Power System Analysis

Module 4 – Unsymmetrical Faults on Unloaded

Alternator
Dr. Jayasankar V N
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru
 Introduction to Unsymmetrical Faults
• Most commonly occurring faults are unsymmetrical Faults
• The standard types of unsymmetrical faults considered for analysis include the following
• Line–to–Ground (L-G) Fault
• Line–to–Line (L-L) Fault
• Double Line–to–Ground (L-L-G)Fault
• Three-Phase–to–Ground (LLL-G) Fault.
• The neutrals of various equipment may be grounded or isolated.
• The faults can occur at any general point F of the given system.
• The faults can be through a fault impedance.
• Of the various types of faults as above, the 3-phase fault involving the ground is the most severe
one.
 Introduction to Unsymmetrical Faults
• Line to ground fault (L-G) is most common fault and 65-70 percent of faults are of this type. It
causes the conductor to make contact with earth or ground.
• 15 to 20 percent of faults are double line to ground and causes the two conductors to make
contact with ground.
• Line to line faults occur when two conductors make contact with each other mainly while
swinging of lines due to winds and 5- 10 percent of the faults are of this type.
 Symmetrical Components
• The symmetrical component relational equations derived from the three sequence networks
corresponding to a given unsymmetrical system as a function of sequence impedances and the
positive sequence voltage source in the form as under:
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2
𝑉𝑎0 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0
• These equations are referred as the sequence equations.
 Symmetrical Components
• In matrix form the sequence equations can be considered as:

𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 0 𝑍1 0 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

• During unsymmetrical fault analysis of any given type of fault, two sets of equations as follows
are considered for solving them simultaneously to get the required fault parameters:
• Equations for the conditions under fault
• Equations for the sequence components (sequence equations)
 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
• A conventional generator is one that produces only the balanced voltages.
• Let Ea, Eb and Ec be the internally generated voltages and Zn be the neutral impedance.
• The fault is assumed to be on the phase ‘a’ as shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 and 𝑉𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0

• Solving, 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎 /3

 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator (cont.)
• The sequence equations :
• 𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 and 𝑉𝑎 = 0
𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 0 𝑍1 0 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 + 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2

𝑉𝑎 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 + 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 0

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 (𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) = 0

𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 =
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
𝐼𝑎1 =
𝐸𝑎 synchronous generator (cont.)
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2

3𝐸𝑎
• The fault current 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎1 =
(𝑍0 +𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
• This equation implies that the three sequence networks are
connected in series to simulate SLG fault
𝐸𝑎 (𝑍0 + 𝑍2 )
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 =
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
𝐸𝑎 𝑍2
𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = −
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
𝐸𝑎 𝑍0
𝑉𝑎0 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 = −
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
• Phase voltages can be computed using, 𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance
• A conventional generator is one that produces only the balanced voltages.
• Let Ea, Eb and Ec be the internally generated voltages and Zn be the neutral impedance.
• The fault is assumed to be on the phase ‘a’ through a fault impedance ‘Zf ’ shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 and 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑓
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0

• Solving, 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎 /3

 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
• The sequence equations :
• 𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 and 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑓
𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 0 𝑍1 0 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 + 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2

𝑉𝑎 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 + 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑓

𝑉𝑎 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 + 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 3𝐼𝑎1 𝑍𝑓

𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 (𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 + 3𝑍𝑓 ) = 0

𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 =
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 = and 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
3𝐸𝑎
• The fault current 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎1 =
(𝑍0 +𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
𝐸𝑎 (𝑍0 + 𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 =
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
𝐸𝑎 𝑍2
𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = −
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
𝐸𝑎 𝑍0
𝑉𝑎0 = −𝐼𝑎0 𝑍2 = −
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +3𝑍𝑓 )
• Phase voltages can be computed using,
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
 Problem - 1
A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 per unit. The
negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.10 per unit respectively. The neutral of the
generator is solidly grounded. Determine the subtransient current in the generator and the line to
line voltages for subtransient conditions when a single line to ground fault occurs at the generator
terminals with the generator operating unloaded at rated voltage.
 Single line-to-ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
• A conventional generator is one that produces only the balanced voltages.
• Let Ea, Eb and Ec be the internally generated voltages and Zn be the neutral impedance.
• The fault is assumed to be on the phase ‘a’ as shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0 and 𝑉𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0

• Solving, 𝐼𝑎0 = 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎 /3

 Solution
Since the generator is unloaded, the internal voltage is equal to the terminal voltage. ie. 1.0 pu.
3𝐸𝑎 3 × 1.0
𝐼𝑎 = = = −𝑗4.29𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.35
20 × 1000
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = −𝑗4.29 × = −𝑗3585 𝐴
3 × 13.8
𝑍0 + 𝑍2 𝑗0.10 × 𝑗0.35
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 = 1.0 × = 0.643𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.35

