PHYSICS QB Solution

Unit : 1
Chapter :1
Electric charge and electric field
MCQ:
1 The value of total electro flux release from unit cation in air is :
(a) 𝜀𝑜 (b) 1/𝜀𝑜 (c) 1/4𝜋𝜀𝑜 (d) 4𝜋𝜀𝑜
2 The unit of 𝜀𝑜 is:
(a) C/Nm (b) 𝑁𝑚2/𝐶2 (c) 𝐶2/𝑁𝑚2 (d) None
3 The unit of electric field is:

(a) C/N (b) N/C (c) C/J (d) J/C
4 The number of electrons in 1 Coulomb charge is :
(a) 1.6 × 1019 (b) 6.25 × 1019
(c) 6.25 × 1018 (d) 6.25 × 10−19
5 The electric field E due to the point charge Q at the distance r would be:
(a) E𝛼𝑟 (b) E𝛼1/𝑟2
(c) E𝛼1/𝑟 (d) E𝛼1/𝑟3

6 The dimensional formula of charge is:
(a) CN (b) C (c) AT (d) A𝑇−1
Ans.
1. (b) 1/𝜀𝑜
2. (c) 𝐶2/𝑁𝑚2
3. (b) N/C
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4. (c) 6.25 × 1018
5. (b) E𝛼1/𝑟2
6. (c) AT
3 Marks questions:
1. What are the properties of electric charges?
Ans. (i) quantization of charge i.e. q = +_ ne
(ii) charge cannot be created nor be destroyed.
2. State Coulomb’s inverse square law. On this basis define unit charge.
What is the condition for the law to be applicable?
Ans.
𝑞1 𝑞2
r
If two-point charges q1 and q2 placed at r distance than according to coulombs
law force of attraction or repulsion applied between them
1) Remain proportionate to product of magnitudes of point charges
I.e. 𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1 × 𝑞2 (1)
2) remain inversely proportionate to square value of distance among them
1
i.e. 𝐹 ∝ (2)
𝑟2
now we combine eq. (1) and (2)
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹∝
𝑟2
1 𝑞 𝑞
𝐹= × 12 2 (3)
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
Where 𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝑘
Where 𝜀 = absolute permittivity
𝜀0 = permittivity of vacuum or air
𝑘 = dielectric constant
Putting value of 𝜀 in eq. (3)
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹= × 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾 𝑟
For vacuum or air K =1
Therefore
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1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹= × 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1
Where value of is 9 × 109 N m2/C2
4𝜋𝜀0
Unit charge :- if two charges of same type and equal magnitude are placed at 1
meter apart in vacuum and if force of repulsion between them is 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 N
Then each charge is said to unit charge.
Condition for the applicability of the law:
(i) It is applicable for the point charges which are stationary, not for
moving charges.
(ii) It is not valid for large distances and distances less than 10-15 m,
nuclear forces are dominant.
3. What are the properties of electric lines of force?

Ans.
Properties of electrical force lines are as follows.
1. Moves from positive to negative charge.
2. if a tangent drawn at its any point that tangent shows the direction of
electrical field at that point.
3. Near to charge these lines remain close to each other it means electrical
field remain strong.
4. Far from charge these lines move away from each other it means
electrical field remain weak.
5. These lines never intersect each other because if they intersect each other
than there will be two tangents at a particular point it means there will be
two direction of electrical field at a point which is impossible.
6. In the direction of length these lines attract each other that’s why unlike
charge attract each other.
7. In the direction perpendicular to the length these lines repel each other that’s why like
charges repel each other.
8. These lines exit perpendicularly through the plane of charge.
4. What do you mean by electric field? Write its SI unit.
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Ans. Electric field: - area around a point charge up to that electric property
works is called electric field. Its SI unit is N/C (newton per coulomb)
5. What do you mean by electric flux?
“Number of force lines passes perpendicularly from the small area of electric field is called
flux”.
Let intensity of electric field is E and small area is da than flux is 𝑑∅
→ = ∬→ .→
𝒅∅ 𝑬 𝒅𝒂
5 Marks questions:
1. What do you mean by electric dipole? Drive the expression of electric
field intensity on a point in the axial and equatorial of a dipole.
Ans.
Electric dipole: -
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If two equivalent and opposite charges placed at some distance than this
combination is called electric dipole.
Axial position
An Electric dipole AB is shown in figure in end on position of dipole there is

point Z on which intensity of electric field is to be found,
Due +q charge intensity at point Z
1 𝑞
𝐸1 = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝐴𝑍)2
1 𝑞
𝐸1 = . ………. (1)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟−𝑎)2
Due to -q charge intensity at point Z
1 𝑞
𝐸2 = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝐵𝑍)2
1 𝑞
𝐸2 = . …………… (2)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟+𝑎)2
Therefore, resultant intensity,
𝐸 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2
Putting value by equation 1 and 2
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1 1 1
𝐸= .𝑞[ − ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 − 𝑎)2 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
𝑞 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑟 − 𝑎)2
𝐸= .[ ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 − 𝑎)2 (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
𝑞 (𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑟 − 𝑎)(𝑟 + 𝑎 − 𝑟 + 𝑎)
𝐸= .[ ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 [(𝑟 + 𝑎)(𝑟 − 𝑎)]2
𝑞 2𝑟 × 2𝑎
𝐸= .[ 2 ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 − 𝑎2 )2
2 2𝑞𝑎
𝐸= × 2 ×𝑟
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 − 𝑎2 )2
2𝑝 𝑟
𝐸= × (𝑟 2 …….. (3)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 −𝑎2 )2
When 𝑟 2 ≫ 𝑎2 , 𝑎2 is negligible
2𝑝𝑟
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 × 𝑟 4
2𝑝
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 × 𝑟 3
When dipole is placed in vacuum or air
2𝑝𝑟
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )2
In vacuum or air if 𝑟 2 ≫ 𝑎2 , 𝑎2 is negligible
2𝑝𝑟
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 × 𝑟 4
2𝑝
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
Equatorial position
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An Electric dipole AB is shown in figure in broad side on position of dipole
there is a point Z on which intensity of electric field is to be found,
Due to +q charge intensity at point Z
1 𝑞
𝐸1 = . ………. (1)
Due to -q charge intensity at point Z
1 𝑞
𝐸2 = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝐵𝑍)2
But in figure AZ=BZ
1 𝑞
Therefore, 𝐸2 = . .………
(2)
By equation 1 and 2
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 ………… (3)
Now we divide 𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 in horizontal and vertical components these
components are respectively 𝐸1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝐸1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝐸2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Since direction of 𝐸1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 are opposite to each other therefore
they cancel each other of 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
Hence resultant intensity at point Z.
𝐸 = 𝐸1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Putting value by equation 3
𝐸 = 2𝐸1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
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Putting value by equation 1
1 𝑞
𝐸 =2× . × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ………. (4)
In triangle OAZ, by Pythagoras theorem
(𝐴𝑍)2 = (𝑂𝑍)2 + (𝑂𝐴)2
(𝐴𝑍)2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ………. (5)
1
𝐴𝑍 = (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ) ⁄2 ………. (6)
Again in triangle OAZ,
𝑂𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑍
Putting value by equation 6th
𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2 2 1⁄ ………. (7)
(𝑟 +𝑎 ) 2
By equation 5th and 7th putting values in equation 4th
1 𝑞 𝑎
𝐸 =2× × 2 ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 + 𝑎 ) (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )1⁄2
2
2𝑞𝑎
𝐸= 3
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 × (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 ) ⁄2
1 𝑃
𝐸= ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )3⁄2
For vacuum or air,
1 𝑃
𝐸= ×
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )3⁄2
if 𝑟 2 ≫ 𝑎2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎2 is negligible
1 𝑃
𝐸= × 3
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 𝑟
For vacuum or air,
1 𝑃
𝐸=
× 3
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
2. Write and prove Gauss theorem.
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Ans.
. “number of force lines passes perpendicularly from small area of electric field
1
remain times of charge of surface”.
𝜖0
𝑄
i.e. ∅=
𝜀0
Proof 1: -
Let Q charge exist at point O and this charge surrounded by electric field of
radius r. than flux
∅ = ∬ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑎
∅ = 𝐸 ∬ 𝑑𝑎
∅ = 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
1 𝑄
∅= × 2 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑸
∅=
𝜀𝟎
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
Proof 2: -
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Q charge exist at point O there is point z at r distance from point O.
Intensity of electric field at point z due to q charge.
1 𝑞
𝐸= × 2 … … … … … … … … . . (1)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Now we consider a small area da around point z. where flux is 𝑑∅ and
integrated cube angle at point O is 𝑑𝜔 then,
→ =→.→
𝑑∅ 𝐸 𝑑𝑎
𝑑∅ = 𝐸. 𝑑𝑎 cos 𝜃
Putting value of E by equation 1st
1 𝑞
𝑑∅ = × 𝑑𝑎 cos 𝜃
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
Then for whole electric field
1 𝑞
∑ 𝑑∅ = ∑ 𝑑𝑎 cos 𝜃
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 𝑑𝑎 cos 𝜃
∅= ∑𝑞∑
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
1
∅= × 𝑄 × 𝑑𝜔
4𝜋𝜀0
1
∅= × 𝑄4𝜋
4𝜋𝜀0
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𝑄
∅= ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝜀0
=≫ Special case: -
Theorem: - “if point is outside the electrical field than resultant flux remains
zero.”
i.e. ∅ = 0
proof: -
Point 0 exist outside the electric field. There are two force lines intersecting
electric field at areas 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 where integrated cube angle is 𝑑𝜔 then flux
passes through 𝑆1 ,
1
∅1 = − . 𝑄 𝑑𝜔
4𝜋𝜀0
Here negative sign indicates that direction of force lines is inside the electric
field.
Similarly flux passes through 𝑆2 ,
1
∅2 = + . 𝑄 𝑑𝜔
4𝜋𝜀0
Here positive sign indicates that direction of force lines is outside the electric
field,
Then
Resultant flux ∅ = ∅1 + ∅2
1 1
∅=− . 𝑄 𝑑𝜔 + . 𝑄 𝑑𝜔
4𝜋𝜀0 4𝜋𝜀0
∅=0
Hence proved
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3. Drive expression for Coulomb’s inverse square law with the help of
Gauss theorem.
Ans.
Let charge Q exist at point O and at r distance there is a point charge q.

