LAB 5 REPORT POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS
Name: Taimoor Ahmad Khan Class: BSEE(18-22) Section: B

APRIL 5, 2021
PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
NILORE, ISLAMABAD
Contents
I. THEORY ................................................................................................................................................. 2
II. TASK-01 ................................................................................................................................................. 3
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. MATLAB code for Task-01 ................................................................................................................. 3
C. Results of MATLAB code for task-01 ................................................................................................. 3
III. TASK-02 ............................................................................................................................................. 3
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. MATLAB code for Task-02 ................................................................................................................. 3
C. Result of MATLAB cod for task-02 .................................................................................................... 4
IV. TASK-03 ............................................................................................................................................. 4
A. Question ............................................................................................................................................ 4
B. MATLAB code .................................................................................................................................... 4
C. Result of MATLAB code ..................................................................................................................... 5
D. Per-unit equivalent circuit ................................................................................................................ 5
V. DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................................... 6
VI. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 7
VII. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 7

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 Experiment 5:
Per unit system of measurements in power
systems:
Taimoor Ahmad Khan

BSEE(18-22)

Semester-06

bsee1825@pieas.edu.pk

Abstract–While working with Electrical power
systems, we come across various changes in voltage
and current levels due to presence of transformers.
This makes the circuit a little complex to solve since
we need to refer the quantities on one side or the
other. Per-unit system solves this problem by
defining base quantities at one side and finding the
per-unit values of all quantities in circuit with
respect to these base quantities. The circuit will
now become much simpler to solve. This we will
also examine through our computer based
experiment.
four base quantities are required to completely define
a per-unit system: volt-ampere, voltage, current, and
impedance. Usually, the three-phase base volt-ampere
𝑆𝐵 or 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 and the line-to-line base voltage 𝑉𝐵 or
𝑘𝑉𝐵 are selected. Base current and base impedance are
then dependent on 𝑆𝐵 and 𝑉𝐵 and must obey the circuit
laws. These are given by
𝑆𝐵
𝐼𝐵 = (2)
√3𝑉𝐵
And

I. THEORY 𝑉𝐵 /√3
In per-unit systems various physical quantities such as 𝑍𝐵 = (3)
𝐼𝐵
power, voltage, current and impedance are expressed
as a decimal fraction or multiples of base quantities. In
Substituting for 𝐼𝐵 from (2), the base impedance
this system, the different voltage levels disappear, and
becomes
a power network involving generators, transformers,
and lines (of different voltage levels) reduces to a (𝑉𝐵 )2
system of simple impedances. The per-unit value of 𝑍𝐵 = (4)
𝑆𝐵
any quantity is defined as
(𝑘𝑉𝐵 )2
𝑍𝐵 = (5)
actual quantity 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵
Quantity in per-unit = (1)
base value of quantity
The phase and line quantities expressed in per-unit are
For example, the same, and the circuit laws are valid, i.e.

∗
𝑆 𝑉 𝐼 𝑍 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢 (6)
𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼𝑝𝑢 = and 𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝑆𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝐼𝐵 𝑍𝐵
And
where the numerators (actual values) are phasor 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢 (7)
quantities or complex values and the denominators
(base values) are always real numbers. A minimum of

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 II. TASK-01 %Displaying the results:
A. Question fprintf('\n');
Consider a single-phase power system of Figure disp(['Load Voltage = ' ,
num2str(VL), sprintf(' \x2220 ')
1.1 where a generator supplies power to a load , num2str(theetav),char(176)]);
disp(['Line losses = ' ,
impedance Zload through a transmission line with
num2str(PL),' watts + j',
impedance Zline. Write a MATLAB code to num2str(QL),' vars']);
determine load voltage and transmission line
losses. C. Results of MATLAB code for task-01
The result of MATLAB code is as follows:

Figure 1.1: Circuit diagram for task-01

Figure 1.2: Result of MATLAB code for Task-01

B. MATLAB code for Task-01
We write a single code that will work for variable
parameter values. The MATLAB code is as
follows: III. TASK-02
A. Question
clear all;
Suppose that a step-up transformer with turn ratio
close all;
clc; 1:10 and step-down transformer with turn ratio
Zload = input('Load impedance:
10:1 are placed at generator end and load end of
');
Zline = input('Line impedance: line (See Figure 1.2). Write MATLAB code to
');
compute the load voltage and transmission line
Vp = input('Generator Voltage:
'); losses for the new configuration.