𝑍2 𝑗0.35
𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐸𝑎 = −1.0 × = −0.50𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.35

𝑍0 𝑗0.10
𝑉𝑎0 = −𝐸𝑎 = −1.0 × = −0.143𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.35
 Solution
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 −0.143
𝑉𝑏 = 1 1∠2400 1∠1200 0.643
𝑉𝑐 1 1∠1200 1∠2400 −0.50

𝑉𝑎 0
𝑉𝑏 = −0.215 − 𝑗0.989
𝑉𝑐 −0.215 + 𝑗0.989

13.8
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 0.215 + 𝑗0.989 = 1.01∠770 𝑝𝑢 = 1.01 × = 8.05∠770 𝑘𝑉
3
13.8
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = −0.215 − 𝑗0.989 − 0.215 + 𝑗0.989 = 1.978∠2700 × = 15.73∠2700 𝑘𝑉
3
13.8
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑎 = −0.215 + 𝑗0.989 = 1.01∠102.30 = 1.01 × = 8.05∠102.30 𝑘𝑉
3
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
• The circuit diagram for line to line fault is shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 , 𝐼𝑎 = 0 , 𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼𝑐
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 0
𝐼𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 −𝐼𝑏

• Solving, 𝐼𝑎1 = 13 × 0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 = 𝑗 𝐼𝑏3

1 2
𝐼𝑏
𝐼𝑎2 = × 0 + 𝑎 𝐼𝑏 − 𝑎𝐼𝑏 = −𝑗
3 3

1
𝐼𝑎0 = × 0 + 𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑏 = 0
3
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous (cont.)
• The sequence equations :
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 ⟹ 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

(𝑎2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎1 = (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2
• But,
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍2
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 ⇒ 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍2
𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator (cont.)
𝐸𝑎
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 1
𝑍2
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
𝑍2
𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐸𝑎
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 )

𝑉𝑎0 = 0
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1

𝑉𝑎 = 2𝑉𝑎1

3𝐸𝑎
• Fault current is 𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼𝑐 = −𝑗
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 )
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance
• The circuit diagram for line to line fault through a fault impedance ‘Zf ’ is shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝐼𝑎 = 0 , 𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼𝑐 , 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑍𝑓
𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 0
𝐼𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏
𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 −𝐼𝑏

• Solving, 𝐼𝑎1 = 13 × 0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝐼𝑏 = 𝑗 𝐼𝑏3

1 2
𝐼𝑏
𝐼𝑎2 = × 0 + 𝑎 𝐼𝑏 − 𝑎𝐼𝑏 = −𝑗
3 3

1
𝐼𝑎0 = × 0 + 𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑏 = 0
3
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
• The sequence equations :
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2
𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 ⟹ 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎2 − 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑍𝑓

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎0 1 1 1 0
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑎1 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑎1
• But, 𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝐼𝑎1

𝐼𝑏 = (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝐼𝑎1
(𝑎 2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎1 − (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎2 = (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝐼𝑎1 𝑍𝑓
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
(𝑎2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎1 − (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝑉𝑎2 = (𝑎2 −𝑎)𝐼𝑎1 𝑍𝑓

𝑉𝑎1 − 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍𝑓

𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1

𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍2

𝑉𝑎1 − 𝑉𝑎2 ⇒ 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍2 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍𝑓

𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓
 Line to line fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
𝐸𝑎
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓 ) 1
𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓 )

𝑉𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎2 𝑍2 = 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍2

𝑍2
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓 )

𝑉𝑎0 = 0

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1
3𝐸𝑎
• Fault current is 𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼𝑐 = −𝑗
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 +𝑍𝑓 )
 Problem 2
A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 per unit. The
negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.10 per unit respectively. The neutral of the
generator is solidly grounded. Find the subtransient currents and the line to line voltages at the fault
under subtransient conditions when a line to line fault occurs. Assume that the generator is
unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage when the fault occurs.
 Solution
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑎1 = = = −𝑗1.667𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.35

𝐼𝑎2 = −𝐼𝑎1 = 𝑗1.667𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑎0 = 0

20 × 1000
𝐼𝑏 = −𝑗 3𝐼𝑎1 = −𝑗 3 −𝑗1.667 = −2.892𝑝𝑢 = −2.892 × = −2420𝐴
3 × 13.8
𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎 − 0 𝑍1 0 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑗0.1 0 0 0 0
𝑉𝑎1 = 1 − 0 𝑗0.25 0 −𝑗1.667 = 0.584
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑗0.35 𝑗1.667 0.584
 Solution
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 0 1.168∠00
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑎1 = 1 1∠2400 1∠1200 0.584 = −0.584
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 1 1∠1200 1∠2400 0.584 −0.584