Now we consider point O as centre and draw a sphere of r radius. surface
of this sphere is called Gaussian surface. Intensity on each point of this
surface remain uniform and force lines passes perpendicularly.
Flux passes through Gaussian surface,
∅ = ∬ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑎
∅ = 𝐸 ∬ 𝑑𝑎
∅ = 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2 ……………… (1)
But by gauss theorem
𝑄
∅=
𝜀0
Putting value in equation 1st
𝑄
= 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0
1 𝑄
𝐸= × 2 … … … … … … … … . . (2)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
But force F = qE
Therefore
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1 𝑄
𝐹=𝑞× × 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 𝑄𝑞
𝐹= × 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
This is coulomb’s law.
4. Find the electric field due to similar charged continuous plain sheet.
How is it related to distance?
Ans.
A sheet of infinite length and breadth is shown in figure. Charge density of this
sheet is 𝜎 .
“charge of unit area is called charge density.”
𝑞
𝜎=
𝐴
𝑞 = 𝜎𝐴 … … … … … (1)
Now, we assume about a cylindrical surface in sheet. Its area of cross section is
A. its half portion is at one side of sheet and remaining half portion is at another
side of sheet.
When force line exit from sheet these lines remains parallel to cervical surface
of cylinder and does not count as flux. But, force lines remain perpendicular to
the plane surface of cylinder and count as flux.
Therefore, flux passes through B end
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∅1 = ∬ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑎
∅1 = 𝐸 ∬ 𝑑𝑎
∅1 = 𝐸. 𝐴
Similarly, flux passes thorough C end
∅2 = 𝐸. 𝐴
Therefore, resultant flux
∅ = ∅1 + ∅2
∅ = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴
∅ = 2𝐸𝐴
But, by gauss theorem
𝑞
∅=
𝜀0
Therefore,
𝑞
= 2𝐸𝐴
𝜀0
Putting value of q by equation 1st
𝜎𝐴
= 2𝐸𝐴
𝜀0
𝜎
𝐸=
2𝜀0
It is clear by above formula that intensity of electric field for a sheet of infinite
length and breadth does not depend on distance.
**********************
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Chapter : 2
Electrostatic potential and capacitance
MCQ:
1 The unit of electric potential is :
(a) Coulomb (b) Faraday (c) Volt (d) Ohm
2 The electric potential of Earth is:
(a) 0 (b) Positive (c) Negative (d) All
3 The formula for Capacity of circular conductor is:
(a) 1/4𝜋𝜀0𝑟 (b) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟2
(c) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟 (d) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟3

4 If an insulator is filled in place of air between the plates of capacitor, then
the capacity will:
(a) No change (b) decrease (c) increase (d) 0
5 If two capacitors are connected in series, what would be similar in each
capacitor:
(a) Charge (b) Potential (c) Both (d) None
Ans.
1. (c) volt
2. (a) 0
3. (c) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟
4. (c) increase
5. (a) charge
3 Marks questions:
1. Define equipotential surfaces. Write its properties.
Ans. Surface on which potential remain equal for each point is called
equipotential surface. If we consider a point charge at centre and draw spherical
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surface, then radius of this surface remains equal for the point charge therefore
potential on each point remain equal so surface remain equipotential surface.
Properties of equipotential surfaces are as follows: -
1. Potential remains uniform on each point of this surface.

2. If test charge shifted from one point to another point of equipotential
surface, then done work remain zero.
3. If test charge shifted from one surface to another surface, then done work
remain equal to potential difference between surfaces.
4. Force lines remain perpendicular to the equipotential surface.
2. Give reasons:
(a) If comb is rubbed on dry hair, it attracts the pieces of
papers.
(b) The simple rubber is bad conductor of electricity but the
wheels of airplane made of rubber show electric
conductivity.
(c) Metallic ropes are attached with the vehicles carrying
inflammable substances, connected to earth. why ?
Ans. (a) comb gets electrically charged due to rubbing and therefore at attracts
pieces of papers.
(b) when the aeroplane lands and takes off, the friction between tyres and the
run-way may cause the electrification of tyres. Due to conducting nature of
tyres, the charge so produced is conducted to the earth and electrical sparking is
avoided.
(c) moving vehicles get charged due to friction. The inflammable material may
catch fire due to spark produced by charged vehicles. When metallic ropes or
chain is used, the charge developed on the vehicle is transferred to the ground
and so the fire is prevented.
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3. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of capacitor
connected in series connection. Draw diagram.
Ans.
If second plate of first capacitor connected to fist plate of next capacitor and its
second plate connected to first plate of next capacitor and so on. Then this type
of combination is called series combination.
Three capacitors are shown in figure. Here second plate of last capacitor
connected to earth. When positive charge given to first plate of first capacitor
then negative charge produce at internal surface and positive charge produces at
external surface of second plate this positive charge shifted up to first plate of
next capacitor and finally positive of second plate of last capacitor became
grounded.
Let charge on each capacitor is Q and potential difference are (V1 – V2), (V2 –
V3), (V3 – V4), then
“in series combination of capacitors charge remain same but potential difference
remain different”.
Let capacitors are respectively C1, C2, and C3
𝑄
We know that, 𝐶=
𝑉
𝑄
For first capacitor, 𝐶1 =
𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝑄
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = ………….. (1)
𝐶1
𝑄
For second capacitor, 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 = …………... (2)
𝐶2
𝑄
For third capacitor, 𝑉3 − 𝑉4 = …………… (3)
𝐶3
Now we assume about a resultant capacitor on place of these capacitors having
capacity C,
𝑄
Then for that capacitor, 𝑉1 − 𝑉4 =
𝐶
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𝑄
Or (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ) + (𝑉2 − 𝑉3 ) + (𝑉3 − 𝑉4 ) =
𝐶
st nd rd
Putting values by equation 1 , 2 , 3
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
+ + =
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶
1 1 1 𝑄
𝑄( + + )=
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶 3 𝐶
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
Hence, “in series combination, inverse of resultant capacity is equal to the sum
of inverse of individual capacitors.”
4. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of capacitor

connected in parallel connection. Draw diagram.
Ans.
. If capacitors are connected in such a manner that first plate of each capacitor
connected to one point and second plate of each capacitor connected to any
other point then this type of combination is called parallel combination.
Three capacitors are shown in figure. These capacitors connected between point
A and B and point B connected to earth. Then Q charge given at point these
charge divided in three parts Q1, Q2, and Q3,
Therefore, 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 …………. (1)
If positive charge given at point A then first plate of each capacitor became
positively charged and by the process of induction negative charge produces at
internal surface and positive charge produces at external surface of second plate
of each capacitor. This charge became grounded.
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If potential at point A is VA and potential at point B is VB then potential
difference for each capacitor is VA – VB,
Hence, “In parallel combination of capacitors potential difference for each
capacitor remain same but charge remain different.”
We know that, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
Therefore, for first capacitor 𝑄1 = 𝐶1 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) …………. (2)
For second capacitor, 𝑄2 = 𝐶2 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) …………. (3)
For third capacitor, 𝑄3 = 𝐶3 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) ………… (4)
If we assume about a resultant capacitor in place of these capacitors having
capacity C,
Then, for that capacitor, 𝑄 = 𝐶. (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) ………... (5)
nd rd th th st
By equation 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 putting value in equation 1
𝐶. (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) = 𝐶1 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) + 𝐶2 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) + 𝐶3 . (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 )
𝐶. (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) = (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 )(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 )
𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
It means, “In parallel combination of capacitors, resultant capacity remains
equal to sum of individual capacities.”
5. What do you mean by capacity of capacitor? What are the factors

affecting it and how?
Ans.
“The capacity of a capacitor is equal to charge given to one of its plates which
produces unit potential difference across the plates.”
Factors affecting the capacity of capacitor are as follows:
(I) Area of plates: capacity of capacitor remains proportionate to area of
plates, means
C∝ A
(II) Distance between plates: capacity of capacitor remains inversely
proportionate to distance between plates, means
1
C∝
𝑑
(III) Medium between plates: if any insulating medium like glass, wax,
oil etc. of dielectric constant K placed between plates then its capacity
becomes K times. Means
Cmedium = K Cair
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5 Marks questions:
1. Explain Van de graph generator under the following points:
Diagram, working, uses
Ans.
Van De Graph generator is shown in figure. It consists a big metallic hollow

sphere which placed on pillar and there are two rings P1 and P2 which covered
by belt additionally there are two Sharpe edge conductors A and B. Conductor
A remain in contact with belt and there is some gap between conductor B and
belt. Conductor A connected to positive terminal of battery and negative
terminal of battery connected to earth.
Ring P1 rotted with the help of motor so belt moves upward and in contact with
conductor A belt became positively charged and when belt enters inside the
sphere due to induction negative charge produces at internal surface and
positive charge produces at externa surface of sphere, belt when passes near to
conductor B air between gap became ionised by that produced positive charge
cancel the negative charge inside the sphere and produced negative charge
cancel the positive charge of belt, so belt gets discharged and moves downward
this process continuously goes on and on and positive charge continuously
stored on the external surface of hollow sphere with the help of this method we
can generate approximately 10,000 to 20,000 volt potential.
1 𝑄
Here, potential 𝑉= .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
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Uses :
(i) to generate high potential
(ii) to accelerate the positive particles such as protons, deuterons, alpha particles
etc. and used in nuclear disintegration.
2. What do you mean by capacitor? Explain its principle. Drive
an expression for capacity of parallel plate capacitor. Write the
factors on which capacity depends.
Ans. Capacitor: the capacitor is a device by which the capacitance of a
conductor is increased without changing its size or volume. It stores electrical
energy.
Principle of capacitor:
we consider a conductive plate A as shown in figure, this plate connected to

gold plated electrometer and positive charge given to plate by that plates of
electrometer deflects when charge of conductive plate became maximum
deflection of plates of electrometer also became maximum.
if one more conductive plate placed near to first plate then by the process of
induction negative charge produces at one surface of second plate and
positive charge produces at another surface of second plate.
Negative charge of second plate reduces the effect of positive charge of first
plate and positive charge second plate increase the effect of positive charge
of first plate.
If external surface of second plate connected earth, then positive charge of
second plate became grounded and only negative charge exist on second
plate which reduces the effect of positive charge of first plate in high
manner. Now first plate is ready to accept more charge so in a capacitor huge
amount of charge stored in a small place.
Parallel plate capacitor:
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1. Structure: - in parallel plate capacitor there are two parallel plates and
external surface of second plate connected to earth.
2. Working: - positive charge given to fist plate therefore by the process of
induction negative charge produces at one surface of second plate and
positive charge produces at another surface this charge became grounded.
3. Formula for capacity: - Let distance between plates of capacitor is d and
area of cross section of plates is A then density,
𝑄
𝜎= …………. (1)
𝐴
Now we consider a point P between plates then due to positive plate
intensity of electric field,
𝜎
𝐸1 =
2𝜀0 𝑘
Due to negative plate intensity of electric filed,
𝜎
𝐸2 =
2𝜀0 𝑘
Here, direction of E1 and E2 are same.
Therefore, E = E1 +E2
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= +
2𝜀0 𝑘 2𝜀0 𝑘
𝜎
𝐸=
2𝜀0 𝑘
We know that,
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝐸. 𝑑
On putting value of E
𝜎
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑑
2𝜀0 𝑘
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On putting value of 𝜎 by equation 1st
𝑄𝑑
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 =
2𝜀0 𝑘𝐴
Again, we know that
𝑄
Capacity 𝐶=
𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵
𝑄
𝐶= . 𝜀 𝑘𝐴
𝑄𝑑 0
𝜀0 𝑘𝐴
𝐶=
𝑑
For vacuum or air, K = 1
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶=
𝑑
Factors affecting the capacity of capacitor are as follows:
(I) Area of plates: capacity of capacitor remains proportionate to area of
plates, means
C∝ A
(II) Distance between plates: capacity of capacitor remains inversely
proportionate to distance between plates, means
1
C∝
𝑑
(III) Medium between plates: if any insulating medium like glass, wax,
oil etc. of dielectric constant K placed between plates then its capacity
becomes K times. Means
Cmedium = K Cair
3. When two charged conductors are connected there would be loss of

