AC FUNDAMENTALS

By Nagaling Gurav
Dept. of EEE
Assistant Professor
NIEIT
Mysuru
 What is Alternating Current
 Is the current which changes periodically both in magnitude and
directions
Magnitude and
Direction
90 changes with
Time
+ +
180
0

-
270
ADVANTAGE OF AC
 ADVANTAGES OF PURE SINE WAVE
 Pure sinusoidal wave is preferred over triangle a.c , rectangular a.c
etc.
 Mathematically its easy to write equation
 Any other type of waveform can be resolved into a series of sine or cosine
wave of fundamental an higher frequency , sum of all these waves gives
the original wave form. Hence sinusoidal is a the standard.
 Sine and cosine wave can pass through linear circuit containing (R,L and
C) with out distortion
 Integration and Derivative of a sinusoidal function is again a sinusoidal
function
ELECTRICAL FLUX
 Electric flux, property of an electric field that may be thought of
as the number of electric lines of force (or electric field lines)
that intersect a given area. ... Electric field lines are considered to
originate on positive electric charges and to terminate on negative
charges.
 FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Electromagnetic induction is where a voltage or

current is produced in a conductor by a changing
magnetic flux. It may happen when a magnet is
moved in a solenoid, thus changing the magnetic
flux.
GENERATION OF A.C VOLTAGE
 EMF or Current

+e

-e

θ or t in x axis

θ=ωt
GENERATION OF AC SINE WAVE
• Conductor moving parallel to lines of flux, conductors cuts
no flux. hence emf induced id Zero
• Conductor moving perpendicular to lines of flux, conductor
cuts maximum flux. hence emf induced is maximum
• At position A;θ=0:- conductor moving parallel to lines of
flux, emf induced id Zero
• At position C; θ=π/2:-conductor moving perpendicular to
lines of flux, emf induced is maximum.
• At position E; θ=π :- conductor moving parallel to lines of
flux, emf induced id Zero
• At position G; θ=3π/2:-conductor moving perpendicular to
lines of flux, emf induced is maximum.
Conductor moving parallel Conductor moving
to lines of flux hence emf perpendicular to lines of flux
induced is zero hence emf induced is
maximum
 STANDARD DEFINITION RELATED TO ALTERNATING
QUANTITIES
 Instantaneous values: The value of an alternating quantity at a
particular instant is known as instantaneous value. Example +e and
–e at t1 and t2.
 Waveform: The graph of Instantaneous values of an alternating
quantity plotted against time is called waveform
 Cycle :A set of positive and negative instantaneous values of an
alternating quantites.
 One cycle 2π radians or 3600
 Time Period :Time taken by an alternating quantity to complete its
one cycle is know as time period (T)
 Frequency (f): number of cycle completed by an alternating
quantity per seconds (f in Hertz) (f=1/T)
 Amplitude: The maximum value attained by an alternating
quantity during postive or negative half cycle is called amplitude
(Em or Im).
 Angular Frequency : It is the frequency expressed in electrical
radians per seconds
 ω=2πf radians/sec or ω=2π/T
 Peak to Peak: The value of an alternating quantity from its
positive peak to negative peak is called peak to peak value.(Ip-p
or Vp-p)
Amplitude=(peak to peak value) /2
 The RMS or effective value of a sinusoidal waveform gives the
same heating effect of an equivalent DC supply.
e=Em* Sin(θ)
i=Im*Sin(θ)
If θ=ωt and f=1/T
The e=Em*sin (2π/T)*t
PROBLEM 1
 An alternating Current of Frequency 60Hz has a maximum
value of 12A:
 i)write down the equation for instantaneous values.
 ii) Find the value of current after 1/360 secs
 iii)Time taken to reach 9.6 A for the first time.

Soln
Given DATA : f=60Hz, Im=12A
ω= 2π*60=377 rad/sec
i)Instantaneous value ,i=Im*sin (ω*t)=12sin377t
ii)t=(1/360)sec i,e i=12*sin {377* (1/360)}=10.3925A
iii) i=9.6A ; 9.6=12 sin 377*t ; t=2.459*10-3
ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS) OR EFFECTIVE OF A.C

Equation for alternating current is given by

The RMS value of this current is given by

AVERAGE VALUE OF A SINUSOIDAL
CURRENT:
It is the arithmetic sum of all the instantaneous values divided
by the number of values used to obtain the sum
Form Factor(kf)
 It is defined as the ratio of r.m.s value to average value

 Crest or peak Factor

 It is defined as ratio of maximum value to the r.m.s value

Problem
The equation of an alternating current is given by
i=42.42sin628t. Calculate its i)Maximum value ii)Frequency
iii)RMS value iV)Average Value v)Form Factor
RMS VALUE OF A COMBINED WAVE
FORM
 The heat produced is the sum of the heat produced
by the individual current component flowing for the
same time.
 H=H1+H2+H3

 Problem

An a.c current is given by +2sin. Find the r.m.s value of

the current.

7.516A
PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF ALTERNATING QUANTITY

 The phase of an alternating quantity at any instant is

the angle Φ (in rad or deg) travelled by the phasor
representing that alternating quantity upto the
instant of consideration , measured from the
reference.
CONCEPT OF PHASE
PHASE DIFFERENCE
 The difference between the phase of the two
alternating quantities is called phase difference

Phase difference is
zero then two
quantities are in
phase
 Lag
v=Vm*sin(ωt)
i=Im*sin (ωt-Φ)
 Lead
v=Vm*sin(ωt)
i=Im*sin (ωt+Φ)
 PROBLEM
 Two sinusoidal currents are given by Calculate the phase
difference between them in degrees.

Algebraic operation such as addition ,subtraction etc with

waveforms are complicated and time consuming hence phasor
are introduced
Any phasor can be represented mathametically in two ways
1. Polar co-ordinate system
2. Rectangular co-ordinate system
PROBLEMS
 Write the polar form of the voltage given by obtain its
rectangular form.
 Vm=100V; and

 Vrms=Vm/=70.7106 Volt

 In polar form= 70.7106

 Rectangular form=61.2371+j35.3553 V

 Find the RMS value and phase of current I=25+j40 A

Addition and subtraction of AC quantities

 Then
 If R=(P-Q)=
 Rectangular form is better for ADD and Sub

Multiplication and division of AC quantities

 Polar form is better for multiplication and division


 When Multiplied
 )*()=[* ] +
 For Division
=
PROBLEM

 If A =4+j7; B=8+j9 and C=5-6j then calculate

 i)(A+B)/C
 ii) (A*B)/C
 iii)(A+B)/(B+C)
 iv) (B-C)/A