13.8
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 1.168 + 0.584 = 1.752∠00 𝑝𝑢 = 1.752 × = 13.95∠00 𝑘𝑉
3
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = −0.584 + 0.584 = 0

13.8
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑎 = −0.584 − 1.168 = 1.752∠1800 = 1.752 × = 13.95∠1800 𝑘𝑉
3
13.8
• The voltage base is taken as because the internal voltage is taken as 1.0 pu, which is the
3
phase to neutral voltage.
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
• The circuit diagram for line to line to ground fault is shown in figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 = 0 , 𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 /3
𝑉𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0 = 𝑉𝑎 /3
𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝑉𝑎 /3

𝑉𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2

𝑉𝑎0 𝑉𝑎2
𝐼𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2 = − + 𝐼𝑎1 − =0
𝑍0 𝑍2
𝑉𝑎1 𝑉𝑎1
⇒− + 𝐼𝑎1 − =0
𝑍0 𝑍2
𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
⇒− + 𝐼𝑎1 − =0
𝑍0 𝑍2
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 − − =0
𝑍0 𝑍2

𝑍1 𝑍1 1 1
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 1+ + = 𝐸𝑎 +
𝑍0 𝑍2 𝑍0 𝑍2

𝑍 𝑍
1 + 𝑍1 + 𝑍1
0 2
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 = 𝐸𝑎
1 1
+ • Sequence voltages are equal, so they have to
𝑍0 𝑍2
1 𝑍1
be connected in parallel.
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 + = 𝐸𝑎
1
+
1 1
+
1 • The sequence current equation is also
𝑍0 𝑍2 𝑍0 𝑍2 satisfied in the diagram.
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍0 || 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 = 𝐸𝑎
𝐸𝑎
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍0 || 𝑍2
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator
𝑉𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
𝑉𝑎2
𝐼𝑎2 = −
𝑍2
𝑉𝑎0
𝐼𝑎0 = −
𝑍0
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 2𝐼𝑎0 + (𝑎2 +𝑎)𝐼𝑎1 + (𝑎2 +𝑎)𝐼𝑎1

𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 2𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎1 − 𝐼𝑎2 = 3𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎1 − 𝐼𝑎2 = 3𝐼𝑎0

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = 3𝑉𝑎1

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 = 0
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance
• The circuit diagram for line to line to ground fault through a fault impedance ‘Zf ’ is shown in
figure.
• The conditions under fault:
• 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 = (𝐼𝑏 +𝐼𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑓 =InZf ,𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝑉𝑎0 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑎0 𝑉𝑎 (𝑉𝑎 +2𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 )/3
1 1 1
• 𝑉𝑎1 = 1/3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 = (𝑉𝑎 +(𝑎 + 𝑎2 )𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 )/3
𝑉𝑎2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 (𝑉𝑎 +(𝑎 + 𝑎2 )𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 )/3
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2
1
𝑉𝑎0 − 𝑉𝑎1 = 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑎2 ) 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓
3
1
𝑉𝑎0 − 𝑉𝑎1 = 3 − (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑍𝑓 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓
3
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2

𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 2𝐼𝑎0 + (𝑎2 +𝑎)𝐼𝑎1 + (𝑎2 +𝑎)𝐼𝑎1

𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 2𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎1 − 𝐼𝑎2 = 3𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎0 − 𝐼𝑎1 − 𝐼𝑎2 = 3𝐼𝑎0

𝑉𝑎0 − 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑍𝑓 = 3𝐼𝑎0 𝑍𝑓

−𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 − 𝑉𝑎1 = 3𝐼𝑎0 𝑍𝑓

𝐼𝑎0 𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 = −𝑉𝑎1 = − 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1

𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
𝐼𝑎0 = −
𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓
 Line to line to ground fault on an unloaded
synchronous generator through a fault impedance (cont.)
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2 = 0

𝐸𝑎 −𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 𝑉𝑎2
𝐼𝑎 = − + 𝐼𝑎1 − =0
𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 𝑍2

𝐸𝑎 −𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 𝐸𝑎 −𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1
𝐼𝑎 = − + 𝐼𝑎1 − =0
𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 𝑍2

𝑍1 𝑍1 1 1
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 1+ + = 𝐸𝑎 +
𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓

𝐸𝑎
⇒ 𝐼𝑎1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍0 +3 𝑍𝑓 )|| 𝑍2
 Problem 3
• A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 per unit. The
negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.10 per unit respectively. The neutral of the
generator is solidly grounded. Find the subtransient currents and the line to line voltages at the
fault under subtransient conditions when a double line to ground fault occurs. Assume that the
generator is unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage when the fault occurs.
 Solution
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑎1 = = = −𝑗3.05𝑝𝑢
𝑍0 𝑍2 𝑗0.1 × 𝑗0.35
𝑍0 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 𝑗0.1 + 𝑗0.35
+ 𝑗0.25

