CLASS: XII LESSON –ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

WORKSHEET 1
CONCEPTUAL AND APPLICATION TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Can the electric potential at a point be zero , while the electric field is non zero?
Justify.[E]

2. Can the electric field at a point be zero , while the electric potential is non zero?
Justify.[E]

3. Why work done in taking a charge between any two points of an equipotential
surface?[R]

4. Show that electric field is always perpendicular to an equipotential surface.[R]

5. The capacitance of a charged capacitor is C and the energy stored in it is U .

Write the expression for Q in terms of C and U. [U]

6. (a) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density
λ Cm–1. An electron is revolving around the wire as its centre with a constant
velocity in a circular plane perpendicular to the wire. Deduce the expression for its
kinetic energy.[E]
Plot a graph of the kinetic energy as a function of charge density λ.

7. Derive the expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line
of an electric dipole. [A]

8. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After some time the battery is
disconnected and a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is inserted between the
plates. How would (i) the capacitance, (ii) the electric field between the plates and
(iii) the energy stored in the capacitor, be affected? Justify your answer.[A]

9. A charge +Q is placed on a large spherical conducting shell of radius R. Another

small conducting sphere of radius r carrying charge ‘q’ is introduced inside the
large shell and is placed at its centre. Find the potential difference between two
points, one lying on the sphere and the other on the shell.[ A]
(b) How would the charge between the two flow if they are connected by a
conducting wire? [U]
Name the device which works on this fact.[R]

10. Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point
charges placed distance ‘d’ apart. [A]
11. The given graph shows that variation of charge q versus potential difference V
for two capacitors A and B. The two capacitors have same plate separation but the
plate area of B is double than that of A. Which of the lines in the graph correspond
to A and B ? Justify.[E]

12. If the plates of a charged capacitor be suddenly connected to each other by a

copper wire , what will happen ? [U]

13. If a dielectric slab between the parallel plates of a capacitor is replaced by a

metal plate of same thickness t < d where d is the separation between the plates of
the capacitor, how does its capacitance change? [U]

14. What is the direction of electric field line at a point with respect to
equipotential surface? Give reason.[A]

15. Draw an equipotential surface for a system, consisting of two charges Q, - Q

separated by a distance ‘ r’ in air. [A]

16. Sketch a graph to show the dependence of a charge Q stored in a capacitor on

the potential difference V applied. From the graph drawn how will you calculate
the capacitance C of the capacitor and the energy U stored in the capacitor? [A]

17. If a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is introduced between the plates of a

parallel plate capacitor completely , how does the energy density of the capacitor
change? [U]

18. The following table shows the dimensions and medium between the plates of
three capacitors P, Q and R. Rank them in increasing order of their capacitances.
[R]

19. A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential
difference VA – VB positive, negative, or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative?[A]
WORKSHEET 2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. Two charges -q and + q are located at points A(0, 0, - a) and B(0, 0, + a)
respectively. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point P(7, 0, 0)
to Q (-3, 0, 0)? [A]

2. The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given

figure is 4 μF . (i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.
(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across
terminals A and B. [A]
(iii) What will be the potential drop across each capacitor?[R]

3. Three identical capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 of capacitance 6 μF each are

connected to a 12 V battery as shown.

Find:
(i) charge on each capacitor
(ii) equivalent capacitance of the network
(iii) energy stored in the network of capacitors [U]

4. A 500 μC charge is at the centre of a square of side 10 cm. Find the work done
in moving a charge of 10 μC between two diagonally opposite points on the
square. [E]

5. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the
vertices of a triangle as shown. Here q =1.6x 10- 10 C. [A]
6. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor C1. The space between its
plates is now filled with slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2 as shown in C2 .
Find the capacitances of the capacitor C2 if area of the plates is A and distance
between the plates is d. [C]

7. A network of four capacitors each of 15 μF capacitance is connected to a 500 V

supply as shown in the figure. Determine (a) equivalent capacitance of the network
and (b) charge on each capacitor. [A]

8. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts.

The charge stored in it is 360 μC. When potential across the capacitor is reduced
by 120 V, the charge stored in it becomes 120 μC.
Calculate:
(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance C.
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if the voltage applied had
increased by 120 V? [A]

ASSESSMENT 1
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1 The electric field inside the cavity is zero, whatever be the size and shape of
the cavity and whatever be the charge on the conductor and the external fields in
which it might be placed. The electric field inside a charged spherical shell is zero.
But the vanishing of electric field in the (charge-free) cavity of a conductor is, as
mentioned above, a very general result. A related result is that even if the
conductor is charged or charges are induced on a neutral conductor by an external
field, all charges reside only on the outer surface of a conductor with cavity.
The proofs of the results noted in Fig. are omitted here, but we note their important
implication. Whatever be the charge and field configuration outside, any cavity in
a conductor remains shielded from outside electric influence: the field inside the
cavity is always zero. This is known as electrostatic shielding. The effect can be
made use of in protecting sensitive instruments from outside electrical influence.

