Internship Report

200 MW Wind Farm AKHFENNIR

Carried out in 62 days, from the 1sterJuly 31, 2016

(Hosting organization: Wind Energy of Morocco, a subsidiary of NAREVA Holding)

Created by: Elkhalil AHMOUDA

Specialized Technician in Electromechanics of Automated Systems

Supervised by: M. Aziz DEBOURI

Operations Manager
 Dedication
We dedicate this modest work to our parents
To those who have never stopped encouraging us and
us advise.
To those who have never been stingy with their time
of their knowledge to satisfy our
interrogations.
To our caring supervisor, we dedicate the
fruit of our student career.
To our brothers and sisters.
In testimony of the love and affection that
bind us.

At the end of this internship, I am pleased to address my

sincere thanks and gratitude to all the
EEM people for allowing me to work in the ...
most favorable conditions and for their assistance in
development of my skills.
Finally, I would like to thank all the staff of
operation service for their efforts in they have
show evidence to help me during this
stage.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 2

 SUMMARY

Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….… 4

Preface ……………………………………………………………………….…. 5

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 6

First Part ………………………………………………………………………... 7

General presentation:

-Nareva Holding……………………………………………………………………….. 8

The characteristic of the AKHFENNIR park ………………………………………… 10

Second Part ………………………………………………………………………13

Evacuation post:

- postal equipment…………………………………………………………….15

The 33/225 KV power transformer………………………………………. 16

High voltage circuit breakers ............................................................. 24

High voltage disconnectors

The upper and lower bar games …………………………………………. 28

-The MT Cells……………………………………………………………………... 29

- The SVC position ............................................................... 30

Battery room ……………………………………………………………………. 32

-Generator set …………………………………………………………………34

-SCADA room ............................................... 36

Third Part…………………………………………………………………….. 39

Turbine :
ECO Specifications 1.67-74.................................................... 46

GE 1.79-100 Specifications…………………………………………………………. 47

Fourth Part ……………………………………………………………………. 49

Tasks completed "internship topic"

The list of verified plans…………………………………………………………… 50

International Electrotechnical Standards ……………………………………… 54

Conclusion ......................................................................55

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 3

 THANK YOU
We would like to point out that a warm welcome
was reserved for us with a great availability of
responsible
We sincerely thank our supervisor,
Mr. DEBOURI Aziz and Mr. BALLA Mahmoud
, wind farm manager of Akhfennir for his availability
and for the impressive organization of this internship.
We warmly thank the gentlemen,
,ETTAKI Othmane,KARDALLAS Mahmoud,ELBIAD
Soufiane ,SALKOUH Elhoucine,SEMLALI
Youness, IBRAHIM Mourad, ELAASRI Yahdihet
Miss CHELLABI Asmae for their spirit of
collaboration and helpfulness, organization
visits to the different services, as well as the
fruitful advice that they have continued to give us
provided throughout the entire internship period.
Without forgetting to say a big thank you to
Mr. TALEB KHAYAR Malaainine and Mr. LAMDAIHINE
Youness for your support, for all his ideas
edifying and its contribution to putting it right
path to the realization of our project

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 4

 Preface
Vocational training nowadays is becoming
increasingly important because it allows for
interns to easily adapt to the market
of employment.

After obtaining my degree in Electromechanics

Automated Systems Technician Specialist
and to improve our knowledge in
the Electrical / Electronics field. I have chosen
as a company for my internship, EEM (Energy
Wind power of Morocco) subsidiary of (NAREVA HOLDING)

since it is ranked among the top

companies in Morocco in the energy sector and
in which I was able to improve several
knowledge.

The worker internship allowed me to discover the world.

work and to confront the methods and the
techniques taught with practice.
Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 5
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Renewable energies are important.

capital for the upcoming energy transition.
It is in this context that Morocco has fully committed to
the development of the energy sector, by equipping itself
of an energy plan, presented during the Assizes of
the Energy, in March 2009, which confirmed the commitment of
Morocco in renewable energies, particularly the
solar and wind, which will be the second source starting in 2015
electricity after coal
Wind energy has taken an important part in the
integrated Moroccan program in energies
renewable, aiming for the installation of 2000 MW
wind energy by 2020.
A decade ago, to meet its need
energy sector, Morocco has started to integrate into the
field of clean energy exploitation in the
national strategy framework, regarding the
development of renewable energies.
I have introduced a general presentation of one of the
leading companies in wind energy in the wind farm
AKHFENNIR, Wind Energy of Morocco (EEM). I tried
to make a summary about the park knowing: its
operation, its connection to the national grid
electricity.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 6

FIRST PART

Presentation
General

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 Nareva holding :
One of the main players in the energy and environment sectors in

Morocco, it was created in 2005 by the SNI Group (Société Nationale d’Investissement, SNI)
The Moroccan company belongs to the royal family in Morocco, and is one of the largest companies.
investment in the Maghreb. It is a 100% subsidiary of this group.

Nareva Holding's mission is to ensure and manage a presence of Moroccan capital.

in partnership with global leaders in the energy sector and
the environment. This structure of about thirty people is currently operating in the
field of electricity production from fossil or renewable sources and of the
water cycle management (desalination, transport, distribution/irrigation...).

