ES Unit-2

1EE801:Electrical Science
Unit-2: Single-phase AC Circuits
Generation of alternating emf and associated terms, phasor

representation, Analysis of RL circuits. Resonance in RLC
series and parallel circuit, related numerical.
26-09-2023 Electrical Science 1

Introduction to Single phase AC circuit
❖ Generation of alternating emf:
➢ The angle θ through which the coil has rotated in t seconds = ωt
➢ the component of flux along perpendicular to the plane of coil = Φmax cos ωt.
➢ Hence flux linkages of the coil at this instant = Number of turns on coil × linking flux
➢ i.e; instantaneous flux linkages = N Φmax cos ωt.
➢ Since emf induced in a coil is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages with minus sign,
➢ EMF induced at any instant:
➢ When ωt = 0, sin ωt = 0, therefore, induced emf is maximum, which is denoted by Emax = ΦmaxNω
➢ Instantaneous emf,

Introduction to Single phase AC circuit
❖ Associated terminologies :
➢ The Period, (T) is the time duration in seconds that the

waveform takes to repeat itself. This can also be called
the Periodic Time of the waveform for sine waves, or
the Pulse Width for square waves.
➢ Complete set of variations of the current in one time
period T is called cycle.
➢ The Frequency, (ƒ) is the number of times the waveform
repeats itself within one second time period. Frequency is
the reciprocal of the time period, ( ƒ = 1/T ) with the unit
of frequency being the Hertz, (Hz).
➢ The angular velocity, ω=2π/T=2πf (rad/s)
➢ The Amplitude (A) is the magnitude or intensity of the
signal waveform measured in volts or amps.
➢ Peak/Maximum value of the AC signal refers to it’s
maximum amplitude, Amax or Am
➢ Average/ Mean value of AC signal:
➢ Effective/ Root mean square (RMS) value of AC signal:

Instantaneous value of AC
• The instantaneous value of a single phase AC voltage with zero phase reference and angular
frequency of ω = 2𝜋𝑓 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠), could be expressed as, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡(Volt) for a peak voltage of
Vm.
• The instantaneous value of a single phase AC current with a phase difference ( radian) and angular
frequency of ω = 2𝜋𝑓 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠), could be expressed as, 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 −  𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 for a peak
current of Im.
Example 1.

Average Value of Periodic waveform: Graphical Method
❖ For Symmetrical waveforms, the average value calculated over one cycle becomes equal to zero because the positive
area cancels the negative area. Hence for symmetrical waveforms, the average value is calculated for half cycle.
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠

Average Value of Periodic waveform: Analytic Method
1 𝑇
❖ The average value of alternating current could be estimated analytically by: 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇 ‫׬‬0 𝑖𝑑𝜃
❖ For Symmetrical waveforms, the average value calculated over one cycle becomes equal to zero because the positive
area cancels the negative area. Hence for symmetrical waveforms, the average value is calculated for half cycle.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

RMS Value of Periodic waveform: Graphical Method
The effective value of an AC signal is estimated by considering root mean square of the instantaneous values over the
complete cycle, known as RMS value. The graphical method apply RMS for mid-ordinates as:

RMS Value of Periodic waveform: Analytic Method
1 𝑇 2
The effective or RMS value of alternating current could be estimated analytically by: 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ‫𝜃𝑑 𝑖 ׬‬
𝑇 0

Numerical on RMS Value of Periodic waveform
Q.2 Find the RMS value of the full-wave rectifier output: Q.3 Find the RMS value of the periodic function shown in figure below:

RMS & Avg Value of Periodic waveform
Waveform Type Formula for RMS Voltage Formula for Avg Voltage
Sine Wave VRMS = VPK/√2 VAV = 0
Full rectified wave VRMS = VPK/√2 VAV = 0.637 VPK
Half rectified wave VRMS = VPK/2 VAV = 0.318 VPK
Sine wave with DC offset VRMS = √(VDC2+VPK2/2) VAV = Vdc
Half sine with duration T and

VRMS = VPK x √(f x T/2) VAV = 2f x T x VPK/π
frequency f
Positive square wave with duration

VRMS = VPK x √(f x T) VAV = f x T x VPK
T and frequency f
Saw tooth wave with duration T

VRMS = VPK x √(f x T/3) VAV = f x T x VPK/2
and frequency f
Trapezoidal wave with frequency f,

VRMS = VPK x √(fx ((B-T)+3xT)/3) VAV = f x VPK x ((T+B)/2)
top segment T, and base segment B.