(1) A metallic shell having inner radius R1 and outer radii R2 has a point charge Q
kept inside cavity. Electric field in the region R1 < r < R2 where r is the distance
from the centre is given by [U]
(a) depends on the value of r
(b) Zero
(c) Constant and nonzero everywhere
(d) None of the above

(2) The electric field inside the cavity is depend on [R]

(a) Size of the cavity
(b) Shape of the cavity
(c) Charge on the conductor
(d) None of the above

(3) Electrostatic shielding is based [R]

(a) electric field inside the cavity of a conductor is less than zero
(b) electric field inside the cavity of a conductor is zero
(c ) electric field inside the cavity of a conductor is greater than zero
(d) electric field inside the cavity of a plastic is zero

(4) During the lightning thunderstorm, it is advised to stay [U]

(a) inside the car
(b) under trees
(c) in the open ground
(d) on the car

(5) Which of the following material can be used to make a Faraday cage (based on
electrostatic shielding) [R]
(a) Plastic
(b) Glass
(c) Copper
(d) Wood
Answer: 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. C

Q2. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod acquires one kind of charge and
the silk acquires the second kind of charge. This is true for any pair of objects that
are rubbed to be electrified. Now if the electrified glass rod is brought in contact
with silk, with which it was rubbed, they no longer attract each other. They also do
not attract or repel other light objects as they did on being electrified.
Thus, the charges acquired after rubbing are lost when the charged bodies are
brought in contact. What can you conclude from these observations? It just tells us
that unlike charges acquired by the objects neutralise or nullify each other’s effect.
Therefore, the charges were named as positive and negative by the American
scientist Benjamin Franklin. We know that when we add a positive number to a
negative number of the same magnitude, the sum is zero. This might have been the
philosophy in naming the charges as positive and negative. By convention, the
charge on glass rod or cat’s fur is called positive and that on plastic rod or silk is
termed negative. If an object possesses an electric charge, it is said to be electrified
or charged. When it has no charge it is said to be electrically neutral.

(1) When you charge a balloon by rubbing it on your hair this is an example of
what method of charging? [R]
(a)Friction
(b)Conduction
(c)Grounding
(d)Induction

(2) Neutral atoms contain equal numbers of positive __ and negative __. [R]
(a)Electrons and Protons
(b)Protons and Electrons
(c)Neutrons and Electrons
(d)Protons and Neutrons

(3) Which particle in an atom can you physically manipulate? [U]

(a)protons
(b)electrons
(c)neutrons
(d)you can't manipulate any particle in an atom
(4) If a negatively charged rod touches a conductor, the conductor will be charged
by what method? [A]
(a) Friction
(b)Conduction
(c)Induction
(d)Convection

(5) A negatively charged rod is touched to the top of an electroscope, which on is

correct in the given figure [U]

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Answer: 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. C

ASSESSMENT 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it
(a) gains electrons from silk. (b) gives electrons to silk. (c) gains protons
from silk. (d) gives protons to silk. [A]

2. The force between two charges is 120N. If the distance between the
two charges is doubled, the force will be [A]
(a) 30N (b) 60N (c) 15N (d) 40N

3. Twelve charges of charge q are situated at the corners of the 12 sided

polygon of side a. What is the net force on the charge Q at the centre [A]
(a) Zero (b) 3qQ/πε0a2 (c) qQ/πε0a2 (d) None of the above

4. What will be the value of electric field at the centre of the electric
dipole : - [U]
(a) Zero
(b) Equal to the electric field due to one charge at centre
(c) Twice the electric field due to one charge at centre
(d) half the value of electric field due to one charge at centre

5. Two charges of equal magnitudes kept at a distance r exert a force F

on each other. If the charges are halved and distance between them is
doubled, then the new force acting on each charge is [A]
(a) F/4 (b) F/8 (c) 4F (d) F/16
6. The electric field inside a spherical shell of uniform surface charge
density is [U]
(a) zero. (b) constant, less than zero. (c) directly proportional to the
distance from the centre. (d) none of these.