Moroccan Wind Energy Company (EEM):

the production and marketing of electricity generated from sources

renewable energy thus gave birth to the first achievement of Nareva Holding, through
its subsidiary EEM (Wind Energy of Morocco), which aims to contribute 10%
in the installation of 2000 MW of wind power by 2020 as part of the strategy
national energy, to achieve this objective, EEM launched in December 2011 the
construction of the three wind farms (figure 1) located on 3 production sites.


Houma Park in the Tangier region with a capacity of 50.6 MW

 Akhfennir Park in the Tarfaya region with a capacity of 200 MW

Foum El Oued Park in the Laayoune region with a capacity of 50.6 MW

These parks were put into service in the second quarter of 2013.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 8

 Figure 1: Wind farms developed by the EEM

In fact, these three parks produce 301.2 MW with an investment of 3 billion.

DH, namely that the production is entirely intended for 6 industrial clients who are OCP,
Air Liquide, Lafarge, Sonasid, Managem, and Samir, in the case of the AKHFENNIR project
The production is recorded directly to the national electricity network.

General information about the AKHFENNIR wind farm:

The AKHFENNIR wind farm was built and commissioned based on two projects.
AKHFENNIR 1 in 2013(ALSTOM generator) and park extension by project
AKHFENNIR 2 in 2016 (generator from GENERAL ELECTRIC)

This park in the windy region (8.3 m/s to 9.8 m/s at a height of 80 m), located in
region of Laayoune Sakia El Hamra 25 km southeast of the village AKHFENNIR (figure 3). It
its purpose is the injection into the national network from two departures TAH and TAN-TAN

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 9

 The feature of the AKHFENNIR park:
Table 1: General Information on the Fleet
AKHFENNIR Wind Farm
Type of park Terrestrial
Field name 2
Number of turbines 120
Total power 200 MW
Unit power 1.79 MW /1.69 MW
Annual production 1035.171 GW
Constructor(s) of ALSTOM/GENERAL ELECTRIC
turbines
Models of turbines ECO 74T / GE 1.7-100
Hub height 80m
Rotor diameter 74/100
Operator and Nareva Holding
Developer
Operator Morocco Wind Energy EEM (
Holding 75%

Each wind turbine from GENERAL ELECTRIC is connected to a PPDM substation (foot substation)

mast) which consists of several equipment namely: a step-up transformer

690V/30KV, protection cells and low and high voltage devices. The connection between the
The cluster head PPDM and the delivery point is done through underground cables.

But the ALSTOM wind turbines do not include the PPDM stations, all the equipment.
in the nacelle and the mast

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 10

 The total production of the clusters is injected into the AKHFENNIR station which is
consisting of two cell chambers MT 1 (figure 3) and MT2 (figure 4) and chambers of
battery and SVC (figure 5) of reactive power

Figure 3: MT 1 cell room

Figure 4: MT 2 Cell Room

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 Figure 5: SVC Station

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SECOND PART

Post
evacuation
energy

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 13

 Figure 6: front post The project extension

After the park extension, adds transformer span 3 and MT room of Akhfennir 2.

Figure 7: transformer TR3 for the extension

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Post equipment:

3 Power transformers 33 KV/225KV

6 High Voltage Circuit Breakers
14 High Voltage Disconnectors + Ground Disconnectors
Two sets of upper and lower bars
Medium Voltage Cells
Battery Room 127 VDC / 48 VDC
Generator
SVC Position
SCADA room for communication Control room
supervision

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The 33 KV/225KV power transformers

Figure 8: Power transformer TR1

Figure 9: Transformer diagram TR3

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 The IEC 60076-1 standard defines the power transformer as "device
static two windingsà or more who, by induction
electromagnetic, converts an alternating voltage and current system into a
another system of voltage and current with generally different values at the same time
frequency with the aim of transmitting electrical power.

In order to maximize the lifespan and efficiency of a transformer, it is

it is imperative to know the different defects that can occur and how to
detect as soon as possible. Regular observation/control as well as a strategy of
Relevant maintenance provides the ability to anticipate/detect incidents beforehand.
that the damage spreads.

The Akhfennir wind farm contains three 225/33kV power transformers.

two transformers with a power of 80 MVA each and a third one of a
power of 120 MVA

Analyze failure modes of power transformers:

The main components of the power transformer are the windings,

crossings, insulating oil and paper, the core, the tank, the cooling system, and the
Tuner of plugs. The failure analysis of large power transformers can be
beneficial for determining which component is more important in assessing the state of
transformers. Statistics show that the most common causes followed by
long-duration interruption damages are the plug changer, the active part and the
crossings. The table below shows the percentage of failure in transformers
power :

Component CIGRE IEEE EPRI Australia Double ZTZ ZTZ Services PGCIL: AC PGCIL :
Survey survey 1991 New Client Services 2000-05 Power Shunt
1986 Survey Zealand Survey 2000-05- Transmission Transformers Reactors
Survey 1996-98 GSUs
1985-95

Winding 27.6 % 41% 21% 30% 13.4% 11.2% 17.3% 6 (23 %) 10 (44.45%)

Circuit
5.2 % 10% 5.8 % 4.4% 9.5% 2 (7.69%)
Magnetic
Insulators 32.8% 13% 30% 19% 9.6% 13.3% 38% 12 (46.15 %) 6 (27.2%)

Tank and fluid

17.2% 3% 17.2% - - -
dielectric
Changer of
13.8 % 13.8% 25% 15.4 % 4.4 % 7.9% 4 (15.38 %)
prices (OLTC)
Others
3.4 % 17% 12% 6.9 % - - 2 (7.69 %) 6 (27.2 %)
accessories

Total 164 45 498 52/22.4 45/21 63/20.5 26 22

Catalogue of failures by nature and origin:

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Aging and contamination:

Bushing, Insulation aging.