Form Factor and Peak Factor:
Waveform Type Formula for Form Factor Value

Sine Wave π/2√2 1.11072073
Half wave rectified sine wave π/2 1.5707963
Full wave rectified sine wave π/2√2 1.11072073
Square wave 1 1
Triangle waveform 2/√3 1.15470054
Saw-tooth waveform 2/√3 1.15470054

Associated terminologies in AC system, peak, rms, average value:
Since, the effective value or the (rms) value is
1 𝑡𝑜+𝑇 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑋𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑥 𝑡
𝑇 𝑡𝑜
And the average value is:
1 𝑡𝑜 +𝑇
𝑋𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑡𝑜
Then the Form Factor 𝑘𝑓 is:
𝑋𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑘𝑓 =
𝑋𝑎𝑣
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥

Also, the Peak Factor or Crest Factor 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑋𝑟𝑚𝑠
Hence, for any sinusoidal function like AC current or Voltage
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 0.707𝐼
𝑘𝑓 = = 0.637𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.11
𝐼𝑎𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑓 = = 0.707𝐼 = 1.414
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Numerical on RMS Values
of periodic signals
Q4. Determine the RMS value of the
given wave forms/functions:

Numerical on RMS and AVG values:
AC Signals with DC offset:
𝒊 = 𝑰𝒅𝒄 + 𝑰𝟏𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐

Then the RMS value could be estimated by:
𝟐 𝟐
𝑰𝟏𝒎 𝑰𝟐𝒎
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑰𝒅𝒄 𝟐 + +
𝟐 𝟐
Q.5 Determine the RMS value of the following AC Signals:

(a) 𝒗 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 (b) 𝒊=𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝜽+𝟏𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝜽

Clipped AC Signals :
Q.6. A full wave rectified wave is clipped at 70.7% of its
peak value as shown in Figure. Determine:
(a) Average value
(b) RMS value
(c) Form factor
(d) Peak factor
Solution: The waveform can be expressed as:

Clipped AC Signals :
Solution: RMS Value:

Triangular signal:
Q.7. Determine:
(a) Average value
(b) RMS value
(c) Form factor
(d) Peak factor
Solution:

Triangular signal:
Q.8. Determine:
(a) Average value
(b) RMS value
(c) Form factor
(d) Peak factor
Solution: The waveform can be expressed as:

Phasor and complex representation of alternating quantities:
Phasors
A phasor, or phase vector, is a
representation of a sinusoidal wave
whose amplitude , phase , and
frequency are time-invariant.
The phasor spins around

the complex plane as a
function of time.
Phasors of the same

frequency can be added.
Single-Phase AC system Three-Phase AC system

Phasor representation of alternating quantities:

Phasor Addition of alternating quantities: Example: Q.9 Draw the phasor of the
currents expressed below and find
their sum:
𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵
𝑅= 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Ans:
𝐴3𝑥 = 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2

𝐴3𝑦 = 𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2
Resultant;
𝐴3 = 𝐴3 (∅2 -∅1 )
𝐴3 = 𝐴3𝑥 2 + 𝐴3𝑦 2
−1
𝐴3𝑦
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
Phasor Addition using method of Components 𝐴3𝑥

Complex representation of alternating quantities:
Complex Numbers (Engineering convention)
We define a complex number with the form Complex Plane

Or, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦; Where, 𝑗 = −1 = 𝑖
Where , are real numbers.
The real part of , written is .
The imaginary part of z, written , is .
• Notice that, confusingly, the imaginary part

is a real number.
So we may write as and

Representation of Complex Phasors:
Complex numbers could be expressed in 4-forms:
1. Cartesian or Rectangular form: 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚
2. Trigonometric form: 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒛 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
3. Exponential form: 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝜽
4. Polar form: 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝜽
Numericals:
✓ Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers is Q10. Express the following phasor in polar form and
easier in Cartesian form: estimate:
➢ 𝒛𝟏 ± 𝒛𝟐 = (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) ± 𝒋(𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
1. 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝒋4 1. 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑
✓ Whereas, Multiplication and Division of complex 2. 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 − 𝒋𝟖 2. 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑
numbers is easier in polar form:
➢ 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐  𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 3. 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 3. 9-j4 =9.85  − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟔
4. 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 4. -3+j12=12.37 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟑
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
➢ =  𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 5. 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐 5. 𝟓𝟎𝟎
6.
𝒛𝟏 6. 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟔
𝒛𝟐
Polar ⇒ Rectangular Conversion
5∠53.13 = a+ jb
F= ( 5, 53.13 )
Rec
Rec ( 5, 53.13) 3.999994641
3.000007146
X=3.000007146,Y

