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Problem With Commutation

The document discusses problems with commutation in DC machines caused by armature reaction. It first provides background on DC machines and their basic structure. It then explains that commutation is the process of reversing current in conductors as they move between poles. Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field set up by armature current affects the distribution of the main field flux, shifting the magnetic neutral plane and weakening the flux. This can cause problems during commutation like arcing and sparking as the brushes short out conductors with voltage across them. The flux weakening also reduces generator output voltage or increases motor speed.

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Rico Blanca Abito
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806 views20 pages

Problem With Commutation

The document discusses problems with commutation in DC machines caused by armature reaction. It first provides background on DC machines and their basic structure. It then explains that commutation is the process of reversing current in conductors as they move between poles. Armature reaction occurs when the magnetic field set up by armature current affects the distribution of the main field flux, shifting the magnetic neutral plane and weakening the flux. This can cause problems during commutation like arcing and sparking as the brushes short out conductors with voltage across them. The flux weakening also reduces generator output voltage or increases motor speed.

Uploaded by

Rico Blanca Abito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to DC Machines: Brief introduction to the topic of DC machines and their significance in energy conversion.
  • DC Machines Overview: Defines what a DC machine is and introduces its role as an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
  • Types of DC Machines: Lists and briefly describes the two main types of DC machines: the DC generator and the DC motor.
  • Basic Structure of DC Machines: Details the basic components and structure of DC machines, including the stator, rotor, commutator, brushes, and shaft.
  • Commutation in DC Machines: Explains the commutation process in DC machines and how current is reversed in conductors.
  • Problems with Commutation: Introduces potential issues in the commutation process faced by DC machines.
  • Armature Reaction: Describes the effects and consequences of armature reaction on magnetic flux and the overall operation of a DC machine.

Problem with

commutation
for DC Machine

Prepared by Jose Rico B.


Abito
BSEE-401
DC Machine
A DC Machine is an
electro-mechanical
energy conversion
device.
2 Types of
DC
• 1. DC generator
Machine • 2. DC motor
• DC Generator- converts
mechanical energy into
electrical energy
• DC Motor- converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy
Stator- The stator is the outer frame of the
machine and is immovable.

Rotor(armature)- The rotor is free to move and


Basic is the inner part of the machine.
Commutator- is a split ring typically made of
Structure copper with each segment of the ring attached
to each end of the armature coil.
of DC Brushes- They carry current to the armature
(the rotating part).
Machines Shaft- the shaft is made of mild steel with a
maximum breaking strength. The shaft is used
to transfer mechanical power from or to the
machine.
Commutation in DC Machine
• Thecommutation in DC machine is
the process of reversal of current in
conductors when it moves from one pole
to the next pole.
Problem with Commutation
Armature Reaction
• In a DC machine, two sources of magnetic fluxes are
present; 'armature flux' and 'main field flux'. The effect
of armature flux on the main field flux is called
"armature reaction". The armature reaction changes
the distribution of the magnetic field, which affects the
operation of the machine.
• By armature reaction is meant the effect of magnetic
field set up by armature current on the distribution of
flux under main poles of a generator.
Polar axis
or d-axis

the centers of NS
poles.
(b) The magnetic
neutral axis or
plane (M.N.
no-load case
(G.N.A.)
Magnetic neutral axis (M.N.A.)
• -may be defined as the axis along which no
e.m.f. is produced in the armature conductors
because they then move parallel to the lines of
flux.
Or M.N.A. is the axis which is perpendicular to
the flux passing through the armature.

Geometrical neutral axis (G.N.A.)


• -is the axis that bisects the angle between the
center line of adjacent poles. Clearly, it is the
axis of symmetry between two adjacent poles.
Problems Caused by Armature Reaction:

a) Magnetic neutral plane shifting


b)Flux weakening effect
Magnetic neutral plane
shifting
• The magnetic neutral plane is the position where the velocity
of conductors are moving parallel to the magnetic flux lines.
They do not cut any lines of flux and there are no induced
voltages.
• The process of commutation requires the brushes
shorting out the commutator segments just at the
moment when the voltage across the segments is
equal to zero. • When the neutral plane shifts, the
brushes short out commutator segments with a finite
voltage across them. The result is a current flow
circulating between the shorted segments. • Severe
arcing and sparking at the brushes may occur.
Most
Flux weakening
machines operates at flux densities near the saturation
point. ‐ At locations where rotor and pole mmfs add, only a
small increase in flux occurs. ‐ At locations where rotor mmf
subtracts from the pole mmf, there is a larger decrease in flux.
As the result, the total average flux under the entire pole face
is decreased.

• In generators, flux weakening reduces the voltage supplied by


the generator for any given load.
• In motors, when flux is decreased, the speed of the motor
increases.
Thank you for
listening!!!
Hope you learn
something

Problem with commutation for DC Machine Prepared by Jose Rico B. Abito BSEE-401
DC Machine A DC Machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
2 Types of DC Machine •1. DC generator •2. DC motor
• DC Generator- converts mechanical energy into electrical energy • DC Motor- converts electrical energy into mechanical e
Basic Structure of DC Machines Stator- The stator is the outer frame of the machine and is immovable. Rotor(armature)- Th
Commutation in DC Machine • The commutation in DC machine is the process of reversal of current in conductors when it moves
Problem with Commutation

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