Bushing, contamination, internal surface.
Bushing, contamination, external surface
Bushing, contamination, moisture infiltration.
Bushing, oil aging.
Oil, oxidation and aging of products.
Oil, moisture infiltration.
Oil, abnormal oxygen/nitrogen content (depends on the respiratory system)
Oil, contamination by particles.
Oil, gazes..
Selector, switch changer, deterioration of contacts.
Switch, plug changer, deterioration of contacts.
Tank and accessories, leaks.
Tank and accessories, internal and external corrosion.
Major isolation, contamination by sludge.
Winding and major insulation, excessive humidity.
Winding and major insulation, surface contamination.
Windings, insulation aging.
Winding, contamination by oil particles.

Dielectric:

Bushing, dielectric problems,

Partial discharges in the windings
Major insulation, abnormal discharges along the insulation surface
Wire of the winding, partial discharge interphase or inter-winding
Winding wire, partial discharge phase-ground
Winding wire, streaming electrification
Windings, inter-turn problem
Winding, inter-bundle insulation problem
Windings, system overvoltage, lightning

Mechanics:

Open circuit core in grounding strands / shield

switch, socket changer, mechanical problem, for example, shaft, pinion of
came, relay, bearing
Selector, socket changer, mechanical problem, for example, shaft, gear of
came, relay, bearing

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 18

 Cask, arch and sparks from a shield
Winding, loose tightening
Winding, an axial movement, namely telescoping
Winding, radial movement
Winding, spiral movement
Winding and winding wires, mechanical breakage of end support /
end isolation structure
Winding, vibrations
Bushing, connection problems

Thermal:

Core overheating of Bushing / thermal runaway due to

excessive dielectric losses
Basic heating of the eddy currents circulating in the core
Core leakage current to the ground
Selector, socket changer, the growth of pyrolytic carbon
Tank, parasitic leak heating flow of components (includes a flow
excessive and GIC)
Windings, a general overheating / cooler problem
Winding wire, overheating / device problem
cooling
Windings, localized hotspot
Winding, attached overheating

Underlying defects of human origins:

Manufacturing, transport, handling and installation defects,

Defective components,
Inadequate/over-calibrated protections
False maneuvers on the HT side,
Sabotage
Lack of preparation/precaution Natural disasters (storms,
floods, earthquakes...
Lack of maintenance

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 19

 Surge protectors :

Surge protectors
Surge protectors help to eliminate this harmful behavior because they present a
reversible behavior.
These are highly non-linear resistances that show a significant decrease in their
internal resistance above a certain voltage value across the terminals,
Surge protectors are generally used to protect transformers against overvoltages.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 20

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Figure 11: to the right TT and to the left TC

Measuring transformers are transformers that allow the conversion of currents or

high tensions into a measurable and standardized current or voltage, proportionally and in
phase with the primary signal. These can power measuring instruments, meters or
protection relays. Moreover, the connected measuring or protection devices are isolated by
Report to the parties of the installation under tension.

Current transformer:

Current transformers are transformers designed to convert the primary current.

assigned to cross the primary winding..

Voltage transformer:

Voltage transformers are transformers that allow for the conversion of voltages.
raised in magnitudes, measurable proportionally and in phase with the Primary signal.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 21

Splitting tool:

Figure 12: Substation transformer splitter akhfennir

A surge protector is an electrical device used to limit voltage spikes (surge protector function) and
to create ultra-fast short circuits by an electric arc caused by the ionization of a gas.

Three-electrode flashers particularly suited for the protection of paired lines (type line of
telecommunication), they offer protection in common mode (wire 1 with respect to ground, and wire 2 with respect to
to the ground), as well as differential protection (between wire 1 and wire 2).

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 22

Traffic jam circuit:

Figure 13: stopper circuit

The Bouchon Circuits are used to transmit high-frequency communication signals through the
desired lines by blocking other lines, in order to avoid signal loss.

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High Voltage Circuit Breakers:

Figure 14: high voltage circuit breaker Akhfennir station

Figure 15: high voltage circuit breaker nameplate

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Circuit breakers are a central element of air-insulated substations (AIS) and substations.
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). High voltage circuit breakers are switching devices.
mechanisms that open and close electrical circuits (working currents and currents of
default) and which lead the nominal current to the active state.

Order
The control system contains the secondary technical components used to activate the
circuit breaker, which are mainly housed in the control cabinet. The connections of the
Current transformers are also found in the control cabinet. The voltages of
command, triggering, motor and heating are selectable by the customer. Two
Standard order variants are available based on your needs.