energy. Why? Prove it.
Ans.
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Two isolated conductors A and B are shown in figure. Before connecting
them, let charge of conductor A is Q1 and potential V1 and charge of B is Q2 and
potential is V2 and their capacities are C1 & C2,
Therefore, Q1 = C1 V1 and Q2 = C2 V2
If both conductors are connected mutually then charge transfer from conductor
A to B and when their common potential become V, then transfer of charge
stopped.
total charge
𝑉=
total capacity
𝑄1 +𝑄2
𝑉=
𝐶1 +𝐶2
𝐶1 𝑉1 +𝐶2 𝑉2
𝑉= …………… (1)
𝐶1 +𝐶2
If redistributed charge on conductor A and B are 𝑄1 '& 𝑄2 '
Then, 𝑄1 ' = 𝐶1 𝑉
𝑄1 ' = 𝐶1 𝑉
𝑄1 ' 𝐶1 𝑉
=
𝑄2 ' 𝐶2 𝑉
𝑄1 ' 𝐶1
=
𝑄2 ' 𝐶2
It means, “ratio of redistributed charges remains equal to ratio of capacities of
conductor.”
Now, before connecting potential energy of 1st conductor
1
𝑢1 ' = 𝐶1 𝑣1 2
2
Potential energy of 2nd conductor
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1
𝑢2 ' = 𝐶2 𝑣2 2
2
Therefore, total potential energy before connecting
𝑢1 = 𝑢1 ' + 𝑢2 '
1 1
𝑢1 = 𝐶1 𝑣1 2 + 𝐶2 𝑣2 2 ………….. (2)
2 2
After connecting total potential energy
1 1
𝑢2 = 𝐶1 𝑣 2 + 𝐶2 𝑣 2
2 2
1
𝑢2 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )𝑣 2
2
Putting value by equation 1st,
1 (𝐶1 𝑉1 +𝐶2 𝑉2 )2
𝑢2 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) (𝐶1 +𝐶2 )2
2
1 (𝐶1 2 𝑉1 2 +𝐶2 2 𝑉2 2 +2𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉1 𝑉2 )
𝑢2 = (𝐶1 +𝐶2 )
………… (3)
2
Therefore, energy loss
Δ𝑢 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2
Putting value by equation 2nd and 3rd
1 𝐶1 2 𝑉1 2 +𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉2 2 +𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉1 2 +𝐶2 2 𝑉2 2 −𝐶1 2 𝑉1 2 −𝐶2 2 𝑉2 2 −2𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑉1 𝑉2
Δ𝑢 = [ ]
2 𝐶1 +𝐶2
2 2
[𝐶 𝐶 𝑉
1 1 2 1 +𝐶 𝐶 𝑉
1 2 2 −2𝐶1 2 1 2]
𝐶 𝑉 𝑉
Δ𝑢 =
2 𝐶1 +𝐶2
1 𝐶1 𝐶2
Δ𝑢 = (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
2 𝐶1 +𝐶2
**********************
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Unit 2
Chapter 3
Current electricity
MCQ:
1. The flow of current in a conductor is the flow of :
(a) Positive ion (b) electrons (c) molecules (d) None
2. The conductivity of a super conductor is :
(a) Infinite (b) very much (c) very less (d) 0
3 If two resistances are connected in series, Which would same in each
resistance:
(a) Potential difference (b) current (c) both (d) None
4 If the length of a wire is doubled, then the resistance will be :
(a) halved (b) doubled (c) one fourth (d) 4 times
5 Which one is an Ohmic resistance:
(a) Connecting diode (b) Light emergent diode
(c) Transistor (d) wire of copper
6 The SI unit of electric current is:
(a) Ohm (b) 1/Ohm (c) Ampere (d) Am
Ans.
1. (b) electrons
2. (a) infinite
3. (b) current
4. (d) 4 times
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5. (d) wire of copper
6. (c) ampere
Fill in the blanks:
1. The SI unit of Voltage gradient is ----------.
2. The resistance of potentiometer in the balance condition is ---------.
3. The first law of Kirchhoff is based on the conservation of ----------
4. The second law of Kirchhoff is based on the conservation of ----------
5. Meter bridge works on the principle of ---------
6. Electric current is a -------------quantity. (Scalar / vector)
7.Electric current density is a -------------quantity. (Scalar / vector)
Ans.
1. Volt/meter
2. Infinite
3. Charge
4. Energy
5. Wheatstone bridge
6. Scalar
7. Vector
2Marks questions:
1. What is Ohm’s law.
Ans. . According to ohm’s law: - “if physical circumstances remain stable then
potential remain proportional to current.”
It means, 𝑉∝𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
Here, R is called resistance. Therefore, “ratio of voltage and current is called
resistance.”
2. What is electrical cell? Write its types.
Ans. Electric cell is device which convert chemical energy in to electric
energy.
There are two types of electric cell
(1) Primary cell
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(2) Secondary cell
3. What are Ohmic and non- Ohmic resistances? Explain with
examples.
Ans. Ohmic resistance: the conductors which obeys ohm’s law are
called ohmic conductors and the resistance of these conductors is called
ohmic resistance.
The resistance of metallic conductors such as copper, aluminium etc. and
that of alloys such as constantan is called ohmic resistance.
Non ohmic resistance: the conductors which do not obey ohm’s law are
called non-ohmic conductors and the resistance of these conductors is
called non ohmic resistance.
The resistance of thermistor, semiconductor etc. are examples of non
ohmic resistance.
4. Why potentiometer is better than voltmeter to calculate electrical
carrying force of a cell?
Ans. if potential difference is measured by any voltmeter then that voltmeter
consists some resistance. So, voltmeter unable to measure accurate value of
potential difference in the other hand potentiometer based on zero deflection
in which current does not flow so we can accurately measure the potential
difference additionally we can also find internal resistance of cell with the help
of potentiometer.
5. Why does head lights of motor vehicle get dim after the vehicle
starts?
Ans. When we start a motor vehicle its starter accepts high current. So, voltage
drop Ir increases in battery. Therefore, potential difference between plates of
battery decreases. So, headlights get dim.
3 Marks questions:
1. Find the equivalent resistance of resistor R1, R2 and R3 connected in
series. Draw a diagram.
Ans.
. if resistance connected in such a manner that second terminal of first
resistance connected to first terminal of next resistance and its second
terminal connected to first terminal of next resistance and so on, then this
type of combination is called series combination.
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Three resistance r1, r2, and r3 are shown in figure. These resistances are
connected in series and a battery and a key applied between first and last end.
Let I current flows in the circuit then for each resistance current remain I but
potential difference for resistances remain (V1-V2), (V2-V3), (V3-V4) respectively.
It means, In series combination current remain same for each resistance but
potential difference remain different.
By ohm’s law, we know that
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Therefore, for first resistance,
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑟1 ………….. (1)
For second resistance, 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 = 𝐼𝑟2
…………. (2)
For third resistance, 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 = 𝐼𝑟2
…………. (3)
If we assume about a resultant resistance in place of given resistances having
value R then for that resistance,
𝑉1 − 𝑉4 = 𝐼𝑅
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ) + (𝑉2 − 𝑉3 ) + (𝑉3 − 𝑉4 ) = 𝐼𝑅
Putting value from equation 1st, 2nd and 3rd
𝐼𝑟1 + 𝐼𝑟2 + 𝐼𝑟3 = 𝐼𝑅
𝐼(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 ) = 𝐼𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3
It means, “in series combination resultant resistance remain equal to the sum of
individual resistance.”
2. Find the equivalent resistance of resistor R1, R2 and R3
connected in parallel. Draw a diagram
Ans.
. if resistances are connected in such a manner that first terminal of each
resistance connected to one point and second terminal if each resistance
connected to another point. Then this type of combination is called parallel
combination.
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Three resistances r1, r2, r3 are shown in figure. These resistances are connected
between point A and B. the battery and a key applied between point A and B
when I current flows by battery at point this current divided in three parts I1, I2
and I3.
It means, 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 …………. (1)
Let potential at point A is VA and point B is VB then potential difference for
each resistance is VA – VB.
Therefore, “in parallel combination potential difference for each resistance
remain same but current remain different.”
(𝑉 −𝑉 )
For first resistance, 𝐼1 = 𝐴 𝐵 …………. (2)
𝑟1
(𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵 )
For second resistance, 𝐼2 = …………. (3)
𝑟2
(𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵 )
For third resistance, 𝐼3 = …………. (4)
𝑟3
If we assume about a resultant resistance in place of given resistance having
value R then for resultant resistance.
𝑉 −𝑉
𝐼= 𝐴 𝐵 …………. (5)
𝑅
By equation 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th putting value in equation 1st
𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵 𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
= 𝐴 𝐵+ 𝐴 𝐵+ 𝐴 𝐵
𝑅 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵 1 1 1
= (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) ( + + )
𝑅 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
Hence, “In parallel combination inverse of resultant resistance remains equal to
the sum of inverse of individual resistances.”
3. Establish a relation between EMF, potential difference and
internal resistance of a cell.
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Ans.
. A circuit is shown in figure in which there is cell internal resistance of this cell
is r and for measurement of potential a voltmeter applied in the circuit and for
measurement of current a galvanometer applied in the circuit and load
resistance is R.
When key remain off than pointer of voltmeter shows EMF of cell
Total EMF
Let EMF is E, then 𝐼 =
Total resistance
𝐸
𝐼=
𝑟+𝑅
𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑟 + 𝑅) …………. (1)
When key switched on than pointer of voltmeter shows potential difference than
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 …………. (2)
Equation 1 – equation 2
st nd
𝐸 − 𝑉 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) − 𝐼𝑅
𝐸 − 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑟 − 𝐼𝑅
𝐸 − 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑟
This equation shows relation between E, V and r
Now, equation 1st divided by equation 2nd
𝐸 𝐼(𝑟+𝑅)
=
𝑉 𝐼𝑅
𝐸 𝑟
= +1
𝑉 𝑅
𝐸 𝑟
−1=
𝑉 𝑅
𝐸
𝑟 = 𝑅 ( − 1)
𝑉
We can find internal resistance of cell with the help of above formula.
4. The electric carrying force of a car accumulator battery is 12