Rectangular ⇒ Polar Conversion
3 + j 4 = r∠𝜃
F= ( 3, 4 )
Pol
Pol ( 3, 4 ) 53.13010235 5
r=5, 𝜃=53.130102

Analysis of RL, RC, RLC based AC circuits…
Phasor Analysis of R (purely Resistive) circuits:
Circuit Impedance:
Z = R + j0 = R Ω
Phase Relationship:

Phasor Analysis of L (purely Inductive) circuits:
Phase Relationship:

Phasor Analysis of C (purely Capacitive) circuits:
Phase Relationship:

Phasor Analysis of RL (Resistive + Inductive) circuits:
Z = R + jXL Ω

Phasor Analysis of RC (Resistive + Capacitive) circuits:
Z = R - jXC Ω

Phasor Analysis of RLC (Resistive + Inductive + Capacitive) circuits:
Z = R - j(XL-XC) = R - jXT Ω
Impedance Triangle
Summary of Analysis of RLC based AC circuits…
Impedance triangle

Analysis of RLC circuits, related numerical:
Q.11 A sinusoidal voltage supply defined

as: V(t) = 100 x cos(ωt + 30o) is connected to a pure resistance
of 50 Ohms. Determine its impedance and the peak value of
the current flowing through the circuit. Draw the
corresponding phasor diagram.
Q.12 A coil has a resistance of 30Ω and an inductance of 0.5H.

If the current flowing through the coil is 4amps. What will be
the rms value of the supply voltage if its frequency is 50Hz?

Analysis of RLC circuits, related numerical:
Q.13 A capacitor which has an internal resistance of 10Ω Q.14 A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an
and a capacitance value of 100uF is connected to a inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are
supply voltage given as V(t) = 100 sin (314t). Calculate the connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
peak current flowing into the capacitor. Also construct a the total circuit impedance, the circuits current, power
voltage triangle showing the individual voltage drops. factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.

Power in single-phase ac circuits, concept of active, reactive and
apparent power, power triangle:
❖ P is the Real power of the circuit also known as Active power,

True power, Wattful or Usefull power, that performs the work
& measured in watts (W), kilo-watts (kW), Mega-watts (MW).
Power Triangle
❖ Q is the Reactive power of the circuit also known as Reactive
power, Wattless power, that does not perform any work but
supports in flow of P & measured in volt-amperes reactive
(VAr), kilo- volt-amperes reactive (kVAr), Mega- volt-amperes
reactive (MVAr).
❖ S is the Apparent power measured in volt-amperes (VA), kilo-

volt-amperes (kVA), Mega-volt-amperes (MVA).
❖ Φ is the phase angle in degrees.

❖ The larger the phase angle, the greater the reactive power
❖ Cos(Φ) = P/S = W/VA = power factor (p.f.) of the circuit.
❖ Power factor of the an AC circuit is defined as the ratio of real
power (P) to apparent power (S)

Numerical: Power in single-phase ac circuits
Q.15 A wound coil that has an inductance of 180mH and a
resistance of 35Ω is connected to a 100V 50Hz supply. Calculate:
a) the impedance of the coil, b) the current, c) the power factor,
and d) the apparent power consumed.
Also draw the resulting power triangle for the above coil.
Solution:
Data given: R = 35Ω, L = 180mH, V = 100V and ƒ = 50Hz

Combination of series-parallel circuits, its solution through phasor diagram:

Impedance and Admittance calculation, and complex representations :

Combination of Series-Parallel circuits, it’s Impedance & Admittance:

Series parallel Circuit
▪ A series parallel circuit consists of impedances in series and parallel.
▪ To find equivalent impedance for impedances in parallel, it is easier to convert them into
admittance (Y) and then convert it back to impedance (Z) as Y=1/Z .
Q.16 Find Net impedance of the circuit