Base variant

The base variant contains all the required control and monitoring elements for the
operation of the circuit breaker, and in particular:
19 auxiliary contacts (9 normally closed contacts,
9 contacts to open, 1 passing contact
Switch counter
Local maneuver

Compact variant

In addition to the elements of the base variant, the compact variant includes:
Monitoring of the spring by monitoring the engine running time
Heating surveillance (current measurement relay)
Lighting and power outlet with lighting and socket with a protective circuit breaker
common to facilitate maintenance and upkeep work
Damping of surges
Motor protection breaker
Heating protection circuit breaker

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 25

High Voltage Disconnectors:

Figure 16: section switch nameplate

Figure 17: high voltage disconnect switch (akhfennir station)

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 26

IEC 62271 applies to switchgear and earthing switches for alternating current.
intended for indoors or outdoors in envelope-type or open-type positions, for
tensions exceeding 1,000 V and service frequencies up to and including 60 Hz.
This standard also applies to the control devices of these switches and
ground disconnect switches and their auxiliary equipment.
Additional rules for disconnectors and integrated earthing disconnectors
The apparatus in enclosures is provided in IEC 60298, IEC 60466, and IEC 60517.

Generalities
The disconnectors subject to this Technical Specification are for alternating current for
installation outside and that will be connected in three-phase networks with neutral
rigidly grounded. The devices in question must be

outdoor class expected for exposed situation;

with tringled hubs and rotary knives in a horizontal plane;
with 2 or 3 columns in brown porcelain and electric control
according to the job configuration;
lockable in 'open' or 'closed' position by security lock of
EEM supplies, (one for consignment, the other for locking) installed on
each of the commands of the disconnectors;

installed without particular layout in positions where the ground has a slope of
5% at altitudes not exceeding 1000 m

Wind Energy in Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 27

upper and lower bars games:

Figure 18: bar game

Bar games are round and hollow tubes, essential in the process of
transport of electricity within high voltage stations.

The akhfennir position consists of two sets of lower and upper bars; we use the latter and
in the case of maintenance or a defect, switch to the other set of bars across the span
coupling by a coupling circuit breaker.

Aluminum bars are a top choice alternative to those in

copper

their high strength,

their high resistance to corrosion,
their lightness, which facilitates their implementation,
their cost, significantly lower than their copper equivalent,

are all strengths that make aluminum bar games a contender not to be overlooked
neglect

And conductivity? It is well known that the main advantage of copper is its conductivity,
but here too, aluminum holds up to the comparison.

Sapa produces bar products in a special alloy, ensuring high conductivity.

up to 33.6 S/m.

The Sapa bar games are available in different sizes up to a

diameter of 320mm and a length of 26 meters. The long bar games
are curved on site to give them a pre-stress.

Wind Energy in Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 28

Medium Voltage Cells:

Figure 19: medium voltage cells (coupling)

The medium voltage cells of the MT room of the Akhfennir substation consist of 12 incoming cells.
clusters and coupling cells between the 33 kV busbars.

The cells based on plug-in circuit breaker technology provide effective protection.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 29

SVC Post:

Figure 20: SCV station diagram (energy compensation)

Figure 21: SVC supervision

Electric energy is mainly distributed to users in the form of current.

alternative by high, medium and low voltage networks. The energy consumed is
composed of an 'active' part, transformed into heat or movement, and a part
"reactive" transformed by electric actuators to create their own fields
electromagnetic.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 30

The user only benefits from the energy contribution of the 'active' part; the part
"Reactive" cannot be eliminated but must be compensated by appropriate measures.
The total energy drawn from the distribution network will thus be overall reduced.
Energy savings achieved are in the tens of percent of consumption.
global, placing reactive power compensation processes at the forefront of the battle
for reducing the impact of human activities on the ecosystem of our planet.

A capacitor bank placed close to the load optimizes the power factor.
on the point of the considered network, as well as the flow of reactive power.

Main benefits, for new installations as well as for the existing stock: avoid the
penalties on the energy bill.

Energy suppliers indeed apply 3 types of rates:

Limited power connection (blue tariff), up to 36 kVA: billing per kWh

therefore no compensation application
Monitored power connection (yellow tariff), from 36 kVA to 250 kVA - billing at
kWh consumed AND billing based on kVA subscription. Compensation can
allow to reduce the subscription level or to have more power
available for the same subscription.
Rate beyond 250 kVA - billing for reactive power measured from November to March.

In these last two cases, the installation of a battery of capacitors can therefore generate some
substantial energy savings by avoiding penalties.

release a power reserve on the installation without changing the subscription reduce
process the disruptions on the installation: overheating, unintended triggering, breakage
of equipment, defect in process, etc.
increased equipment lifespan return on investment experienced is
under 3 years

For the existing park, our service also includes:

the inspection of equipment and maintenance (for installations over 10 years old)
the examination of the electricity bill of the site

The SVC post at Akhfennir injects up to 30 M VAR.

capacitors: 78.6 µF

the spools 13:42 H

the resistances :104.52 Ω

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 31

Battery room 127 VDC / 48 VDC :

Figure 22: Battery room (Lead (AGM) 2 V 520 Ah GNB Marathon L2V520)

Strengths

Requires no maintenance
Exceptional power density
Support grids made of quality lead-calcium alloy for better
corrosion resistance

Description

Developed for specific use in telecommunications applications and

energy supplies, this battery offers maximum power and durability for
average and long bridging durations.

