UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL

HOWARD COLLEGE CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEMS 1 (ENEL 3PS H2) - TEST 2

DATE: 4 OCTOBER 2021 FULL MARKS: 50 TIME: 90 MINUTES

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS

PLEASE BE ADVISED TO USE BALL PENS ONLY, NO WOOD PENCILS

Q1. Fig. 1 shows a bundle-conductor circuit of a 3-phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line. Each sub-conductor
of the bundle has a diameter of 25 mm with a distance between them of 0.5 m. Each phase group shares the total
current and charge equally and the transmission line is completely transposed. From the first principle,
determine the inductance/ph/km `of the transmission line. [14]

a'' b'' c''

A B C
a a' b b' 6m c
6m

Fig. 1: Bundle-conductor Transmission Line

Q2. Fig. 2 shows three-phase synchronous generators connected to the tie bus through reactors of equal rating
and value. G1 and G2 are of 50 MVA rated capacity with 10% reactance while G3 and G4 are of 40 MVA rated
capacity with 8% reactance. The rating of the circuit breaker installed on each feeder is 1000 MVA. Determine
the minimum value of reactance in ohm required to protect the circuit breaker should there be any three-phase
short-circuit fault at F as shown in the Fig. 2. [24]

G1 G2 G3 G4

11 kV

CB CB CB CB
F
x

Feeder

Tie Bus

Fig. 2: Tie-bus System

Q3: (a) Explain briefly why overhead power line conductors are stranded and the effect of stranding. [5]
(b) Explain the effects of a short-circuit fault on an electrical power system and equipment connected to it if the
fault current is allowed to flow beyond a certain period of time? [7]

-End-
 University of KwaZulu-Natal
School of Engineering

Power Systems 1 (ENEL 3PS H2)

Formula Sheet – Section 1

Sag & Tension Catenary Method

𝐻 𝑤𝑙 𝑤𝑙 2𝐻 𝑤𝑙
𝛿 = (cosh ( ) − 1) 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻 cosh ( ) 𝐿= sinh ( )
𝑤 2𝐻 2𝐻 𝑤 2𝐻
Transmission Inductance
Lines 𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )1/3 𝐷𝑆 = (𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝐷𝑆𝐶 )1/3
𝐿 = 2𝑥10−7 ln ( )
𝐷𝑠
Capacitance (Line to neutral)
2𝜋𝜀0 1
𝐶𝑛 = =
ln(𝐷𝑚 /𝐷𝑠𝑐 ) 18 × 109 𝑙𝑛 (𝐷𝑚 )
𝐷𝑠𝑐
Underground Capacitance Grading Voltage Across A Cable Cable Capacitance
Cables 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑅 𝐶𝑜 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶𝑆 = 3𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝐶= 𝑉 = 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑟𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝑟1 𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝑟2 𝑙𝑛 ( )) (𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 )
1 𝑟 1 𝑟 1 𝑅 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶 +
( 𝑙𝑛 ( 1 ) + 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) + 𝑙𝑛 ( )) 2
𝜖1 𝑟 𝜖2 𝑟1 𝜖3 𝑟2
𝐶𝑏 = 3 𝐶𝑠
2
𝐶𝐿 = (3𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 )
3
𝐶𝐿 = 2𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑆

Thermal Resistance (Single Core) Thermal Resistance(3 Core) Thermal Resistance of Ground

𝜌𝜃𝐷 𝐷
𝑅𝜃𝐷 = ln ( ) (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜ℎ𝑚)
2𝜋 𝑑

Thermal Resistance (Protective Cover) Rated Current of Under Ground Cable