V. If the internal resistance of a battery is 0.4 Ohms, what is the value
of the maximum current taken from the battery?
Ans.
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𝑉
I=
𝑅
12
𝐼= = 30 ampere
0.4
5. Establish relation between current and drift velocity.
Ans.
Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross section A. let n be the number
of electrons per unit volume.
Therefore, volume of conductor = A 𝑙
Total number of electrons = nA 𝑙
Total charge of conductor, Q = nA 𝑙 e
The conductor is now joined to a cell of potential difference V.
So, the electrons get drifted towards the positive terminal of the cell. Let the
drift velocity be vd
Time taken to cover length l is
𝑙
𝑡=
𝑣𝑑
𝑄
But 𝐼=
𝑡
𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑙
𝐼=
𝑡
Since
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙
𝑣𝑑 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Therefore,
𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑑
This is the required relationship.
5 Marks questions:
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1. Explain the experiment to determine unknown resistance by meter
bridge on the following points: a) Diagram b) Principle c)
Observation
Ans.
Meter bridge is shown in figure; it consists of wire AC of one-meter length this

wire made up of manganese to measure length on wire there is a meter scale
additionally there three blocks of brass. Two blocks are in L shape and one
block is in I shape unknown resistance applied on blocks between point a and b
and a resistance box applied between point c and d, unknown resistance
applied with the help of this box. Point B connected to galvanometer and
galvanometer connected to jockey a battery and a key applied between point
A.
Method of experiment: - We switch on the key so current flows in the circuit with
the help of battery. Now we touch the jockey on wire of 1m length due to that
pointer of galvanometer deflects, we touch the jockey on several points of
wire and add a particular point D deflection of pointer of galvanometer
became zero. This is state of equilibrium.
Formula: - In zero position
𝑃 𝑅
We know that, =
𝑄 𝑆
𝑋 Resistance of AD
Here, = …………. (1)
𝑅 Resistance of DC
If resistance of unit length of wire is x and length for equilibrium point is l
Then, resistance of AD = lx
Therefore, resistance of BC = (100 - l)x
st
Putting value in equation 1
𝑋 lx
= (100-l)𝑥
𝑅
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𝑋 𝑙
=
𝑅 100-l
𝑙
𝑋=( )𝑅
100-l
With the help of above formula, we can find unknown resistance.
Precaution: -
1. all connection should be tight.
2. Jockey should not rig on wire.
Observation table
s.no. Known Distance of (100-l) cm X=
resistance null point l (100−𝑙)
Ω
(cm) 𝑙
RΩ
2. At 280 cm length a leclanche cell is balanced on the wire of

potentiometer. When a daniell cell is connected in series with this cell
balance point appears at 480 cm . compare EMF of both cells.
Ans.
E1 = K× 280
E1+E2 = K× 480
Therefore,
𝐸1 + 𝐸2 𝐾 × 480 12
= =
𝐸1 𝐾 × 280 7
Or
𝐸2 12
1+ =
𝐸1 7
𝐸2 12 5
= −1=
𝐸1 7 7
E1:E2 = 7:5
3. Derive the principle of wheat stone bridge.
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Ans.
Wheat stone bridge is shown in figure. In this bridge two resistance P and Q
are connected in series and two resistances R and S also connected in series
and their pair connected in parallel, a battery E and a key K1 applied between
point A and C and a galvanometer and a key K2 applied between B and D.
When key K1 and K2 switched On, I current flows by battery at point A this I
current divided into two parts and I1 current flows from P and I2 current flows
from R. now at point B, I1 current divided in two parts and Ig current flows from
galvanometer and remaining I1 – Ig current flows from Q. At point D I2 and Ig
current join together and flows from S and at point C I1 – Ig and I2 + Ig.
Therefore, resultant current = I1 − I g + I 2 + I g
= I1 + I 2
=I
In circuit ABDA, by Kirchhoff’s law
I1 P + I g G − I 2 R = 0 …………… (1)
In circuit BCDB, by Kirchhoff’s law
( I1 − I g )Q − (I 2 + I g )S − I g G = 0 …………… (2)
If current flows from galvanometer is zero,
It means, Ig = 0
Then, by equation 1st and 2nd
I1 P − I 2 R = 0
I1Q − I 2 S = 0
So, I1 P = I 2 R …………… (3)
I1Q = I 2 S …………… (4)
Equation 3rd divided 4th
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P R
=
Q S
This is principal of wheat stone bridge. This state is called state of equilibrium
or zero deflection position.
4. Write down the Kirchhoff’s law related to distribution of electric
current.
Ans.
. first law: -
“sum of all current join together at a particular point in electrical circuit remain
zero”.
It means, I = 0
An electric circuit is shown in figure in this circuit there are five currents i1, i2,
i3, i4, and i5 then their sum.
i1 + i2 − i3 − i4 − i5 = 0
i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 + i5
It means, “sum of incoming currents remains equal to sum of outgoing
currents”.
Second law: - “In different parts of an electrical circuit sum of product of current
and respective resistance remains equal to sum of emf in different parts of a
circuit.”
It means,  IR =  E
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In electric circuit is shown in figure in which there are two soils. Their internal
resistance are respectively r1 and r2 and I1 current flows from E1 and I2 current
flows from E2 and total I3 = I1 + I2 current flows from load R.
Therefore, in circuit ABCDA by Kirchhoff’s law
− I1r1 + I 2 r2 = −E1 + E2
In circuit DCFED, by Kirchhoff’s law
− I 2 r2 − I 3 R = − E2
In circuit DCBAD, By Kirchhoff’s law
− I 2 r2 + I1r1 = −E2 + E1
5. Prove ohm’s law on the basis of electron theory.

Ans. Consider a conductor of length 𝑙, area of cross section A having n number
of free electrons per unit volume. If potential difference V is applied between its
opposite ends then,
𝑉
𝐸=
𝑙
Force experienced by each free electron will be
F = eE
Or
𝑒𝑉
𝐹=
𝑙
The acceleration produced on the electrons of mass 𝑚 is
𝐹 𝑒𝑉
𝑎= =
𝑚 𝑚𝑙
If the time interval between two successive collisions is  then drift velocity is
𝑒𝑉𝜏
𝑣𝑑 = 𝑎 × τ =
𝑚𝑙
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But current
𝐼 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑣𝑑
𝑒𝑉𝜏 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝐴
𝐼 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴 = 𝑉
𝑚𝑙 𝑚 𝑙
𝑉 𝑚 𝑙
=
𝑙 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝐴
If temperature remains constant, then all terms on R.H.S. will be constant, so
𝑉
=𝑅
𝑙
This is ohm’s law. Where R is constant called resistance.
6. Determine the internal resistance of cell by potentiometer on the

following points: a) Diagram b) Derivation c) Precautions
Ans.
Ans. a battery B1, a key k1 and a variable resistance Rh applied between point A
and B and positive terminal of given cell connected to point A and negative
terminal connected to galvanometer and galvanometer connected to jockey
and a resistance box and a key k2 applied in parallel with given cell.
Method of Experiment: -
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First of all, we switched on the key k1 by that current flows in the circuit. Now
touch the jockey at several points and find zero deflection position. Let
equilibrium length is l1
Now, we switch on the key k2 and apply resistance R in the circuit and we
touch the jockey on wire on several points and find zero deflection position.
Let, equilibrium length is l2.
Formula: -
In first case, E = K.l1 …………… (1)
In second case, V = K.l2 …………… (2)
Equation 1 divided by equation 2nd
st
E K .l1
=
V K .l2
E l1
=
V l2
if internal resistance of cell is r, then
E 
we know that r =  − 1 R …………… (3)
V 
putting value by equation 3rd
l 
r =  1 − 1 R
 l2 
Observation Table: -
Serial Number Equilibrium Length l1 Equilibrium Length Resistance R
l2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Precaution: -
1. all connection should be tight.
2. jockey should not wreck on wire.
7. Explain the principle of potentiometer and draw its diagram.
Ans.
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Potentiometer is shown in figure it consists a wooden plate and a wire of
manganese is attached on this plate with the help of blocks of brass. This wire
attached between point A and B. there is horizontal bar, a multi jockey
attached on it and there is a meter scale for measurement of length.
Principal of potentiometer: -
Wire AB of potentiometer is shown in figure, a battery B1, a key k1 and a

variable resistance Rh applied between point A and B and positive terminal of
given cell connected to point A and negative terminal connected to
galvanometer and galvanometer connected to jockey.
When key k1 switched on current flows in the circuit by battery B1 potential at
point A remain maximum and up to point B potential decreases. Now we touch
the jockey on wire at several points and at a particular point D deflection of
pointer of galvanometer became zero in this case potential difference between
A and D remains equal to EMF of given cell.
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In left hand side of point D, for any point D’ potential difference between A
and D’ remain less than EMF of cell and in right hand side for any point D’’
potential Difference between point A and D’’ remain higher than EMF of cell.
Let, length of wire AB is L
And potential difference is V
V
Then, potential difference of unit length K=
L
Where K is called potential magnitude if length of equilibrium is 𝑙
Then, EMF of cell 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝑙
**********************
Unit : 3
Chapter : 4
Moving charges and Magnetism
MCQ:
1 A movable charge creates:
(b) electric field (b) Magnetic field (c) both (d) None
2. The current is flowing in one direction in two parallel conductors situated
in vacuum, which type of force will work between them:
(b) Attraction (b) replication (c) both (d) None
3 If a particle enters parallel to them in magnetic field, What will be the
position of particle
(a) Simple line (b) Circular (c) Parabola (d) None
4 In a uniform magnetic field the serial loop force is mandatory.
(a) N(A×B) (b) m×B (c) l(m×B) (d) NlAB
5 In a magnetic field, the force moment at the current is maximum, while
the field and the bottom plane
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(a) Be parallel (b) Be vertical (c) 45 angle (d) none
Ans.
1. (c) both
2. (b) attraction
3. (a) simple line
4. (b) m×B
5. (a) be parallel
Fill up:-
1. The force applied on a moving charge in a magnetic field is called ___
2. Formula of Lorentz force is ________.
3. The ideal voltmeter has a resistance of ______.
4. An ideal ammeter has a resistance of ______.
5. The ability of a substance to acquire magnets in the magnetic field is
called ______.
Ans.
1. Lorentz force
2. 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3. Infinite
4. Zero
5. Permeability
Match up:-
Magnetic field - T m A-1
Magnetic moment - T
Magnetism - N m rad-1
Anthon constant - A 𝑚2
2Marks questions:
1. What is the reason for north polar light?
Ans. As the protons and electrons from the solar wind hit the particles in the
earth’s atmosphere, they release energy and this is what causes the northern
light.
2. Write Biot- Savart law.
Ans.
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when current flows in conductor magnetic field produce around it. We
consider a wire AB as shown in figure in which there is a small point ab of
length dl and at r distance there is a point P
than according to biot-sevart law produces magnetic field: -

1 remain proportionate to current
dB  I ……….. (1)
2 remain proportional to length of small part
dB  dl ……….. (2)
3 remain proportional to sine value of angle
dB  sin  ……….. (3)
4 remain inversely proportionate to square value of distance
1
dB  ……….. (4)
r2
Now we combine equation 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
Idl sin 
dB 
r2
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = 0
4𝜋 𝑟2
For whole wire,
0 Idl sin 
 dB =  4 r2
0 Idl sin 
B=
4 r2
3. Write Ampere circuital law.
Ans.
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According to ampere’s circuital law, “when current flows in the closed-circuit
line integration of produced magnetic field remain 0 times of current”.
i.e.  B.dl =  I 0
Proof: -
Let, A wire of infinite length passes through point O perpendicularly to the

plane pf paper then we consider point O as Centre and draw a circle of radius
r. this is a loop, we know that
0 NI
B=
l
Here N = 1,
0 I
B=
l
I
B= 0 ………… (1)
2r
In  OAB,
dl
d =
r
dl = rd ………… (2)
st nd
By equation 1 and 2
0 I
 Bdl = 
2r
rd
0 I
 Bdl =
2 
d
I
 Bdl = 0 2
2
 Bdl = 0 I Hence proved
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4. Write formula of force applied on a long straight current carrying
wire in the magnetic field.
Ans.
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where I is current, B is intensity of magnetic field, 𝑙 is length.
5. Write down formula for the magnetic field intensity near the long
straight current carrying wire.
Ans.
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
6. Write down formula for the intensity of magnetic field at the
centre of circular current carrying loop.
Ans.
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
𝐵=
2𝑟
7. Difference between ammeter and voltmeter.
Ans.
Ammeter Voltmeter
This device used to measure current This device used to measure
potential difference
Applied in series in a circuit Applied in parallel in a circuit
Internal resistance of ideal Ammeter Internal resistance of ideal Voltmeter
remains zero remains infinite
To make an Ammeter external To make a voltmeter external
resistance applied in parallel with resistance applied in series with
galvanometer galvanometer
8. Why is soft iron kept in the moving coil galvanometer.