Series parallel Circuit contd…

Resonance in Series RLC circuit
What is Resonance?
➢ The term resonance (from Latin resonantia, 'echo',
from resonare, 'resound') originated from the field of
acoustics.
➢ Resonance describes the phenomenon of
increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of
a periodically applied force is equal or close to a natural
frequency of the system on which it acts.
➢ The frequency at which the response amplitude is a relative
maximum is known as resonant frequency of the system.
➢ When an oscillating force is applied at a resonant
frequency of a dynamic system, the system will oscillate at
a higher amplitude than when the same force is applied at
other, non-resonant frequencies.
Where do Resonance occur?
➢ Resonance phenomena occur with all types of vibrations or waves: there is mechanical resonance, acoustic
resonance, electromagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron spin resonance (ESR) and
resonance of quantum wave functions. Resonant systems can be used to generate vibrations of a specific frequency
(e.g., musical instruments), or pick out specific frequencies from a complex vibration containing many frequencies (e.g.,
filters)

Resonance in Series RLC circuit
▪ In this circuit energy is stored in two distinct ways.
▪ When current flows in an inductor, energy gets stored in

the magnetic field.
▪ When capacitor is charged, energy gets stored in the

static electric field.
▪ The magnetic field in the inductor is built by the current

provided by the discharging current.
▪ Similarly, the capacitor is charged by the current

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) produced by decaying magnetic field of inductor.
▪ This process continues and cause electrical energy to

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 oscillate between the magnetic field and electric field.
▪ The presence of resistor makes oscillation induced in

1 the circuit to die out over a period of time if it is not kept
𝑋𝐶 = supplied from the source.
2𝜋𝑓C
Resonance in Series RLC circuit contd…
Fig.: Variation of Current (I) vs. Frequency (f)
Fig.: Phasor Diagram during resonance

Graph of R, XL, XC and Z w.r.t. frequency

Example: Resonance in Series RLC circuit

Q-factor
▪ At series resonance, the Q-factor = Voltage across L or C Reactive power
Q-factor =
circuit draws maximum Supply voltage Resistive power
current from the mains.
𝐼0 𝑋𝐿 𝐼0 𝑋𝐶 𝐼02 𝑋𝐿 𝐼02 𝑋𝐶
= or = 2 or
𝐼0 𝑅 𝐼0 𝑅 𝐼0 𝑅 𝐼02 𝑅
▪ This produces a very large
drop across L and C. 𝑋 𝑋 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 1
= 𝐿
or 𝐶
= or
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝜔𝑟 𝐶𝑅
▪ This voltage drops are
many times the applied 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 1
= or =
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
or
1
voltage. 𝑅 𝜔𝑟 𝐶𝑅 𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶𝑅
▪ This voltage =
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
or
1
1 𝐿
magnification produced 𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶𝑅 =
𝑅 𝐶
across L and C by
resonance is known as 1 𝐿 1
= ∵ 𝑓𝑟 =
Quality factor (Q-factor). 𝑅 𝐶 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

Bandwidth (B.W.)
▪ The bandwidth (BW) of a resonant circuit is
defined as the total number of cycles below and
above the resonant frequency for which the
current is equal to or greater than 70.7% of its
resonant value.
▪ The two frequencies in the curve that are at 0.707
of the maximum current are called band, or half-
power frequencies
▪ It is the range of frequencies between upper
(half-power) frequency 𝑓2 and lower (half-power)
frequency 𝑓1 for which the power dissipated in
the resistance is equal to or greater than half the
power dissipated at resonance.
B.W. = ∆𝑓 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 hz
Or B.W. = ∆𝜔 = 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 rad/s
Bandwidth (B.W.) contd…
𝑉 𝑉
▪ 𝐼0 = and 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 =
𝑅 𝑍

Relation between Q-factor and Bandwidth (B.W.)
𝜔𝑟 𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
▪ Q-factor = =
𝑅 𝑅
𝑓𝑟
= 𝑅ൗ
2𝜋𝐿
𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑟 𝜔𝑟
⇒ Q-factor = = =
B.W. 𝑓2 −𝑓1 𝜔2 −𝜔1
𝜔𝑟 𝑓𝑟
⇒ Q-factor = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Band width
= =
𝜔𝐻 −𝜔𝐿 𝑓𝐻 −𝑓𝐿

Numerical
Q.17 A series R-L-C circuit has R=10 Ω, L= 25 mH and C= 100 𝜇𝐹. Find: Resonant frequency,
Q-factor and Band width.
Solution:

Numerical
Q.18 A series R-L-C circuit has R=10 Ω, L= 0.01 H
and C= 100 𝜇𝐹. Find: 𝑓𝑟 , Q and B.W.
Ans:
𝑓𝑟 = 159.15 hz,
Q = 0.999 or 1
and B.W = 159.15 hz