Features

Does not require any maintenance (do not add water) throughout the duration of
functioning
Exceptional power density
Absorbent fiberglass separator technology (AGM), high compression
Support grids in a quality lead-calcium alloy for better
corrosion resistance
Very short charging times
Very low gas emission due to a volumetric recombination rate.
internal of 99%
Low discharge rate for extended shelf life
Design Life: up to 12 years

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 32

 High performance according to EUROBAT classification
Solid polypropylene housing resistant to temperatures without issues
higher functioning
Developed with reference to IEC 60896-21-22
Completely recyclable
UL Certified (Underwriter Laboratories)
No transport limitation of ready-to-use blocks, whether on rails, the
route, water or in the air (according to IATA, DGR, phrase A67)

The post battery room akhfennir consists of two groups of batteries 127 VDC and 48
VCC

The role of two groups for auxiliary power supply in case of power outage
alternatively, in this case the batteries only power the SCADA room, the GE and EEM PCs

The 48 VDC group powers the HF "high frequency" room which consists of the devices of
communication over a distance by ONEE and also powers the post meters

Group 127 VCC powers the measuring devices of the entire installation even of the
protective equipment.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 33

generator

Figure 23: akhfennir post generator

Figure 24: nameplate

A generator is an autonomous device capable of producing electricity.

Most groups consist of a thermal engine that drives a generator.

Generators are used either in areas where the distribution network

electricity does not serve, either to cope with a possible power outage.
In the second case, they are often used in addition to a diet without
interruption consisting of a battery of accumulators that powers an inverter. These

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 34

devices are generally used in situations where power interruption
electricity has serious consequences or financial losses, for example in the
hospitals, the industry including the agri-food industry, airports, the centers
computer science, the firefighters for interventions

They run on all fuels. The most common are gasoline, diesel, the
natural gas, LPG, biofuels, and for the more powerful, heavy fuel oil.

The group can be operated in different ways: manually,

electrically or by compressed air, depending on the power.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 35

SCADA room for communication Control room
« supervision » :

Figure 25: SCADA CEGELEC of Akhfennir transformer substation

Figure 26: SCADA ALSTOM akhfennir 1

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 Figure 27: SCADA GENERAL ELECTRIC akhfennir 2

Figure 28: The state of the turbine on ALSTOM SCADA

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Each park is equipped with a SCADA system: control and acquisition system

data (English: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, acronym: SCADA) is a system
large-scale remote management allowing real-time processing of a large number of
telemetry and remotely control the 117 turbines of the Akhfenir park.

In the akhfennir station, three SCADAs are installed: SCADA Cegelec and SCADA Alstom.
and SCADA General Electric

SCADA device, used as a control security tool, is generally

composed of the following subsystems:

Figure 29: SCADA systems

Automated Industrial Programmable, or API, is a programmable electronic device.

intended for the control of industrial processes through sequential processing.

Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is a computing device that presents processes

to the human operator and allows them to control the process. HMI systems are generally
connected to the SCADA system database and to programs capable of calculating
trends, select diagnostic data and management information to modify
the representation of components in the SCADA system interface

The Measurement Mast is an essential device to install in a wind farm, it has several purposes.
to accomplish: to verify the feasibility of the park installation, to determine the sizing
of the turbine on one hand, on the other hand it is connected to the SCADA server in order to accumulate data
weather conditions of the site (wind speed, humidity, air temperature, wind direction,
atmospheric pressure ...) that will

allow then to calculate the energy that the park can produce during a period
data.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 38

THIRD PART

TURBINE

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 39

 Figure 30: Wind turbine diagram

Pales:

The blades are a very important part of the aeromotor, the efficiency, the good
the operation and lifespan of the machine will depend on their design. When they
they are assembled we speak of a helix or a rotor. There are very few manufacturers in the world
capable of building these blades which are now made of fiberglass and carbon fiber.
Due to their length (30 to 40 meters), exceptional convoys are required to transport them.
on the site.
The blades are characterized by:

their length
their width
their profile
their building materials
their number

Regulation and protection system "brake":

It is an essential element for the survival of a wind turbine, in order to avoid destruction.
the wind turbine when the wind is too strong. It is necessary to equip the wind turbine with a system
allowing to reduce the mechanical constraints on the machine in case of overspeed
rotor. These systems can be more or less refined, and more or less automatic.

Most accidents that occurred on a wind turbine are caused by under-braking of

these machines. We are therefore looking to install at least two systems on a wind turbine

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 40

braking to protect the electric generator against overproduction and overheating and
to avoid significant mechanical damage to the wind turbine itself.

The regulation speed is the wind speed at which the regulation mechanism is
fully activated.

The hub:

The hub, also known as the 'nose', is generally a cast steel piece. It supports the blades.
the rotor and is mounted on the slow input shaft of the multiplier. It is equipped with a system of
regulation that allows the modification of the blade pitch (―Pitch‖). The hub is designed of
in a way to allow access for technicians directly from the platform.