Ans.
(i) The magnetic lines of force crossed through the soft iron core. This
increases the magnetic field and hence sensitivity of galvanometer.
(ii) The soft iron core helps to make the magnetic field radial.
9. Define the unit of current with the help of Biot-savart law.
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Ans. The practical unit of current is ampere. One ampere of current is that
current which produces a field of 10-7 Wb/m2, at the centre of the conductor of
length 1m, placed in the form of an arc of a circle of radius 1m.
10.For a circular loop, write the magnetic moment formula and SI
unit.
Ans.
M = NIA
Where N= number of turns in a circular current loop
I = current through the loop
A = area of each turn of the loop
S.I. unit is JT-1
J is joule and T is tesla
11.What is shunt? write its uses.
Ans.
A shunt is a thick copper wire which is joined in parallel with the coil of the
galvanometer. It has very low resistance.
Uses:
(1) The range of ammeter reading can be extended by connecting a shunt
resistance to it.
(2) The shunt is used in the galvanometer for measuring the large current.
12.Write the properties of magnetic field lines
Ans.
Properties of magnetic force lines are as follows
1. If a tangent drawn at its any point, then that tangent shows direction of
magnetic field at that point.
2. Outside the magnet these lines move from N to S pole and inside the
magnet these lines move from S to N.
3. These lines never intersect each other because if they intersect each
other then there will be two tangents at a point it means there will be
two direction of magnetic field at a particular point which is impossible
4. Near to poles these lines remain closer to each other it means magnetic
field remain strong
5. Far from poles distance between force lines remain higher it means
magnetic field remain weak
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6. In the direction of length these lines attract each other that’s why unlike
poles attract each other
7. In the direction perpendicular to the length these lines repel each other
that why like poles repel each other
8. These lines produce closed curve.
**********************
Unit : 4
Chapter : 6
Electromagnetic induction
MCQ:
1. The electric carrying force induced in EMI is independent of :
(a) Change in flux (b) time
(c) number of ferro (d) resistance of coil
2. SI unit of self-induction: -
(a) Ampere (b) Faraday (c) Henry (d) Weber
3 The SI unit of magnetic flux is:-
(a) Weber (b) Gauss (c) Oersted (d) Tesla
4 Gauss vertex current are used:-
(a) To make dimeter (b) In dynamometer
(c) In electric brakes (d) All of the above
5 Law of Lorenz is related to :-
(a) Conservation of charge (b) Conservation of energy
(c) Mass conservation (d) Conservation of momentum
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6 Keeping the total length of coil unchanged, the number of rounds in the
coil is doubled. It will be self-induced
(a) four times (b) double (c) half (d) Equivalent to square
ans.
1. (d) resistance of coil
2. (c) henry
3. (a) weber
4. (a) to make dimeter
5. (b) conservation of energy
6. (a) four times
Fill up:
1. In electromagnetic devices, the core is plated to reduce the effect of
_____.
2. Rate of change in magnetic flux is inversely proportional to _____.
3. Self-induction is the measure of coil’s ______.
4. Reverse current works on the ____ principle of generator.
Ans.
1. Eddy currents.
2. Induced EMF
3. Induced current
4. Electromagnetic induction.
2 Marks questions:
1. What is Eddy’s current?
Ans. When a metallic plate is moved in a magnetic field or placed in a changing
magnetic field, then flux linked with the conductor changes, hence an induced
current is produced in the plate. This induced current is called eddy current.
2. Write any three uses of Eddy current.
Ans. Eddy currents are used in:
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(1) Making a galvanometer dead beat.
(2) Induction furnace.
(3) Electric break.
(4) Induction motor.
3. In meter bridge experiment the battery key is pressed first then
galvanometer why?
Ans. If the galvanometer key is pressed first and then battery key, an induced
current will be produced in the galvanometer circuit and galvanometer will give
deflection even at the position of null point. Thus, the battery key is pressed
first.
4. Difference between self-induction and mutual induction.
Ans.
Self- induction Mutual induction
1. This phenomenon happens in 1. This phenomenon happens in
the same coil when the current another coil placed nearby a
flowing through the coil coil in which the current is
changes. changing.
2. One coil is used in this 2. Two coils are used in this
phenomenon. phenomenon.
3. Induced current affects the 3. The induced current produced
main current. in the second coil, therefore
main current is not affected.
5.Define magnetic flux.

Ans. Number of force lines passes perpendicularly from small area of magnetic
field is called magnetic flux.
 =  B.da
5Marks questions:
1. Derive an expression for the self-induction of circular coil. on what
factors does it depend?
Ans.
let radius of coil is r and number of turns is n if I current flows in the coil then
intensity of produced magnetic field at the centre of coil
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0 2nI
B=
4 r
0 nI
B= ………. (1)
2r
We know that,
 =  B.da
 = B  da
 = B  r 2 n
 nI
 = 0  r 2 n
2r
 0 n 2 r
=
I 2
0n 2 r
L=
2
the self-inductance of the circular coil depends on following factors:
(1) Number of turns: on increasing the number of turns of coil, its self-
inductance increases.
(2) Permeability of material: the self-inductance of coil increases when a
substance of high permeability is placed in its core.
(3) Radius; with increase in the radius of coil the self-inductance increases.
2. If we want to convert mechanical energy into alternating current
which device we should use? Write the construction and working of
device.
Ans.
AC Generator: -
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Main parts of AC generator are as follows: -
1. Field magnet: - there are two magnetic poles N and S these poles are cut
concavely and strong magnetic field applied by these poles.
2. Armature: - there is an armature of soft iron. A coil of open wire of copper
wounded on it.
3. Rings: - there are two metallic rings C1 and C2. Ring C1 connected with A
terminal of armature and ring C2 connected with D terminal of armature.
These rings rotate with armature.
4. Brushes: - there are two brushes B1 and B2. brush B1 remain in contact with
C1 and brush B2 remain in contact with C2.
5. External circuit: - load resistance applied in external circuit.
Working: - let initially point A of armature is in contact with C1 and position

of armature is ABCD when armature rotate across vertical axis then according
to faraday’s law induced current flows in the coil. Direction of this current is
ABCD. Therefore, in external circuit current flows from brush B2 to B1.
When armature completed its half cycle than its new position is shown in
second figure. Now, current flows in DCBA direction. So, in external circuit
current flows from brush B1 and B2. Therefore, in complete cycle of armature.
Alternating signal produces at the output.
3. Deduce an expression for electromotive force induced across the end
of conducting rods moving in uniform magnetic field.
Ans.
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Let a conductor PQ of length 𝑙 which is moving towards left in a magnetic field
B which is directed downwards perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let a
conductor is moving freely without friction. Let an instant t the conductor PQ
makes a closed loop PQRS and magnetic field is perpendicular to plane of this
loop.
Now if PQ = RS = 𝑙 and QR = 𝑥 then the magnetic flux linked with this closed
loop be
∅ = 𝐵𝑙𝑥 (1)
Where 𝑙𝑥 is area of loop PQRS

Since the value of 𝑥 varies with time, then the flux linked with it will also
change. Hence on induced EMF will developed in it. According to faraday’s
law the induced EMF will be
𝑑∅
𝑒= −
𝑑𝑡
Putting value of  from equation (1)
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑒= − (𝐵𝑙𝑥) = −𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Or
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Where = −𝑣, negative sign shows here the direction of 𝑣 is opposite to
𝑑𝑡
direction of 𝑥
4. Write lenz’s law regarding EMI and explain how lenz’s law
equivalent to law of conservation of energy?
Ans.
According to Lenz law induced current flows in the coil oppose the factor by it
produces.
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If N pole of magnet moves towards the end of coil, then flux related to coil
variates therefore by Faraday’s Law induced current flows in the coil and its
direction remain such that end of coil behaves like N pole so force of repulsion
works and we have to do some work against this force of repulsion. This work
stored in the form of energy.
If N pole moves away from the coil then flux related to coil decreases then,
again induced current flows in the coil and its direction remain such that end
of coil behaves like S pole force and Attraction would. So, we have to do some
work against this force of attraction. This work stored in the form of energy.
Similar process happens with S pole. This law is called law of conservation
energy.
**********************
Chapter : 7
Alternating current
MCQ:
1 Capacitors allow to pass through:
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(a) only DC (b) only AC (c) Both (d) None
2 Unit of reverse current is : -
(a) Ohm (b) 1/Ohm (c) Ampere (d) Volt
3 The frequency of domestic electric current is ---- Hrtz:
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 100
4 Which quantity is increased in step up transformer:
(a) Current (b) Potential (c) Frequency (d) None
Ans.
1. (b) only AC
2. (b) 1/Ohm
3. (b) 50
4. (b) potential
Fill in the blanks:
1 In the LC circuit, the time lapse between current and potential difference
is -.
2 The relation between 𝐼0 and 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 in an AC circuit is -----------------.
3 The average value of AC in a complete cycle is ------------.
4 The numbers of turn in primary coil than the second in step up
transformer is ------.
Ans.
1. 900
2. 𝐼0 = √2 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
3. Zero (0)
4. Lower
2Marks questions:
1. Difference between AC and DC.
Ans.
Alternating Current Direct Current
Its direction variates with respect to Its direction remains constant with
time. respect to time.
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Alternating current of some potential Direct current of some potential
remain much harmful than direct remains less harmful than alternating
current current
This current shows only thermal This current shows thermal, chemical
effect and magnetic effect
Device to measure alternating current Device to measure direct current
based on thermal effect of current based on magnetic effect of current
Device which measures AC able to Device which measures DC unable to
measure DC measure AC
This current not remain useful to This current remains useful to make
make temporary magnet temporary magnet
This current used with transformer This current not used with
transformer
2. Why there is no electrolysis in AC?