%Applying Voltage divider to

compute Vload
Vload = (Zload /
(Zline+Zload))*Vp;
VL = abs(Vload);
theetav =
atand(imag(Vload)/real(Vload));

%Finding Line current

Iline = Vp/(Zline+Zload); Figure 1.3: Circuit diagram for task-02
IL = abs(Iline);
.
%Finding losses:
SL = IL^2 * Zline; B. MATLAB code for Task-02
PL = real(SL); We write a MATLAB code that will ask the user
QL = imag(SL);
to input the transformation ratios of both the
transformers T1 and T2. The code will refer the

3
impedance of secondary to the generator’s side disp(['Line losses = ' ,
and then solve for load voltage and line losses. num2str(PL), ' watts + j',
num2str(QL), ' vars ']);
The code is as follows:

clc;
clear all; C. Result of MATLAB cod for task-02
close all;
The result of MATLAB code is shown as below:

Vg = input('Enter generator
voltage: '); %Generator voltage
Zload = input('Enter load
impedance: ');
Zline = input('Enter line
impedance: ');
T1 = input('Turns ratio of step-
up transformer: '); %Np/Ns is
asked
T2 = input('Turns ratio of step-
down transformer: ');

Figure 1.4: Result of MATLAB code for task-02

%We refer all the impedances to
primary of T1
Zprim = (((T2)^2 * Zload) +
Zline)* T1^2;
IV. TASK-03
%generator current IG A. Question
Ig = Vg/Zprim; Define base quantities for different parts of Figure
1.3 and draw its per unit equivalent circuit. Write
%Line current IL MATLAB code to compute load voltage and line
ILine = Ig*T1; losses.
IL = abs(ILine);
B. MATLAB code
%Load current Iload The MATLAB code we write, will ask the user
ILoad = ILine*T2; to input the base value of voltage and power (at
generator’s side) of his own. The code is as
%Load voltage follows:
Vload = ILoad*Zload;
VL = abs(Vload); clc;
theetav = clear all;
atand(imag(Vload)/real(Vload)); close all;

%Line losses Zload = input('Load impedance =

SL = IL^2 * Zline; ');
PL = real(SL); Zline = input('Line impedance =
QL = imag(SL); ');
T1 = input('Turns ratio of step-
up transformer: '); %Np/Ns is
%Displaying the results asked
fprintf('\n'); T2 = input('Turns ratio of step-
disp(['Load voltage = ', down transformer: ');
num2str(VL), sprintf(' \x2220 Vg = input('Generator voltage =
'), num2str(theetav), ');
sprintf('\xB0'), ' V']);

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%We define base values at PL = real(SL);
generator (Select literally any QL = imag(SL);
value at this)
VB = input('Base voltage u want fprintf('\n');
to select: '); disp(['load voltage =
SB = input('Base apparent power ',num2str(VLoad), sprintf('
u want to select: '); \x2220 '), num2str(theetav),
char(176)]);
Vpu = Vg/VB; %Per unit disp(['Losses = ' , num2str(PL)
generator voltage , ' watts + j' , num2str(QL), '
vars']);
%Base values after T1 (assuming
T1 to be lossless transformer)
VB1 = VB/T1; C. Result of MATLAB code
ZB1 = (VB1)^2 / SB; The result of MATLAB code is shown below in
figure 1.5. Note that any value can be put as base
%Base values after T2 (assuming quantity, the answer will not be affected.
T2 to be lossless transformer)
VB2 = VB1/T2;
ZB2 = (VB2)^2 / SB;

%Now defining per unit impedance

values
Zpu1 = Zline / ZB1;
Zpu2 = Zload / ZB2;

%Note that Ipu is same

throughout the circuit
%At transformers, both Ibase and
Iact change by the same factor
%Hence we can take the whole
circuit in series
%We apply voltage divider to Figure 1.5: Result of MATLAB code for task-03
find Load Voltage