𝑉𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑍1 = 1.0 − −𝐽3.05 × 𝐽0.25 = 0.237𝑝𝑢

𝑉𝑎2 0.237
𝐼𝑎2 = − =− = 𝑗0.68𝑝𝑢
𝑍2 𝑗0.35
𝑉𝑎0 0.237
𝐼𝑎0 = − =− = 𝑗2.37𝑝𝑢
𝑍0 𝑗0.1
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎2 = 𝑗2.37 + 𝑎2 × −𝑗3.05 + 𝑎 × 𝑗0.68 = 4.81∠132.5°
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝑗2.37 + 𝑎 × −𝑗3.05 + 𝑎2 × 𝑗0.68 = 4.81∠47.5°

20 × 1000
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑗7.11𝑝𝑢 = 𝑗7.11 × = 5950∠90°
3 × 13.8
 Solution
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑐 = 0

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎0 + 𝑉𝑎1 + 𝑉𝑎2 = 3𝑉𝑎1 = 3 × 0.237 = 0.711𝑝𝑢

13.8
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 0.711 − 0.711𝑝𝑢 = 0.711 × = 5.66∠00 𝑘𝑉
3
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 0

13.8
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑎 = 0 − 0.711 = −0.711 = −0.711 × = 5.66∠1800 𝑘𝑉
3
 Problem 4
• A 60 Hz turbogenerator is rated 10,000 kVA, 13.8 kV. It is Y-connected, solidly grounded and is
operating at rated voltage at no load. It is disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances
are X’’=X2=0.15 and X0=0.05 per unit. Find the following:
A) ratio of the subtransient line current for a single line to ground fault to the subtransient
line current for a symmetrical three phase fault.
B) ratio of the subtransient line current for a line to line fault to the subtransient line
current for a symmetrical three phase fault.
 Solutions
• Single line to ground fault:
3𝐸𝑎 3 × 1.0
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = = = −𝑗8.571𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.15
• Line to line fault
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 = −𝑗 3𝐼𝑎1 = −𝑗 3 = −𝑗 3 = −5.773𝑝𝑢
(𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.15
• Three phase fault:
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = = = −𝑗6.667𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 𝑗0.15

𝐼𝑓_𝑆𝐿𝐺
• Case A: = 8.571/6.667 = 1.286
𝐼𝑓_3𝑝ℎ

𝐼𝑓_𝐿𝐿
• Case B: = 5.773/6.667 = 0.866
𝐼𝑓_3𝑝ℎ
 Problem 5
• A generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is Y-connected, solidly grounded and is operating at
rated voltage at no load. It is disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are
X’’=X2=0.15 and X0=0.05 per unit.
A) Determine the inductive reactance in ohms to be inserted in the neutral connection of the
generator to limit the subtransient current for single line to ground fault to that of three
phase fault.
B) With the inductive reactance inserted, find the ratio of subtransient line currents for double
line to ground fault to the subtransient line current for a three phase fault
 Solution
• Three phase fault current
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = = = −𝑗6.667𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 𝑗0.15
(A)
• Let ‘x’ be the inductive reactance to be inserted in the neutral,
• Single line to ground fault current
3𝐸𝑎 3 × 1.0
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎 = = = −𝑗6.667𝑝𝑢
(𝑍0 + 𝑍1 +𝑍2 ) 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗3𝑥 + 𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.15

3
= −𝑗6.667 ⇒ x = 0.0333pu
𝑗(0.35 + 𝑥)

222
x = 0.0333 × = 0.3226𝑜ℎ𝑚
500
 Solution
(B) Double line to ground fault current
𝑍0 = 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗3 × 0.0333 = 𝑗0.15
𝐸𝑎 1.0
𝐼𝑎1 = = = −𝑗4.44𝑝𝑢
𝑍0 𝑍2 𝑗0.15 × 𝑗0.15
𝑍0 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.15
+ 𝑗0.15

𝑗0.15
𝐼𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑎0 = −𝑗4.44 = 𝑗2.22𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.3
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎2 = 𝑗2.22 + 𝑎2 × −𝑗4.44 + 𝑎 × 𝑗2.22 = 6.667∠150°
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎0 + 𝑎𝐼𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝐼𝑎2 = 𝑗2.22 + 𝑎 × −𝑗4.44 + 𝑎2 × 𝑗2.22 = 6.667∠30°
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑗6.667𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐺
= 6.667/6.667 = 1.0
𝐼𝑓_3𝑝ℎ