Ans. Direction of alternating current change rapidly. So, flow of positive and
negative does not remains in any particular direction.
3. Why is mutually not equally spaced on the scale of the
alternating ammeter?
Ans. Due to thermal effect of current.
4. In municipal electrical distribution system AC is delivered
instead of DC why?
Ans. This is because the strength of current in the form of AC can be reduced
and supplied from one place to another by using a transformer and thus without
power loss. Transformer cannot work with DC
5. Write the formula for coefficient Q?
Ans. Q factor is quality factor which shows resonance in resonant circuit.
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
Q = 2𝜋 ×
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝜔𝐿
Q= where 𝜔 is resonant frequency
𝑅
5Marks questions:
1. Describe transformers on the following points:
a) Diagram
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b) Principle
c) Loss of energy
d) Types
Ans.
transformer is device which convert higher voltage in to lower voltage and lower
voltage in to higher voltage.
There are two types of transformer: -

1. Step up transformer: - this transformer converts lower potential into higher
potential.
2. Step down transformer: - this transformer converts higher potential into
lower potential
1. Primary coil: - alternating potential applied in this coil for step up
transformer its wire remains thick and number of turns remain lower and
for step down transformer its wire remains thin and number of turns remain
higher in this transformer.
2. Secondary coil: - output signal produce on this coil for step up transformer
its wire remains thin and number of turns remain higher. And for step down
transformer its wire remains thick and number of turns remains lower.
3. Plated core: - primary and secondary coil wounded on core of soft iron
which remain plated to reduce eddy current.
Working: - alternating potential applied on primary coil of transformer its
magnitude change continuously therefore flux related to secondary coil
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also change continuously. Therefore, by the process of mutual induction
induced emf process in secondary coil.
let number of turs in primary and secondary coils are respectively nP and
n S . Therefore, its emf of primary coil is eP . Then,
d
eP = − n P ………… (1)
dt
If emf of secondary coil is eS . Then,
d
eS = − n S ………… (2)
dt
Equation 1st divided by equation 2nd
eP n P
=
eS n S
v P eP n P
= = =r ………… (3)
v S eS n S
Where r is called transformer ratio and v P & v S are potential of primary and
secondary coils.
We know that, Power P = VI
Therefore, for primary coil
Power = VP I P
For secondary coil, power = VS I S
Therefore, VP I P = VS I S
VP I S
=
VS I P
Therefore, by equation 3rd
v P eP n P I S
= = = =r
v S eS n S I P
1. For step up transformer: -
nS  nP
VS  V P
It means lower potential convert in to higher potential.
2. For step down transformer: -
nP  nS
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V P  VS
It means higher potential convert in to lower potential.
Losses: -
There are three types of loses with a transformer.
1. Copper loss: - copper wire is used in transformers. Theses wires became
heated. So, some part of given charged decayed in the process of working
against the heat. This loss is called copper loss and to reduce this loss we
use thick wire in primary coil of step-up transformer.
2. Hysteresis loss; - in transformer core magnetize and demagnetize
continuously. Energy loss in the process is called hysteresis loss and to
reduce this loss we use core of soft iron.
3. Iron loss: - for a good mutual induction we use core of soft iron but eddy
current produces in it and some part of energy decayed against this current.
This loss is called iron loss and to reduce this loss we use plated core of
soft iron.
Uses: -
Uses of transformer are as follows: -
1. Transformers are mainly used in power transmission from one place to
another place. In this process initially step up transformers are used and
then step down transformer is used sequent.
2. In various electronic devices like T.V., tape recorder, motors, coolers etc,
step down transformer are used.
3. Step up transformer are used in industrial units.
2.Derive an expression of reactance in a circuit of a capacitor in AC.

Ans.
Suppose the instantaneous voltage at any instant of time t is

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (1)
If Q is the charge acquired by the capacitor at this instant, then
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𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 or 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
But current
𝑑𝑄 𝑑
𝐼= = (𝐶𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼 = 𝜔 𝐶𝑉0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝐼 = 𝜔𝐶𝑉0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝜋
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) (2)
2
Where,
𝐼0 = 𝜔 𝐶𝑉0 = peak value of current (3)

From equation (3)
𝑉0 1
=
𝐼0 𝜔𝐶
1
Comparing with ohm’s law, is called capacitive reactance denoted by Xc.
𝜔𝐶
1 1
𝑋𝑐 =
=
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
3.In series LCR circuit explain diagram, phase diagram, phase difference
between current and potential and impedance
Ans.
alternating potential V = V0 sin t applied on L-C circuit by that I current flows in

the circuit
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Therefore, for Coil VL = IXL
For capacitor, VC = IX C
For resistance VR = IR
Therefore, phase diagram of potential remains as follows
In triangle OAB by Pythagoras theorem,

(OA)2 = (OB)2 + ( AB )2
V 2 = (Vl − VC ) + VR
2 2
V = VR + (Vl − VC )
2 2
V = I 2 R2 + I 2 (X l − X C )
2
V = I R2 + (X l − X C )
2
= R2 + (X l − X C )
V 2
I
2
 1 
Z LCR = R +  L −
2
 ……….. (1)
 C 
In triangle OAB,
AB
tan  =
OB
V − VC
tan  = L
VR
IX L − IX C
tan  =
IR
1
L −
tan  = C
R
 1 
 L − 
 = tan −1  C 
 R 
 
 
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If reactant of coil became equal to reactant of capacitor than this state is called
state of resonance
It means,
X L = XC
1
L = ………… (2)
C
Putting value in equation 1st
Z LCR = R
It means in resonance state impedance remain minimum
Therefore, current remain maximum
By equation 2nd
1
2 =
LC
1
=
LC
1
2f =
LC
1
f =
2 LC
Here, f is called resonant frequency and circuit accept only resonant frequency
and reject all other frequencies that’s why circuit is called acceptor circuit.
This circuit is used in the transmission of television signals by single phase band
transmission and this circuit is used in various server transmission.
4. Derive the principle of transformers. Define difference between step
up and step-down transformers.
Ans.
Principle of transformer:
alternating potential applied on primary coil of transformer its magnitude
change continuously therefore flux related to secondary coil also change
continuously. Therefore, by the process of mutual induction induced emf
process in secondary coil.
let number of turs in primary and secondary coils are respectively nP and
n S . Therefore, its emf of primary coil is eP . Then,
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d
eP = − n P ………… (1)
dt
If emf of secondary coil is eS . Then,
d
eS = − n S ………… (2)
dt
Equation 1st divided by equation 2nd
eP n P
=
eS n S
v P eP n P
= = =r ………… (3)
v S eS n S
Where r is called transformer ratio and v P & v S are potential of primary and
secondary coils.
We know that, Power P = VI
Therefore, for primary coil
Power = VP I P
For secondary coil, power = VS I S
Therefore, VP I P = VS I S
VP I S
=
VS I P
v P eP n P I S
= = = =r
v S eS n S I P
difference between step up and step-down transformer are as follows: -
Step up transformer Step down transformer
It converts lower voltage into higher It converts higher voltage in to lower
voltage voltage
Wire of primary coil remain thick Wire of primary coil remain thin
Wire of secondary coil remain thin Wire of secondary coil remain thick
Number of turns in primary coil Number of turns in primary coil
remain lower remain higher
Number of turns in secondary coil Number of turns in secondary coil
remain higher remain lower
Current in secondary coil remain Current in secondary coil remain
lower as compared to primary coil higher as compared to primary coil
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**********************
Unit : 5
Chapter : 8
Elecrtomagnetic waves
MCQ:
1 Which of the following has the least wavelength:
(a) X-rays (b) visible light (c) Gamma rays (d) Infrared
2 In electromagnetic waves, the relation between the electric field (E) and
magnetic field (B) is :
(a) B=E/C (b) E=B/C (c) E=B (d) C=B.E
3 Ozone layer absorbs:
(a) visible light (b) Microwave (c) Infrared (d) UV
4 In electromagnetic waves, if electro vector is in X direction and magnetic
vector is in Y-direction, then its transmission would be in: (a) X-
direction (b) Y-direction (c) Z- direction (d) None 5 The
wavelength of visible light is:
(a) 10−10m (b) 10−6m (c) 10−4m (d) 10−8m
Ans.
1. (c) gamma rays

2. (a) B=E/C
3. (d) ultraviolet
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4. (c) z direction
5. (d) 10-8 m
Fill in the blanks:

1 In the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, -------------has the
highest frequency.
2 Electromagnetic waves are------------. (transversal /longitudinal)
3 UV lamps are made up of -------------.
4 ------------waves are used to kill bacteria.
5 The range of wavelength of microwaves is -----------------.
Ans.
1. Gamma rays
2. Transversal
3. Quartz
4. Electromagnetic
5. 1 × 10−3 m to 3 × 10−1 m
2Marks questions:
1. Describe the principle of microwave oven.
Ans.
A microwave oven is an electric oven that heat and cook’s food by exposing it
into electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces
polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process
known as dielectric heating.
2. What are X-rays? Write two uses.
Ans. When rapid electrons make collision with heavy material than X-rays
produces. There wavelength range is 1 × 10−10 m to 3 × 10−8 m
Uses:
(1) X-rays uses in operations.
(2) Used to study internal structure of atom.
3. Arrange the waves in EM spectrum in their increasing
wavelength.
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Ans. Gamma rays< x-rays<ultraviolet rays<visible light<infrared rays< micro
waves<radio waves.
4. Find the relation between speed of electromagnetic waves (c),
magnetism 𝜇0 and electromagnetism 𝜀0.
Ans.
1
𝑐=
√𝜇0 𝜀0
Where c= speed of light
𝜇0 = magnetic permeability
𝜀0 = electric permittivity
5. Write the properties of EM waves.
Ans.
properties of electromagnetic wave are as follows: -
1. These waves produce by accelerated electric charge.
2. These waves consist electric properties.
3. These waves consist magnetic properties.
4. Vibration of electric and magnetic vector remain perpendicular to each

other.
5. These waves can move in vacuum also.
6. In vacuum velocity of these waves remain equal to velocity of light.

1
It means, 𝐶=
√𝜇 0 ∈0
1
7. In any medium their velocity, 𝑣 =
√𝜇∈
8. In vacuum these waves travel on straight line.
6. Describe greenhouse effect.

Ans.
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere
trap the Sun's heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without
an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes Earth a
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comfortable place to live. During the day, the Sun shines through the atmosphere.
Earth's surface warms up in the sunlight. At night, Earth's surface cools, releasing
heat back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. That's what keeps our Earth a warm and cosy 58 degrees
Fahrenheit (14 degrees Celsius), on average.
7. If there would no atmosphere on earth what would be

temperature of earth surface? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. The temperature of earth would be lower because the green house effect of
the atmosphere would be absent.
**********************
Unit : 6
Chapter : 10
Waves Optics
Fill in the blanks:
1 Encroachment of light in geometry shadow is called -----------.
2 The coloured appearing of thin film in white light is the phenomenon
of ------
3 The locus of oscillating points in same membrane during wave
transmission is called --------------
4 Wavelength due to point source is ------------------.
5 The increment in the wavelength due to the distance from wave source
is called --------------.
Ans.
1. Diffraction
2. Interference of light
3. Wavefront
4. Spherical wavefront
5. Doppler effect
2Marks questions:
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1. What do you mean by interference? Give example
Ans.
When two or more waves of approximately equal amplitude and frequency
emitted either by single source or by two coherent sources overlapped on each
other in a medium than intensity of light became maximum at some point and
became minimum on some point this event is called interference of light.
There are two types of interferences: -
1. Constructive interference: - if crest-crest or trough-trough of wave
became coincide to each other than intensity of light became higher this
interference called constructive interference.
2. Destructive interference: - if crest of wave became coincide with trough
of another wave than intensity of light became minimum this
interference is called destructive interference.
2. Write the necessary conditions for interference.
Ans.
necessary conditions for a good interference are as follows: -
1. Amplitudes of waves should be equal.
2. Frequency of waves should be equal.
3. Source should be coherent.
4. Displacement of waves should be linear
3. Write the Huygens’s theory of wavelets.
According to Huygens wave principle: -
1. Light travel in the form of wave.
2. Wave moves in all possible directions.
3. In different medium velocities of waves remain different.
4. In rarer medium velocity of light wave remain higher and in denser
medium velocity of light wave remain lower.
5. Wavelength of waves of different colors remain different. For red color
wavelength remain maximum and for violet color wavelength remain
minimum.
6. Initially waves considered as a longitudinal wave but to explain
polarization light waves considered as a transverse wave.
7. Waves travel in a virtual medium ether this is an elastic homogeneous
and weightless medium. Which exist at everywhere.
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8. Write down principle of superposition of light waves.
Ans.
When two or more waves reach to a point of a medium simultaneously, the

particle vibrates with the resultant amplitude equal to the vector sum of the
individual amplitudes.
Let n waves are reaching to a point and displacement of the particle for each
wave is ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦3 --------
Therefore, resultant displacement
𝑦 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦3 + − − − − ∓𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛
9. What do you mean by coherent sources?