VLpu = (Zpu2 / (Zpu1+Zpu2))*

D. Per-unit equivalent circuit
Vpu; %per unit voltage across
load Considering Base Quantities as 𝑉𝐵 = 480 V, 𝑆𝐵 =
VL = VLpu * VB2; 10kVA at the generator’s side.
%Voltage across load in volts As T1 and T2 are considered to be lossless
VLoad = abs(VL); transformers so they won’t be replaced by any
%mag of load voltage taken impedance in per-unit system.
theetav =
atand(imag(VLoad)/real(VLoad));
%angle of load voltage VB at Secondary of 𝑇1 , 𝑉𝐵1 = 4800 V

ILpu = Vpu / (Zpu1+Zpu2); (𝑉𝐵 )2 (4800)2

%current though the series 𝑍𝐵 at secondary of 𝑇1 , 𝑍𝐵1 = =
𝑆𝐵 10×103
circuit
ILpU = abs(ILpu);
%Current mag taken 𝑍𝐵1 = 2304Ω
SLpu = ILpU^2 * Zpu1;
%Complex power in pu 𝑉𝐵 at secondary of 𝑇2 , 𝑉𝐵2 = 480 V
SL = SLpu*SB;
%Complex power in VA 𝑍𝐵 at secondary of T2 is:

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 (𝑉𝐵 )2 (480)2 voltage at generation side is much lower than
𝑍𝐵2 = = the value at which it is transmitted (i.e about
𝑆𝐵 10 × 103
𝑍𝐵2 = 23.04Ω 11 kV), therefore we need a transformer to
step-up the voltage at higher level. By doing
Per-Unit value of Line impedance, so, we actually reduce the current by the same
factor with which we increased the voltage.
𝑍Line Hence in this way 𝐼 2 𝑅 losses will be reduced.
𝑍𝐿 (𝑝𝑢) = This can be seen from the result of task-02
𝑍𝐵1
where power losses are reduced as compared
0.18+𝑗0.24 to task-01. However, it might also be noted
𝑍𝐿 (𝑝𝑢) = that the need of transformer is dependent on
2304
the type of load as well. If the load draws very
= 0.000078125 + 𝑗0.000104𝑝𝑢 small current through the transmission line,
in that case installing a transformer at
𝑍Lad substation level might cause more losses than
Per - unit value of Load impedance, 𝑍𝑙 (𝑝𝑢) =
𝑍𝐵2 that in a line itself because in practical cases,
4 + 3𝑗 transformers have losses and they increase
𝑍𝑙 (𝑝𝑢) = = 0.1736 + 𝑗0.1302 pu
23.04 when we decrease the load. So we might not
prefer installing transformer to step-up or
step-down voltages. This also has a
The per-unit equivalent circuit of the given consequence that voltage at load will be
circuit on the selected base is shown in figure dropped (i.e lesser than 220V).
1.6.
The second thing we analyzed in this
experiment is the importance of per unit
systems to simplify a power system circuit.
V. DISCUSSION We saw that whatever the circuit parameters
In this experiment, we learnt about the are, they can be written in per-unit system
importance of two main things while dealing and the circuit analysis can be made much
with power systems. simpler. The amazing thing is that, we can
chose any base value for a quantity. The
One is the use of transformers over long actual and base values of voltage and current,
distance transmission lines. Electrical power both change with the same ratio at
is transferred at high voltage so as to reduce transformers. Due to this, per-unit voltage
the power losses in transmission lines. The

Figure 1.6: Per-unit equivalent circuit for task-03

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and per-unit current at primary and secondary
of transformer remains the same. As per unit
value of current remains the same throughout
the circuit, the circuit can be assumed to be a
simple series circuit and hence very easy to
be solved as done in task-03.

VI. CONCLUSION
The crux of this experiment is that power
transmission for higher loads requires the
need of transformers to minimize the power
losses and for smaller loads, transformers
used are lesser (again to minimize the power
losses). We also conclude from this
experiment that the per-unit system analysis
help us solve the circuit in a much easier way
than what it was before.

VII. REFERENCES
[1] H. Saadat , Power System Analysis , McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1999, pp. 127–134.
[2] EE-415 Power System Analysis Laboratory
Manual, Dr. Muhammad Arif, Pieas, 2018.
[online]. Available:
https://canvas.pieas.edu.pk/courses/876/files?prev
iew=155923 , accessed on: March 28, 2021.