The multiplier:
The multiplier allows to transform the power at low speed and at high torque produced
by the wind turbine rotor, into high-speed power and low torque used by the
generator.

The rotation frequency is related to the rotor diameter and decreases as the diameter
increases. The blades turn at a relatively slow speed, around 5 to 15 turns per
minute, d’autant plus lente que l’éolienne est grande.

Most generators need to run at a certain speed (from 1,000 to 2,000

tours/min), to maintain good output from the electric generator it is necessary
to increase the rotation frequency obtained with the aeromotor before driving a
classic electric generator. This increase is achieved using the multiplier,
also called gearbox which is a gear train. In the case of the gearbox
of a wind turbine, a gear system made of wheels is generally used
teeth of different diameters with a different number of teeth. The speed ratio of
The rotation (ω) of the input and output shafts is equal to the ratio of the diameters of the wheels.
of entries.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 41

electric generator
An electric generator is a device that produces electrical energy from
from another form of energy, in the case of a wind turbine it will be the mechanical energy of the wind.

Asynchronous generator

The Asynchronous Machine (ASM) is used in most cases because this generator can
support slight variations in speed which is an asset for wind turbines where the speed
the wind can change rapidly, especially during gusts. These variations in speeds
generate significant mechanical solicitations on the system which are found more
reduced with an asynchronous machine than with a synchronous generator that operates at
fixed speed. The asynchronous machine is little used on isolated sites because it requires some
capacitor banks for the supply of reactive power. The asynchronous generator
needs to operate at a nominal speed of several hundred revolutions per minute, this
which involves the use of a multiplier between the rotor (slow shaft) and the generator (shaft
rapid). This kinetic chain involves friction forces that prevent rotation.
The rotor by weak wind, therefore it is necessary to overcome these inertial forces at startup with a push.
of greater importance.

The asynchronous generator can be:

A wound rotor or with rings. The star-connected rotor windings are connected to a
ring/bracket system allowing access to their terminals for connection of a
static converter in the case of machine control by the rotor.
Squirrel cage. The rotor is made of short-circuited bars connected by rings at both ends.
ends of the frame. The rotor windings are then not accessible.

One can recognize a wind turbine using an asynchronous generator by its elongated shape.
from the nacelle, which houses the kinetic chain.

orientation system :
The orientation system uses electric motors to rotate the nacelle through the
orientation pivot (gear crown: rack) so as to position the rotor facing the wind. The
The orientation device is controlled by an automation system that records the wind direction thanks to the
signals emitted by the weather vane. It also allows to 'lock' the wind turbine in the axis of the wind thanks to
a brake. Ongoing studies conducted by researchers from the University of Stuttgart (Baden-
Württemberg) plan to replace the weather vane with a LIDAR (optical radar that allows for
measure wind speed remotely and capable of detecting gust intensity in advance
approaching) in order to anticipate the speed and direction of the wind, and thus adjust the rotor more
effectively. The anemometer also allows to know the wind speed, connected system of
control it allows to activate the braking mechanisms of the wind turbine in order to slow down or stop
the wind turbine if the wind speed is too high.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 42

the nacelle :
Real machinery room perched at the top of the mast, the nacelle contains all the instruments that
allowing the wind turbine to operate automatically. The whole set can weigh between 300 and 400
tonnes.

Fabrication

Generally, the nacelle shell is made of composite materials. The process of

manufacturing of the nacelle and the rotor nose identical to that of a blade, without requiring the
same precision and the same resistance. The nacelle generally consists of several
sections. The frame of the platform is made up of machined cast parts of large
dimension. The structure of a 2 MW wind turbine is generally made up of 2 or 3
modules that can weigh up to 4.5 tons each.

The mast:
Although mechanically simple, the support pylon of the wind turbine (also called a tower
in the case of large wind turbines) is an important part of the installation for
different reasons :

The wind turbine must be located outside the disturbances caused by the ground and the
surrounding obstacles, the wind is stronger and more consistent there. Generally, the height of the mast
is very slightly larger than the diameter of the blades.
The natural frequency of a rotating machine is always the seat of vibrations; it is
so it is essential that the natural frequency of the tower support is very different from the frequencies
of vibrations (fundamental and harmonics) generated by the wind turbine.
Its conception regarding maintenance, as the support pylon does not allow for maintenance and
easy access to the platform, the machine will be poorly maintained and its lifespan will be affected
reduced. The pole contains the cables that ensure the connection to the distribution network.
Robustness, the pylon must be designed to withstand overloads caused for example by
due to frost or constraints caused by abnormal operation of the wind turbine.
Saforme. In the case of the downwind air motor, it is particularly important to have
use of low drag pylons. The passage of the propeller in the flow zone
Perturbation by the pylon causes mechanical fatigue on the blades and vibrations.
harmful to the proper functioning of the wind turbine.