Ans. The sources which emit the waves of same frequency with constant phase
difference (zero), are called coherent sources.
10.When an aircraft is travelling at low height, then the pictures on the
TV screen undergo vibration. Why?
Ans. When the aircraft is travelling at lower height, then it reflects the TV
signals. Interference occurs between the incoming signals and the reflected
signals. Hence vibrations are seen on the pictures in the TV screen.
3 Marks questions:
1. The ratio of intensities of two waves is 1:9. If both waves interferes,
find the ratio of the the maximum and minimum intensities.
Ans.
Given that
I1:I2 = 1:9
𝐼1 𝑎1 2
By 𝐼 ∝ 𝑎2 =
𝐼2 𝑎2 2
Or
𝑎1 𝐼1 1 1
=√ =√ =
𝑎2 𝐼2 9 3
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𝑎2 = 3𝑎1
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )2 (𝑎1 + 3𝑎1 )2 16𝑎1 2 4

= = = =
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 )2 (3𝑎1 − 𝑎1 )2 4𝑎1 2 1
2. Difference between interference and diffraction.

Ans.
. difference between interference and diffraction are as follows: -
Interference Diffraction
This process happens by overlapping This process happens by overlapping
of waves incident from two coherent of waves incident from single source.
sources.
Fringe width of fringes remain equal. Fringe width decreases from central
fringe.
Intensity remains uniform on each Intensity decreases on bright fringes.
bright fringe.
Intensity remains uniform on each Intensity increases on dark fringes.
dark fringe.
3. Write down secondary wave principle of Huygens.

Ans.
According to secondary wave principle of Huygens: -
1. Each point of wave front became source of new wave. These waves are
called secondary waves.
2. Secondary waves move in the medium with the same velocity of primary
waves.
3. If a plane drawn perpendicular on secondary waves on which all
particles vibrate in same phase than that plane is called secondary wave
front.
4. Derive the formula for the fringe width in Young’s double-slit
experiment.
Ans.
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Let distance between slits is 2d and distance of screen from slits is D. formed at
point P0 and a fringe is formed at point P and paths of two waves are S 1P and
S2P.
Then path difference,

 = S2 P − S1P
 = S2 A …………… (1)
Comparing triangles S1S2 A and OPP0
S 2 A S1 S 2
=
PP0 OP
S1S2
S2 A = .PP0
OP
Here, OP  OP0
S1S2  PP0
Therefore, S2 A =
OP
Putting various values,
2 D.Y
= …………… (2)
D
If distance of nth bright fringe from central fringe is Yn then
By equation 2nd
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2 D.Yn
n =
D
nD
Yn =
2d
If distance of (n+1)th bright fringe from central fringe is Yn +1 , then
Yn+1 =
(n + 1)D
2d
Therefore, fringe width
 = Yn+1 − Yn
=
(n + 1)D − nD
2d 2d
D
= (n + 1 − n )
2d
D
= ………….. (3)
2d
If distance of nth dark fringe from central fringe is Yn , then
By equation 2nd
(2n + 1)  = 2dYn
2 D
Yn =
(2n + 1)D
4d
If distance of (n+1)th dark fringe from central fringe is Yn +1 ,
Then, Yn+1 =
2(n + 1) + 1D
4d
Yn+1 =
2n + 3D
4d
Therefore, fringe width
 = Yn+1 − Yn
=
2n + 3D − 2n + 1D
4d 4d
D
= 2n + 3 − 2n − 1
4d
D
= 2
4d
D
= ………….. (4)
2d
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By equation 3rd and 4th it is clear that fringe width of bright and dark fringes
remains equal.
5. What would be the effect on deviation in Young’s double slit
experiment, if:
(a) If the distance between two slits is increased.
(b) Source is moved towards the slits.
(c) Screen is moved away from slits.
(d) Width of both slits are increased.
(e) Monochromic source is replaced by another low wavelength
monochromic source.
(f) Monochromic source is replaced by white light source
Ans.
(a) Fringe width will decrease.
(b) Fringe width will decrease.
(c) Fringe width will increase.
(d) Fringe width will decrease.
(e) Fringe width will decrease.
(f) Fringe width remains maximum for red colour and remains minimum for
violet colour.
**********************
Unit : 7
Chapter : 11
Dual Nature of radiation and matter
One word:
1. The minimum energy necessary to remove one electron from metal
surface is called ----.
2. Convert one electron volt in to Joule.
3. Relate the De Broglie wave to a photon.
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4. Write Einstein photoelectric effect.
5. What is the effect on light current when the intensity of incident light
increases?
6. What if the effect of light current when the frequency of incident
light increases?
7. What is the on the kinetic energy of the emitted electron when the
frequency of incident ray increases?
8. What do you mean by photon?
9. What do you mean by photoelectric cell?
10.Write plank’s constant and its dimensional formula.
Ans.
1. Work function
2. 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽
ℎ
3. 𝜆 =
𝑝
1
4. 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 = ℎ𝜈 − ℎ𝜈0
2
5. Increase
6. Increase
7. Increase
8. Energy emit or absorb in the form of small packets which are called
photons.
9. Photo cell is a cell which convert optical energy into electric energy. This
cell works on the principle of photo electric effect.
10. Unit: joule-second
Dimensional formula [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −1 ]
Match up:
Plank’s constant - J
threshold frequency - JS
Work function - m
De Broglie wavelength - Hz
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2- Marks questions:
1. Define work function and threshold frequency.
Ans. Work function: the least energy which can eject the electrons from the
surface of the metal, is called its work function.
threshold frequency: the threshold frequency is that minimum frequency of
light, below which the photo electrons do not emit, what so ever may be the
intensity of light.
2. What is electron emission? Write its types.
Ans. When electrons exit from any surface of any substance, it is called electron
emission.
Types of electron emission are:
(i) Thermionic emission
(ii)field emission
(iii) Light emission
3. What is photoelectric effect?
Ans. . when energized radiation incident on a metallic plane than electrons
emit through the plane. This effect is called photo electric effect.
4. What is dual nature of radiation?
Ans. Light consists both types of properties. In some events light behaves like
waves and in some other events light behaves like particles (photons). That’s
why it is called that radiation consists dual nature.
5. What is thermionic emission? What are the properties
possessed by metal used for it?
Ans. The phenomenon of emission of electrons, from the surface of the metal
when it is heated, is called thermionic emission.
The metal used for thermionic emission should have the following properties:
(1) Its work function should be small, so that even at low temperature the
electrons can be emitted.
(2) The melting point should be high.
6. Why De-Broglie’s wave principle is not reliable in daily life?
Explain.
Ans. In daily life objects used consists high mass, therefore wavelength related
to them remains very low (10-30m). so, wave behaviour not viewed.
7. Draw diagram of photoelectric cell and explain its working and
write its uses.
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Ans.
Structure of photo cell is shown in figure it consists of hollow sphere of glass

which coated by alkali metal and at the centre of this sphere there is a ring of
wire which insulated with the sphere a battery applied in the external circuit
with the help of this battery central wire behaves like anode and sphere
behaves like cathode.
When light of high intensity incident on sphere than by photo electric effect
electros emit from the sphere these electrons move up to anode and pulse of
current produces in the external circuit.
Uses: -
1. In automatic doors.
2. In thief indicator bells.
3. To operate street lights.
4. For reproduction of sound in cinema.
**********************
Unit : 8
Chapter : 12
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Atoms
One word:
1. If the radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is 𝑎0, what will be the
radius of second orbit?
2. Write the formula and unit of Rydberg constant.
3. Write the radius of the nucleus of an atom.
4. Name the spectrum line of hydrogen atom which is in visible part.
5. Who first studied the structure of an atom?
6. Write the limitation of Rutherford’s atomic model.
7. What is the energy of minimum orbit of hydrogen?
8. According to which model, atomic nucleus is spherical?
Ans.
1. 4𝑎0 because 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 × 𝑟1
2𝜋𝑚𝑒 4
2. 𝑅 = (4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑐ℎ3
0)
Where R is Rydberg’s constant. Its unit is m-1
3. 10-15m
4. Balmer series
5. J J Thomson
6. (i) does not explain stability of atom
(ii)does not explain line spectrum
7. −13.6 𝑒𝑉
8. Thomson’s atomic model
9. Match up:
Linear momentum of electron - indifferent
Atom - m-1
Rydberg constant - Ultraviolet
Laymen range - Infrared
Balmer range - Visible light
Paschen range - nh/2𝜋
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2- Marks questions:
1. Write Rutherford’s experiment related to alpha particle.
Ans.
In Rutherford’s experiment there is a radioactive substance like radon placed

in a box.  particles emit by this substance mass of  particles four times of
mass of hydrogen atom and its charge remain double of charge of photon
these  particles on a gold plate thickness of this gold plate remain 10-5 cm. 
particles scattered by this plate and incident on a fluorescent screen this
experiment conducted in vacuum to avoid collision of air particles with 
particles. results of experiment are as follows: -
1. Most of  particles exit through gold plate without any deviation.
2. Some  particles scattered at acute angle.
3. Some  particles scattered at obtuse angle and moves back.
we conclude this experiment in following manner: -

1. Since most of  particles go straight it means most of part of atom
remain empty.
2. Since some  particles scattered at acute angle and  particles remain

positively charged it means positive charge exist in the atom. Which
apply force of repulsion.
3. Since some  particles scattered at obtuse angle it means higher amount

of force of repulsion works on particles and it is only possible when the
positive charge centralized at a small place.
2. Write the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model.