7. The electric field intensity at a point situated 4m from a point charge

is 200N/C. If the distance is reduced to two meters, the electric field
intensity will be [C]
(a) 400N (b) 600N (c) 800N (d) 1200N

8. Two positive point charge are placed at the distance a apart have sum
Q. What values of the charges , coulomb force between them is
maximum [E]
(a) q1=q1=Q/2 (b) q1=3Q/4 ,q2=Q/4 (c) q1=5Q/6 ,q2=Q/6 (d) None of
the above

9. A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric

field E parallel to the cylinder axis. The total flux for the surface of the
cylinder is given by [U]
(a) 2𝞹R2E (b) 𝞹R2E (c) E/ 𝞹R2 (d) Zero

10. Electric field at a point varies as r° for [R]

(a) an electric dipole (b) a point charge (c) a plane infinite sheet of
charge (d) a line charge of infinite length

11. A metallic solid sphere of radius R is given the charge Q. Which of

the following statement is true then [E]
(a) Electric field at points 0< r < R is zero (b) Electric field at r>R is
given by Q/4πε0r2 (c) Electric field is perpendicular to the surface of
the sphere (d) All of these

12. A point charge (Q) is located at the centre of a cube of edge length a,
find the final electric flux over one face of the cube [A]
(a). Q/ε0 (b). Q/6ε0 (c). 6Q/ε0 (d). none of the above

13. A point charge q is placed at geometrical centre of one of the face of

a cube. The total flux through the cubical surface due to charge is [A]
(a) q/ϵ0 (b) q/2ϵ0 (c) 2q/ϵ0 (d) 0

14. Two large metal sheets having surface charge density +σ and –σ are
kept parallel to each other at a small separation distance d. The electric
field at any point in the region between the plates is [A]
(a) σ/ε0 (b) σ/2ε0 (c) 2σ/ε0 (d) σ/4ε0
15. Total electric flux coming out of a unit positive charge kept in air is
[U]
(a) 𝟄0 (b)1/ 𝟄0 (c) 4𝞹 𝟄0 (d) 1/4𝞹 𝟄0

16. Three point charges q + Q, q, q - Q are enclosed by the surface S.

What the net flux crosses S [U]
(a). 3q/𝟄0 (b). 2q/𝟄0 (c). 3q - Q/𝟄0 (d). 2q/𝟄0

17. A point charge q is placed at a distance a/2 directly above the centre
of a square of side a. The electric flux through the square is [U]

(a) q/ 𝟄0 (b) q/𝞹 𝟄0 (c) q/4 𝟄0 (d) q/6 𝟄0

18. Which of the following graphs shows the variation of electric field E
due to a hollow spherical conductor of radius R as a function of distance
from the centre of the sphere? [A]

19. The magnitude of electric field intensity E is such that, an electron

placed in it would experience an electrical force equal to its weight is
given by [C]
(a) mge (b) mg/e (c) e/mg (d) e²g/m²

20. A charge Q is placed at the back corner of a cube. What is the flux of
electric field through the shaded surface? [U]
ANSWERS:
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. d
10. c
11. d
12. b
13. a
14. a
15. b
16. a
17. d
18. a
19. b
20. b
ASSESSMETNT 3

1. Draw schematically an equipotential surface of a uniform electrostatic

field along x-axis. [A]

2. Sketch field lines due to (i) two equal positive charges near each other
(ii) a dipole[A]

3. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is volt/meter. Is it a scalar

or a vector quantity ?[R]

4. Two point charges repel each other with a force F when placed in
water of dielectric constant 81. What will be the force between them
when placed the same distance apart in air ? [C]

6. A charge q is placed at the centre of an imaginary spherical surface.

What will be the electric flux due to this charge through any half of the
sphere? [C]

7. Draw the electric field vs distance (from the centre) graph for (i) a
long charged rod having linear charge density λ > 0 (ii) spherical shell of
radius R and charge Q > 0

8. Diagrammatically represent the position of a dipole in (i) stable (ii)

unstable equilibrium when placed in a uniform electric field. [A]
9.[R]

10. What is the total positive or negative charge present in 1 molecule of

water?

11. How does the energy of dipole change when it is rotated from
unstable equilibrium to stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field.[U]

12. Draw equipotential surface for a dipole.[A]

13.An uncharged conductor A placed on an insulating stand is brought

near a charged insulated conductor B. What happens to the charge and
potential of B ? [E]
14. A point charge Q is placed at point O shown in Fig. Is the potential
difference VA – VB positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii)
negative charge. [R]

15. An electron and proton are released from rest in a uniform

electrostatic field. Which of them will have larger acceleration ?[R]

16. If the metallic conductor shown in the figure is continuously charged

from which of the points A, B, C or D does the charge leak first. Justify.
[E]

17.

