For a balanced star connected load with line voltage VL and line

current IL
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑍𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = =
3 𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 3𝐼𝐿
𝑉𝐿
∗
∗
∴ 𝑆 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 3𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 3 𝐼𝐿 ∗
1∠30
∴ 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos (θ) ∴ 𝑄𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin (θ)

For a balanced delta connected load with line voltage VL and line
current IL
𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 3𝑉𝐿
𝐼𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟 = =
3 𝐼𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝐼𝐿
∗ 𝑉𝐿
∴𝑆 ∗
𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 3𝑉𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝐼𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 3 𝐼𝐿 ∗
1∠30
∴ 𝑃𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos (θ) ∴ 𝑄𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin (θ)
Analysis of three phase balanced systems
𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝒁𝒔

𝒏 𝑵

𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

Consider 3 phase 3 wire system (with neutral wire absent). For a

balanced system,
• potential of star point N of load is equal to potential of
neutral n of supply.
(a)Single circuit of a three phase system
𝒂 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑨 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑪
𝒃 𝑩
𝒁𝑺 𝒁𝑺 𝒁𝑺

𝑽𝒂𝒏 𝒁𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑽𝒃𝒏 𝒁𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑽𝒑 𝑽𝒄𝒏 𝒁𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑽𝒑

𝑽𝒑

𝒏 𝑵 𝒏 𝑵 𝒏 𝑵
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝒂𝒏 × 𝟑∠𝟑𝟎 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝒃𝒏 × 𝟑∠𝟑𝟎 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝒄𝒏 × 𝟑∠𝟑𝟎
𝒍𝑳 = 𝑰𝒂𝑨 𝒍𝑳 = 𝑰𝒃𝑩 𝒍𝑳 = 𝑰𝒄𝑪
𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑷𝒑 = 𝑷𝒑 = 𝑷𝒑 =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Now we will try to develop a single circuit diagram which represents

the 3 phase system.
Usually, knowing voltage and power are more important from
practical considerations, than current.
Thus reformulate problem to give voltage and power at the desired
values, at the expense of a wrong current.
Multiply source voltage Vp n by 3 .
• increases both current Ip and voltage Vp by 3.
• Phase voltages become line voltages ( 3 times)
• Phase power becomes total power ( 3 × 3 or 3 times)
• Line current increases to 3 times higher (error).

𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 3𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃

+
𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
− 𝑃 = 3𝑃𝑃
Known as equivalent single phase diagram and gives
• Correct voltage as for 3 phase system
• Correct power as for 3 phase system
• but with current being in error by 3 times.
Example:
A three phase VLrms= 400V , 50 Hz, balanced supply feeds a
balanced load consisting of (a) three equal single phase loads of (40
+ j 30) Ω connected in star, and (b) a three phase heating load
(purely resistive) of 1.8 kW. Determine the
a. supply current
b. supply power factor
c. active and reactive power supplied
d. the value of the capacitances that must be connected in delta
to improve the overall power factor to 0.95 lag.

Obtain the result using

(i) one phase of the three phase system, and
(ii) the equivalent single phase circuit.
 𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝐿2 𝑍𝐿1 = 40 + 30𝑗 Ω
𝐼𝐿1
400∠30
+ 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = = 230.9∠0 𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑍𝐿1 3∠30
𝑍𝐿2
− 1.8
𝑃𝑝 = = 0.6 𝑘𝑊
3

230.9∠0 230.9∠0
𝐼𝐿1 = = = 4.618∠ − 36.87 𝑉
40 + 30𝑗 50∠36.87
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1: 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 0.6 𝑘𝑊

600 𝑊
𝐼𝐿2 = = 2.598∠0
230.9 × 1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿1 + 𝐼𝐿2 = 4.618∠ − 36.87 + 2.598∠0
= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟔∠ −𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝑨
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑝𝑓 = cos(0 − −23.77 = 0.915 𝑙𝑎𝑔

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 3 × 400 × 6.876 × cos 23.77 = 4360 𝑊

𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑄 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 3 × 400 × 6.876 × sin 23.77 = 1920 VAR

Capacitances are connected to improve power factor to 0.95.

With pure capacitance, active
power remains at P = 4.360 kW.
𝑄𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑄𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑄𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑛𝑒𝑤

= 4.360 tan 18.19 = 1.433 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑄𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1.920 − 1.433 = 0.487 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

Each of 3 capacitors would provide 1/3 of this reactive power.

0.487
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 0.162 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 𝑉 2 𝐶𝜔
3
If capacitors are connected in delta, then line voltage would appear
across each.
162 = 4002 𝐶 × 100𝜋
𝐶 = 3.230 μ𝐹 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎.