Ans.
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According to Bohr’s model: -
1. Electron rotate around the nucleus in some specific orbit instead of
specific orbit. These orbits are called stationary orbits and electron
under the rotation does not emit energy.
2. Electron can rotate only in the orbit which consist angular momentum
ℎ
multiple of . If mass of electron is m and velocity is v and radius of
2𝜋
circular path is r. then
ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛
2𝜋
Where n is called principal quantum number.
3. When electron shift from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit then
energy difference between orbits emitted in the form of radiations and
when electron shifted from lower energy orbit to higher energy orbit
than energy difference between orbits in the form of radiation.
4. If electron shift from nth orbit to pth orbit where n>p than energy
difference En − E p = h this condition is called Bohr’s frequency
condition.
5. When electron rotate in any circular orbit than necessary centripetal force
produces by force of attraction applied by nucleus on electrons.
mv 2 1 Ze2
=
r 4 0 r 2
3. Write the limitations of Bohr’s atomic model.
Ans.
The limitations of Bohr’s atomic model are as follows:
(i) The theory is successful only in explaining the hydrogenic atoms such
as hydrogen, ionized helium etc.
(ii) Even in cash of hydrogen, some of the spectral lines have a fine
structure, which means that these lines are a combination of closely
packed fine lines. This theory fails to explain this fine structure.
(iii) This theory does not predict the relative intensities of the various
spectral lines.
(iv) The value of Rydberg constant obtained by this theory is different
from experimental value.
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(v) When an atom is placed in a strong magnetic field, then splitting of
spectral lines take place. This phenomenon is called Zeeman effect
and if it is placed in electric field then the splitting of spectral lines is
called stark’s effect. Bohr’s theory could not explain these effects.
4. How Bohr’s quantum condition was verified by De-Broglie?

Explain.
Ans. According to De-Broglie in atom circumference of electron orbit should be
multiple of wavelength of matter wave associated with electron.
If mass of electron is m, and this electron rotate in orbit of 𝑟0 radius with 𝑣
velocity. Then de-Broglie wavelength
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
And circumference of orbit = 2𝜋𝑟𝑛
According to de-Broglie
2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆
ℎ
2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑚𝑣
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟𝑛 =
2𝜋
This is Bohr’s quantum condition.
5. Write the name and wavelength range of different series in
Hydrogen atom spectrum.
Ans.
series appears in hydrogen spectrum are as follows: -
1. Lyman Series: - 1216 A0 – 912 A0
2. Ballmer Series: - 6563A0 – 3646 A0
3. Paschen Series: - 18735 A0 – 8196 A0
4. Bracket Series: - 40500 A0 – 14516 A0
5. Fund Series: - 74580A0 – 22789 A0
**********************
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Unit : 9
Chapter : 11
Semiconductor electronics
One word:
1. How does semiconductors behave on 0 K temperature?
2. Write the majority and minority charge from the P-type
semiconductors.
3. Write the Boolean expression for NAND gate.
4. What is LED?
5. What are universal gates? Name them.
6. Which semiconductor device does the work of rectifier?
Ans.
1. semiconductors behave like insulator at 0K temperature.
2. Majority carrier – holes, minority carrier – electrons
3. 𝑌 = 𝐴.̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵
4. It is abbreviation of “Light Emitting Diode”. It is a P-N junction which,
when used in reverse bias, emits the light.
5. NOR gate and NAND gate
6. P-N junction diode.
Match up:
NAND - A+B
AND - ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅𝐴 + 𝐵
NOR - ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵
OR - 𝐴̅
NOT - A.B
5- Marks questions:
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1. Explain forward and reverse bias in P-N junction diode and draw
characteristic curves.
Ans.
1. Forward bias: - if p part of diode connected to positive terminal and n
part connected to negative terminal of external battery than this
connection is called forward bias.
Majority carrier’s holes of p part repel by positive charge and majority

carrier’s electron of n part repel by negative charge. So, these charge passes
through depletion layer and strong current (mA) flow in the diode.
Characteristic curve: - it is clear by graph that as external potential increases
current also increases.
2. Reverse bias: - if p part of diode connected to negative terminal of
external battery and n part of diode connected to positive terminal of
battery than this connection is called reverse bias.
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Majority carriers’ holes of p part attract by negative charge applied its end
and majority carries electrons of n part attract by positive charge applied at
its end so current in the diode flows by minority carriers this current remain
lower (A).
Characteristic curve: -
If graph plotted between applied voltage and current than that graph
shown in figure it is clear by graph that as potential increases current also
increases but this increase remains slow and at a certain potential current
increase rapidly, this process is called breakdown. The breakdown happens
because as potential in reverse bias increases kinetic energy inside diode
also increases so, covalent bond broke by that electron and holes produces
these free charge carriers broke other covalent bonds. So, current increases
rapidly.
2.What are logic gates? What are basic logic gates? Define under
a. Symbol
b. Boolean expression
c. Truth table
Ans.
A digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or stop it, is called
logic gate. It obeys a certain logic relation between input and output voltages.
Basic logic gates are as follows:
(1) AND gate:
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Symbol
Boolean expression
Y= A.B
Truth table
(2) OR gate:
Symbol
Boolean expression
Y= A+B
Truth table
(3) NOT gate:

Symbol
Boolean expression
Y= 𝐴̅
Truth table
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3.What are universal gates? Explain under
(a) Symbol
(b) Boolean expression
(c) Truth table
Ans.
NOR gate and NAND gate are universal gates
NOR gate:
Symbol
Boolean expression
Y= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
Truth table
NAND gate:
Symbol
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Boolean expression
̅̅̅̅̅
Y= 𝐴. 𝐵
Truth table
4.How you can obtain OR and AND gate from NOR gate? How you can
obtain OR and AND gate from NAND gate? Explain with diagram.
Ans.
To obtain OR gate from NOR gate:
To obtain AND gate from NOR gate:

If the output of two NOT gate obtained by NOR gates are used as two inputs of
a NOR gate then the resultant output be same as the output of AND gate.
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Boolean expression
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ = 𝐴. 𝐵
Truth table
A B 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅
= 𝐴. 𝐵
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
To obtain OR gate from NAND gate:

If the two outputs of NOT gates obtained by NAND gates are used as inputs of
a NAND gate then the final output be same as the output of OR gate.
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Boolean expression
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵̅ = 𝐴 + 𝐵
Truth table
A B 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵̅ 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴̅ ∙ 𝐵̅
=𝐴+𝐵
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
To obtain AND gate from NAND gate:
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2 inputs are fed into the first NAND gate. The output of this NAND gate
is fed into a second NAND gate whose inputs are tied together. The
second NAND gate functions logically just like a NOT gate. According to
NAND gate logic, when 2 inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH output (1) is
produced. When 2 inputs are HIGH, a LOW output (0) is produced. This
perfectly simulates a NOT gate.
A NAND gate followed by a NOT gate is equivalent to an AND gate.
5.Describe P-N Junction diode as half wave rectifier under following:
a. Diagram (b) Working (c) Wave form of output
Ans.
A device which converts alternating signal into direct signal is called rectifier.
Half wave rectifier is shown in figure. Alternating potential applied on
primary coil of transformer and one terminal of secondary coil connected to
p-part of diode and another terminal connected to n-part of diode and load
RL applied at the output.
In positive half cycle of input AC signal p-part of diode associated with
positive terminal and n-part associated with negative terminal it means
diode remain in forward bias so current appears at load but in negative half
cycle of input AC signal n-part of diode associated with positive terminal and
p-part associated with negative terminal it means diode remain at reverse
bias so due to heavy load current does not appear on load. Therefore, in
complete cycle of input AC signal DC produces at load.
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6.Describe P-N Junction diode as full wave rectifier under following
(a) Diagram (b) Working (c) Wave form of output
Ans.
Full wave rectifier is shown in figure two diodes D1 and D2 used in this rectifier.
Alternating signal applied on primary coil of transformer and one terminal of
secondary coil connected to p-part of diode D1 and second terminal connected
to p-part of diode D2 and load resistance RL applied between n terminal of both
diodes and mid part of secondary coil.
In positive half cycle of input AC signal diode D1 remain at forward bias and
diode D2 remain at reverse bias so current flows by diode D1 and in the
negative half cycle of input AC signal diode D1 remain at reverse bias and D2
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remain at forward bias so current flows by diode D2 therefore in complete
cycle of input AC signal DC signal produces at load.
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PHYSICS QB Solution

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Unit : 1

(a) C/Nm (b) 𝑁𝑚2/𝐶2 (c) 𝐶2/𝑁𝑚2 (d) None

3 The unit of electric field is:

(a) 1.6 × 1019 (b) 6.25 × 1019

(c) 6.25 × 1018 (d) 6.25 × 10−19

(a) E𝛼𝑟 (b) E𝛼1/𝑟2

(c) E𝛼1/𝑟 (d) E𝛼1/𝑟3

(a) CN (b) C (c) AT (d) A𝑇−1

3. What are the properties of electric lines of force?

4. What do you mean by electric field? Write its SI unit.

Let intensity of electric field is E and small area is da than flux is 𝑑∅

An Electric dipole AB is shown in figure in end on position of dipole there is

Let charge Q exist at point O and at r distance there is a point charge q.

(a) 1/4𝜋𝜀0𝑟 (b) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟2

(c) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟 (d) 4𝜋𝜀0𝑟3

1. Potential remains uniform on each point of this surface.

4. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of capacitor

5. What do you mean by capacity of capacitor? What are the factors

Van De Graph generator is shown in figure. It consists a big metallic hollow

we consider a conductive plate A as shown in figure, this plate connected to

3. When two charged conductors are connected there would be loss of

4. The electric carrying force of a car accumulator battery is 12

Meter bridge is shown in figure; it consists of wire AC of one-meter length this

2. At 280 cm length a leclanche cell is balanced on the wire of

5. Prove ohm’s law on the basis of electron theory.

6. Determine the internal resistance of cell by potentiometer on the

Wire AB of potentiometer is shown in figure, a battery B1, a key k1 and a

than according to biot-sevart law produces magnetic field: -

Let, A wire of infinite length passes through point O perpendicularly to the

8. Why is soft iron kept in the moving coil galvanometer.

5.Define magnetic flux.

Working: - let initially point A of armature is in contact with C1 and position

Where 𝑙𝑥 is area of loop PQRS

2. Why there is no electrolysis in AC?

There are two types of transformer: -

2.Derive an expression of reactance in a circuit of a capacitor in AC.

Suppose the instantaneous voltage at any instant of time t is

𝐼0 = 𝜔 𝐶𝑉0 = peak value of current (3)

alternating potential V = V0 sin t applied on L-C circuit by that I current flows in

In triangle OAB by Pythagoras theorem,

1. (c) gamma rays

Fill in the blanks:

2. These waves consist electric properties.

3. These waves consist magnetic properties.

4. Vibration of electric and magnetic vector remain perpendicular to each

5. These waves can move in vacuum also.

6. In vacuum velocity of these waves remain equal to velocity of light.

8. In vacuum these waves travel on straight line.

6. Describe greenhouse effect.

7. If there would no atmosphere on earth what would be

When two or more waves reach to a point of a medium simultaneously, the

Therefore, resultant displacement

9. What do you mean by coherent sources?

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )2 (𝑎1 + 3𝑎1 )2 16𝑎1 2 4

2. Difference between interference and diffraction.

3. Write down secondary wave principle of Huygens.

Then path difference,

Structure of photo cell is shown in figure it consists of hollow sphere of glass

(ii)does not explain line spectrum

In Rutherford’s experiment there is a radioactive substance like radon placed

2. Some  particles scattered at acute angle.

3. Some  particles scattered at obtuse angle and moves back.

we conclude this experiment in following manner: -