For low and medium power wind turbines, the support tower can be:

towed vehicle
foldable awning
hull
to lattice

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 43

The coupling cabinet to the electrical network:
The coupling cabinet to the electrical network houses a transformer that allows for increasing the
current voltage produced at the output of the wind turbine (~690 V) to inject it into the grid
distribution (high voltage: ~20kV). It adjusts the frequency of the current produced by the wind turbine to
that of the electrical network to which it is connected (50 Hz Europe). The electricity is then
channeled through a cable to be injected into the electrical grid.

Note: the turbine consists of a PPDM station (base of the mast station) next to the turbine.
and others consist of a cabinet and transformer in the mast

Foundations:

The types of foundations:

There are 2 main types of foundations (also called massifs):

shallow foundations (or gravity foundations), when the foundation soil is homogeneous and
of good load-bearing capacity

foundations on piles, when the bearing ground has too low a bearing capacity and when the
the good soil is located at a significant depth, over 15 m

In certain intermediate cases, it is possible to proceed with mechanical reinforcement of the

soils of sitting in order to implement shallow foundations.

Shallow foundations:

The shallow foundations are composed of a lower slab, topped

of a base including an interface piece (sleeve or anchoring cage) on which the tower of
The wind turbine will be bolted.

For a standard wind turbine with a nominal power of 2 MW, here are the orders of magnitude
regarding shallow foundations:

dish diameter: from 14 m to 20 m

massive height: from 2.5 m to 4 m
volume of concrete: 250 m3at 400 m3
quantity of reinforcing steel: from 30 tons to 48 tons (excluding sleeve / anchoring cage, which weighs between 12 tons and
16 t)
common forms of the plate: circular, octagonal, square

Pile foundations:

Pile foundations consist of a connecting mass resembling a foundation.

superficial, resting on piles generally arranged in a circle under the mass. The piles

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 44

are drilled until they reach the good soil (+ an anchoring depth in this good soil), and
ensuring the transmission of forces between the structure (where the wind turbine is fixed) and the good ground.

For a standard wind turbine with a rated power of 2 MW, here are the orders of magnitude.
concerning pile foundations:

plate diameter: from 12 m to 15 m

height of the massif: from 3 m to 4 m
concrete volume (excluding piles): 250 m3at 350 m3
quantity of reinforcement (excluding piles): from 30 t to 42 t (excluding casing / anchor cage, which weigh
between 12 tons and 16 tons
number of piles: 10 to 12
pile diameter: 800 mm to 1000 mm
depth of the piles: from 10 m to 30 m

Soil improvements:

In the case where the good soil is close to the desired foundation depth (up to about 2m), we
can perform a simple soil substitution. The top layer of the soil is removed to
reach the right ground then it is replaced using large concrete or compacted GNT (Gravel
Untreated) for example. In the case where the good soil is too deep, or if it presents a
very variable altimetry, we can resort to rigid inclusion systems or
columns with controlled modules for example.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 45

ECO turbine specification 1.67-74:

Technology from Alstom installed in the Akhfennir 1 project.

Power :
Rated power 1,670.0 kW
Cut-in wind speed 3.0 m/s
Rated wind speed 13.0 m/s
Cut-out wind speed 25.0 m/s
Survival wind speed 59.5 m/s

Rotor :
Type Asynchronous
Number 1.0
Speed, max 25 m/s
Voltage 690.0 V
Grid connection IGBT
Grid frequency 50/60 Hz

Generator :
Diameter 74.0 m
Swept area 4,301.0 m²
Number of blades 3
Rotor speed, max 19.0 RPM
Tipspeed 73,6 m/s
Type LM 37.3
Material GFRP
Manufacturer LM Fiber Glass
Power density 1 388.3 W/m²
Power density 2 2.6 m²/Kw

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 46

GE turbine specification 1.79-100:
The technology from General Electric that is being installed in the Akhfennir 2 project:

Rotor :
1.7-100
Maximum power output 1620 kW
Diameter 100 m
Number of blades 3
Swept area 7,854 m2
Rotor speed range 9.75 to 16.7 rpm
Rotor speed at rated 15.3
Rotational direction Clockwise looking downwind
Tip speed at rated power 80.3 m/s
Orientation Upwind
Speed regulation Pitch control
Aerodynamic brakes Full feathering

Pitch System:
1.7-100
Principle Independent blade pitch control
Actuation Individual electric drive

Yaw System :
1.7-100
Yaw rate 0.5 degree/s

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 47

Operational Limits :
Maximum 2500 m.
See notes in section maximum
Height above sea level
standard ambient temperature
below.
Standard weather: -15°C / -20°C
Cold weather package: -30 °C/
Minimum temperature (standard) 40 °C
operational / survival Switching on takes place at a
hysteresis of 5K (-10°C resp. -
25°C
+40°C / +50°C
The turbine has a feature reducing
the maximum output, resulting in
minimized
turbine revolutions once the
component temperatures approach
predefined
thresholds. This feature operates
Maximum standard ambient best at higher altitudes, as the heat
temperature (operation / survival) transfer
properties of air diminish with
decreasing density. Please note
that the units are
not de-rated in respect to site
conditions. The units' reactions
related to this
features are based solely on sensor
temperatures.
50 / 60 Hz: (IEC S)
Wind conditions
Vaverage= 7.5 m/s to 8.5 m/s ,
according to IEC 61400
TI = 13% to 16% at 15 m/s
50 / 60 Hz:
Maximum extreme gust (10 min) Standard weather package: 37.5
according to IEC 61400 m/s
Cold weather package: 37.5 m/s