If capacitors are connected in star, then phase voltage would appear

across each.
162 = 230.92 𝐶 × 100𝜋 • Usual to connect
capacitors in delta as the
𝐶 = 9.689 μ𝐹 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎. value required would
then be smaller.
 𝑍𝐿1 = 40 + 30𝑗 Ω
3𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝐿1 𝐼𝐿2
+ 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 400 𝑉
𝑉𝐿 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑍𝐿1 𝑍𝐿2
− 𝑃𝑝 = 1.8 = 1.8 𝑘𝑊

400∠0 400∠0
𝐼𝐿1 = = = 8∠ − 36.87 𝑉
40 + 30𝑗 50∠36.87

𝑃 = 3𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1.8 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1: 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1800
3𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿1 + 𝐼𝐿2
1800 𝑊 = 8∠ − 36.87 + 4.5∠0
𝐼𝐿2 = = 4.5∠0 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟏∠ −𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝑨
400 × 1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟔∠ −𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝑨 (Same)
Example:
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 5.46(a). A delta-connected
source supplies power to a delta-connected load through wires
having impedances of Zline = 0.3 + j0.4 Ω. The load impedances are
ZL = 30 + j6. The source voltages are
Vab = 1000 ∠30, Vbc = 1000 ∠-90, Vca = 1000 ∠-210
By converting the below delta-delta connected circuit to star-star
circuit, find the line current, the line-to-line voltage at the load, the
current in each phase of the load, the power delivered to the load,
and the power dissipated in the line.
To find the line-to-neutral voltage at the load, we write

Now, we compute the line-to-line voltage at the load:

The current through phase AB of the load is

The power delivered to phase AB of the load is the rms current

squared times the resistance:
2
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 31.532 × 30 = 29824.227 𝑊

The powers delivered to the other two phases of the load are the same,
so the total power is
𝑃 = 3𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 89472.681 𝑊
The power lost in line A is
2
𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝐴 = 𝐼𝑎𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 54.602 × 0.3 = 894.348 𝑊
The power lost in the other two lines is the same, so the total line loss is
𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝐴 = 3 × 894.348 = 2683.044 𝑊
 Analysis of three phase unbalanced systems
(a) Star connected supply feeding a star connected load
𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝒁𝒔

𝒏 𝑵
𝒁𝑩𝑵 𝒁𝑨𝑵
𝒁𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍

𝒁𝑪𝑵
𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝑰𝒇 𝒁𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎 𝑉𝑏𝑛
𝐼𝑏𝐵 =
𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐵𝑁
𝐼𝑎𝐴 =
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐴𝑁
𝑉𝑐𝑛
𝐼𝑐𝐶 =
Then load voltages etc can be determined. 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐶𝑁
 𝑰𝒇 𝒁𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 ≠ 𝟎
using Millmann’s theorem, determine voltage of the star point
𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑉𝑐𝑛
σ 𝑌𝑉 + +
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐴𝑁 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐵𝑁 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐶𝑁
𝑉𝑁𝑛 = =
σ𝑌 1 1 1 1
+ + +
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐴𝑁 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐵𝑁 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐶𝑁 𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙

Load currents can be determined from

𝑉𝑎𝑛 − 𝑉𝑁𝑛 𝑉𝑏𝑛 − 𝑉𝑁𝑛
𝐼𝑎𝐴 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 =
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐴𝑁 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐵𝑁

𝑉𝑐𝑛 − 𝑉𝑁𝑛 If 3-wire system, rather than 4-wire

𝐼𝑐𝐶 = system, analysis would correspond
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑍𝐶𝑁
to zneutral = ∞ (1/zneutral = 0).

Millmann’s theorem is used to determine VSN and the load

currents are then determined.
(b) Delta connected supply feeding a delta connected load

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑍𝑆
𝑍𝐴𝐵
𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑍𝑆
𝑉𝑐𝑎
𝑉𝑏𝑐
𝑍𝑆

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
• Line voltages are known so that currents inside delta can be
obtained directly from Ohm’s Law.
• Line currents can then be obtained by phasor addition of currents
inside the delta. The remaining variables are then obtained directly.
(c) Delta connected supply feeding a star connected load

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑍𝑆
𝑍𝐴𝐵
𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑍𝑆

𝑉𝑐𝑎
𝑉𝑏𝑐
𝑍𝑆

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

• not common in practice

• write Kirchoff’s current law equations for the loops and solve
as a normal circuit problem.
(d) Star connected supply feeding a delta connected load
𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝒁𝒔

𝒏
𝒁𝑩𝑵 𝒁𝑨𝑵

𝒁𝑪𝑵
𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

• From phase voltages the line voltages are known. Currents

inside the delta can be obtained directly from Ohm’s Law.
Remaining variables are then obtained.
Example:
The circuit shown in Figure below is a Y-∆-Y connected three-phase circuit. The primaries
of the transformers are Y-connected, the secondaries are ∆ -connected, and the load is Y-
connected. Find the currents ˜IRP , ˜IWP , ˜IBP , ˜IA, ˜IB, and ˜IC.