GT642 Wireless Power Transfer System

Coupled Mode Theory in WPT

System

2021. 04. 19.

Seungyoung Ahn

KAIST
 Coupled Mode Theory
❑ Coupled mode theory (CMT) is a perturbational approach for
analyzing the coupling of vibrational systems.

❑ CMT allows a wide range of systems to be modeled as one or

more coupled resonators.

❑ CMT allows the second order differential equation to be expressed

as one or more uncoupled first order differential equations. The
following assumptions are generally made with CMT:
▪ Linearity
▪ Time-reversal symmetry
▪ Time-invariance
▪ Weak mode coupling (small perturbation of uncoupled modes)
▪ Energy conservation

2 2
 Mechanical Analog
❑ Electrical and Mechanical Variables
▪ The displacement x of the mass is analogous to electrical charge.
▪ The velocity dx/dt is analogous to current.
▪ The force is analogous to voltage.
▪ The mass plays the role of the inductance.
▪ The spring plays the role of the capacitance.
▪ The viscous damping plays the role of resistance

3
Solution of Second-Order Equation
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 𝑡
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 𝑡 + න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔𝑣𝐶 0 = 𝑣𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 0

𝑑 2 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 𝑑𝑣𝑠 𝑡

𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 2 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑅 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 1 𝑑𝑣𝑠 𝑡

+ + 𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑅
Damping coefficient 𝛼=
2𝐿

1
Undamped resonant frequency 𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶

𝑑 2 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
2
+ 2𝛼 + 𝜔02 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

4
 WPT System Analysis using Coupled Mode Theory
Two coupled first order differential equations

Two uncoupled first order differential equations

Mode amplitude

[4] Kiyoung Kim (edited by), “Wireless Power Transfer – Principles and Engineering Explorations”
5
 Stored Energy
❑ The square of mode amplitude is equal to energy stored in a
circuit.

❑ It is possible to use only one equation to describe the resonant

mode.
▪ The equation for 𝑎− is complex conjugate form of the equation for 𝑎+ .

6
Lossy Circuit

where Γ is the decay rate due to system loss.

Unloaded

7
Lossy Circuit with a Power Source

Two modifications
1) Decay rate due to additional loss
2) Mode amplitude excitation due to incident wave
Incident wave incoming to the antenna

Degree of coupling between source and coil

8
Coupling of Two Lossless Resonant Circuits

Coupling coefficients

9
 Coupling of Two Lossless Resonant Circuits
❑ Necessary condition for 𝑘12 and 𝑘21 according to energy
conservation law.

❑ Transferred power

10
Coupling of Two Lossless Resonant Circuits

<<

Comparing with

Defining

11
Full Wireless Power Transfer System Model

Source and
Load

: power ingoing to the object n

: power outgoing from the object n

12
Full Wireless Power Transfer System Model
Defining

Eigen Vectors

Eigen Values

13
Full Wireless Power Transfer System Model

14
Energy Flow between Source and Load Coils over Time

15
Energy Flow between Source and Load Coils over Time

If excitation freq = 𝜔,

16
 References
[1] A. Kurs, et al., “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances,” Science,
317, 83, 2007.

[2] S. J. Orfanidis, “Electromagnetic waves and antennas”, ECE Department Rutgers University, NJ
08854-8058, 2008.

[3] H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice-Hall, New Jercey, 1984.

[4] Kiyoung Kim (edited by), “Wireless Power Transfer – Principles and Engineering Explorations”

[5] Agilent Technologies, “S-parameter Simulation and Optimization,” 2009.

[6] S. E. Miller, "Coupled wave theory and waveguide applications," Bell Syst.Tech. J.,1954

[7] J. R. Pierce, "Coupling of modes of propagations," Journal of Applied Physics, 25, 1954

[8] H.A. Haus, W.P. Huang. "Coupled Mode Theory,“ Proceedings of The IEEE, Vol 19, No 10, Oct
1991.

17