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 48

FOURTH PART

Taches
Performed
Subject of
STAGE

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 49

 As part of my internship, I chose as a subject and task the revision of diagrams.
electric extension project akhfennir 2

The list of plans has been verified:

-schema of auxiliary services CR3

-schema develops arrival group 225 kV No. 3

-schema develops transformer 33 /225 Kv No.3

-single-line diagram of the HT station

unifilar diagram of auxiliary services 127 VCC

automatic TSA permutation scheme

differential schema high voltage bars

-schema develops general segment

-schema develops common section and MT bars

-schema develops counting cabinet No. 3

-principle scheme differential protection bars P740

- Equipment plan for transformer 33/225 KV No. 3

Methods for verifying schemas:

1. wiring of the cabinet on site:

Continuity at the level of a wire in an electrical panel:

If a wire is improperly connected in an electrical panel, continuity will not be present between
each of the electrical connections (for example at the connection in the panel
electric between a phase power charging station and a power supply terminal
the residual current device

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 50

 Figure 31: multimeter for checking electrical circuits

Identification of two electric wires:

This is a very common case: finding two electrical wires at the level of a device (such as
an electrical power outlet for example).

In old electrical panels, the neutral is often installed on a common busbar.

and the phase only is protected by fuse doors.

It is therefore not possible to find out which phase goes with which neutral.

It is by using a device that measures continuity that it is possible to bring together the neutral.
the phase of the electrical circuit concerned in order to protect them under the same circuit breaker.

Continuity of the PE conductor / ground:

Here is another aspect related to security.

The PE conductor (for protective earthing), more simply called the earth wire, must not
not be cut off. It must be able to conduct the fault current to the ground.

Le fil de terre doit donc présenter une continuité électrique parfaite, et c’est à ce niveau qu’on
perform an electrical continuity test to check if the wire is properly connected to the ground (by

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 51

connecting with the measuring device between the main ground terminal and the ground circuit to
control)

2. modified as-built plan by the commissioning team:

Figure 32: the plans of the commissioning team during the project construction

Figure 33: example of modification

Wind Energy of Morocco : ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 52

During the project construction period, the commissioning team comments on
the plans and then I checked whether they really respect the remarks in the diagrams
final.

NOTE: My remarks in collaboration with the AKHFENNIR team.

was shared with the service provider Cegelec,to prepare the
final version of the 'AS-BUILT' plans.

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 53

Also in this internship I discovered the international standards of electrotechnics.

Interest in IEC standards:

The establishment of IEC standards aims to:

facilitate exchanges in the world by removing technical barriers;

ensure the quality of the products;
ensure the interoperability of products and systems;
contribute to safety in the use of products;
contribute to the protection of the environment and quality of life, through
notably energy efficiency and the reduction of CO/CO emissions2

Standards are established by experts grouped in international working groups.

and who represent the manufacturers, users of equipment, as well as representatives of
testing laboratories, consultants, and academics specializing in the relevant field.
These experts are mandated by their national committee; they are responsible for drafting projects that
are submitted to the vote of the national IEC committees and are adopted as standards
international when the required majority of positive votes is obtained (generally a
two-thirds majority.

Brief list of IEC standards:

ISO/IEC 10646: Information technology—Universal coded character set

on several bytes (unicode)
CEI 60027: Literal symbols to be used in electrotechnology
CEI 60063: Series of normal values for resistors and capacitors
IEC 60071: Coordination of insulation (lightning shock tests, etc.)
CEI 60757: Color code for identifying resistors
CEI 60807: Rectangular connectors used at frequencies below 3 MHz
(SUB-D, HE10, etc)
CEI 60880: Nuclear power plants - Important instrumentation and control
for safety - Software aspects of programmed systems performing functions of
category A
IEC 60950: Safety of Information Technology Equipment
CEI 60309: electrical connectors in the industrial domain
EN/CEI 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
CEI 61131: Programmable Automation
CEI 61158: Digital communications for measurement and control systems
Fieldbus used in industrial control systems
IEC 61508: Functional safety of systems
electrical/electronic/programmable electronics related to safety
CEI 61851: Conductive charging system for electric vehicles
CEI 62271: High voltage electrical equipment (circuit breakers...)

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 54

Conclusion :
After training in Electromechanical Systems
automated, I did an internship to discover the field
renewable energy in general and especially energy
wind turbine.
The Akhfennir wind farm commissioned from
January 2013 by a power of 100 MW and extension
in April 2016 by a power of 100 MW.
The park provides 200 MW to the national grid.
electricity to develop domestic production of
Morocco and for export in the future.
So during this internship I discovered several things that
helped me fill what I'm lacking in terms of
knowledge in the field of electrical engineering and for
other knowledge in the field of energy
wind turbine.
These knowledge will be the basis of my studies in
the future has been consolidated by the spirit of research and
teamwork.

Finally, thank you to the EEM family.

Wind Energy in Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 55

Wind Energy of Morocco: ELKHALIL AHMOUDA 56