series with the field windings for speed control operation.
 This combination and magnetizing coil will carry same current if
more and more resistance is added in field regulator then current in
magnetizing coil is unable to hold the arm in attracted position and
unnecessarily the arm will be released even if there is no over
loading, this is avoided in four point starter.
Four point Starter
 Overview

 In four point starters, the hold on coil is connected

directly across the supply line through a protective
resistance R. when the armature touches stud no 1.the
line current divides into three parts

 i) armature starting resistance and overload release.

 ii) a variable resistance and shunt field winding.

 Iii) Holding coil and current limiting resistance.

 The basic difference between three point and
four point starters

 It is the manner in which the hold on coil is

connected.
 The unnecessary tripping of starter can be stopped
by connecting separately or parallel both
magnetizing and field coil.

 They are connected in such a way that both should carry

their individual current. Thus voltage drop in one coil will
not affect the voltage in other coil.
 Disadvantages of four point starter:
 The only limitation of the four point starter is that it does
not provide high speed protection to the motor.
 If under running condition field gets opened; the field
current reduces to zero.
 As there is some residual flux present and speed(N) is
directly proportional to flux (ø) the motor will tries to run
with dangerously high speed .this is called high speed
action of motor.
 In three point starter as no volt coil is directly connected
to across the supply; its current is maintained irrespective
of the current through the field winding
 Hence it always maintain the handle in run position as
long as supply is there .and thus it doesn’t protect the
motor from field failure conditions which returns into
high speeding of the motor.