Numerical 8
Q.19 A voltage 𝑣 = 10 sin 𝜔𝑡 is applied to a series RLC
circuit. At resonant frequency, the maximum voltage
across capacitor is 500 V. Bandwidth is 400 rad/sec. and
impedance at resonance is 100 Ω.
Find:
(a) the resonant frequency
(b) values of R, L and C
(c)lower and upper half power frequencies.
Ans:
(a)𝑓r = 4502 Hz
(b) L = 250 mH; C= 5 nF
(c) 𝑓L=4470.17 hz ; 𝑓H=4533.83 hz
pg#465 UAP

Self Study: Resonance in RLC parallel circuit
Figure below shows a parallel resonance circuit. The parallel resonance occurs when XL = XC. The current in two branches
are equal and opposite (180o out of phase). Thus two currents cancel each other and total current is zero.
1
Impedance of first branch: 𝑍1 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿; Admittance of first branch: 𝑌1 =
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑗 1
Impedance of second branch: 𝑍2 = 𝑅𝐶 − ; Admittance of second branch: 𝑌2 = 𝑗
𝜔𝐶 𝑅𝐶 − 𝜔𝐶
𝑗
1 1 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅𝐶 + 𝜔𝐶
𝑌𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 = + = 2 +
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅 − 𝑗 𝑅𝐿 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 𝑅2 + 1
𝐶 𝜔𝐶 𝐶 𝜔2𝐶 2
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐶 1ൗ 𝜔𝐿
= 2 + + 𝑗 𝜔𝐶 −
𝑅𝐿 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 𝑅2 + 1 𝑅 2
+
1 𝑅𝐿2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2
𝐶 𝜔2𝐶 2 𝐶 𝜔2𝐶 2

Self Study: Resonance in RLC parallel circuit
At resonance, circuit has no susceptance, i.e.
1
𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐶
=
𝑅𝐿2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 1
𝑅𝐶2 + 2 2
𝜔 𝐶
1 1
𝜔𝐿 𝑅𝐶2 + 2 2 = 𝑅𝐿2 + 𝜔2 𝐿2
𝜔 𝐶 𝜔𝐶
1 1 2
𝜔2 𝑅𝐶2 + 2 2 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝜔2 𝐿2
𝜔 𝐶 𝐿𝐶
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 2
𝜔 𝑅𝐶 + 2 = 𝑅 + 𝜔 𝐿
𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝐿𝐶 1 1
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟 =
1 𝑅𝐿2 − 𝐿ൗ𝐶 𝐿𝐶 2 𝐿𝐶
𝜔𝑟 =
𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶2 − 𝐿ൗ𝐶
➢ At resonance, the capacitive current and inductive currents cancel each other i.e.,
the imaginary components of IL¬ and IC must cancel each other.
➢ Properties of Parallel RLC Resonance Circuit
(i) Power factor is unity.
(ii) Current at resonance is in phase with the applied voltage.
(iii) The admittance is minimum and the net susceptance is zero at resonance.
(iv) The net impedance of parallel resonating circuit is maximum.

ES Unit-2

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1EE801:Electrical Science

Unit-2: Single-phase AC Circuits

Generation of alternating emf and associated terms, phasor

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➢ The Period, (T) is the time duration in seconds that the

➢ Effective/ Root mean square (RMS) value of AC signal:

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𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

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Sine Wave VRMS = VPK/√2 VAV = 0

Full rectified wave VRMS = VPK/√2 VAV = 0.637 VPK

Half rectified wave VRMS = VPK/2 VAV = 0.318 VPK

Sine wave with DC offset VRMS = √(VDC2+VPK2/2) VAV = Vdc

Half sine with duration T and

Positive square wave with duration

Saw tooth wave with duration T

Trapezoidal wave with frequency f,

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Waveform Type Formula for Form Factor Value

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𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥

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𝒊 = 𝑰𝒅𝒄 + 𝑰𝟏𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐

Q.5 Determine the RMS value of the following AC Signals:

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Solution: The waveform can be expressed as:

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Solution: The waveform can be expressed as:

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The phasor spins around

Phasors of the same

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𝐴3𝑥 = 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2

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We define a complex number with the form Complex Plane

Where , are real numbers.

The real part of , written is .

The imaginary part of z, written , is .

• Notice that, confusingly, the imaginary part

So we may write as and

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1. Cartesian or Rectangular form: 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚

2. Trigonometric form: 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒛 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽

3. Exponential form: 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝜽

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