ANSWERS

1Ans:

2Ans:

3Ans. Electric field intensity. It is a vector quantity.

4.
5Ans:

6Ans

7Ans:
.

8.

9Ans:

10Ans. H2O has 10 electrons (2 of hydrogen and 8 of oxygen)

Total charge = 10e

11Ans
.
Ans. Work done = pE (cos 180° – cos 0°)
= – 2pE
i.e., energy decreases.

12Ans:

13Ans. Total charge = 0 + q = q remains same.

P. D. decreases due to induced charge on A.

14Ans:

15

16Ans. Charge leaks from A first as surface charge density (σ) at A

(sharp ends) is more.

17Ans:

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 List the properties of electrostatic force and charge.
 Explain the theory of atomic structure as it applies to electrostatic charging.
 Identify common instruments used to produce and detect electrically charged
objects.
 Recognise the shape of various electric field patterns.
 State the mathematical definitions of Coulomb force, electric field, electrostatic
potential and voltage.
 Construct physical representations of various types of electric field patterns
given the nature of charges involved.
 Use diagrams and written descriptions to describe the process of charging
objects by conduction and by induction.
 Identify variables in the electric fields and forces surrounding point charges or
charged parallel plates.
 Use mathematical and vectorial operations to quantify and analyse the nature of
electric forces and fields.
 Use electrostatic units of measurement correctly in calculations, reports and
tables.
 Relate modern ideas to the historical development of the nature of electricity.
 Solve problems involving combinations of electric force and electric field.
 Propose reasons for observable effects in our common experience which may
be due to electrostatic effects.
 Describe a force field and calculate the strength of an electric field due to a
point charge
 Calculate the force exerted on a test charge by an electric field
 Explain the relationship between electrical force (F) on a test charge and
electrical field strength (E)

QUESTION BANK
SECTION -I (1m Questions)
Question 1.

Which orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field would correspond

to stable equilibrium ? (All India 2008)[R]

Question 2.

If the radius of the Gaussian surface enclosing a charge is halved, how does the
electric flux through the Gaussian surface change ?[U]

Question 3.

Define the term electric dipole moment of a dipole. State its S.I. unit[R]

Question 4.

In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in

stable,unstable equilibrium ? (Delhi 2010) [U]

Question 5.

Figure shows three point charges, +2q, -q and + 3q. Two charges +2q and -q are
enclosed within a surface ‘S’. What is the electric flux due to this configuration
through the surface ‘S’ (Delhi 2010) [A]

Question 6.

Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC-1. Is it a scalar or a vector
quantity? (All India 2010) [R]

Question 7

Why should electrostatic field be zero inside a conductor? (Delhi 2012)[E]

Question 8.

Why must electrostatic field be normal to the surface at every point of a charged
conductor? (Delhi 2012)[U]

Question 9

A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux
passing through each face of the cube? (All India 2012)[A]
Question 10:Write the expression for the work done on an electric dipole of dipole
moment p in turning it from its position of stable equilibrium to a position of
unstable equilibrium in a uniform electricfield E. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)[R]

SECTION -II (2m Questions)

Question 1.

Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops? (All India 2014)[A]

Question 2.

Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? (All India)[A]

Question 3:

(a) What is the surface charge density on the

(i) inner surface,

(ii) outer surface of the shell?

(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point x > r2 from the centre of the
shell. (All India 2010)[U]

Question 4.

Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by
E→=σε0n^, where σ is the surface charge density and h is a unit vector normal to
the surface in the outward direction. (All India 2010) [A]

SECTION -III (3m Questions)

Question 1.

Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 when connected by a

conducting wire acquire charges q1 and q2 respectively. Find the ratio of their
surface charge densities in terms of their radii. (Delhi 2014)[E]

Question 2.

Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point

(i) outside and

(ii) inside the shell.

Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r < R (r
being the distance from the centre of the shell) (All India)[A]

SECTION –IV (5M QEUSTIONS)

Question 1

A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the centre of a spherical

cavity in a large uncharged metallic spherical shell. Write the charges on the inner
and outer surfaces of the shell. Write the expression for the electric field at the
point P1 (Comptt. Delhi)[A]

Question 2

Use Gauss’s law to derive the expression for the electric field between two
uniformly charged large parallel sheets with surface charge densities a and -a
respectively. (All India)[A]

Question 3.

State Gauss’s law.

A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire of linear charge density ‘X’ is
enclosed by a cy¬lindrical surface of radius V and length ‘l’—its axis coinciding
with the length of the wire. Obtain the expression for the electric field, indi¬cating
its direction, at a point on the surface of the cylinder. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)[C]

Question 4.

An electric dipole of dipole moment p→ is placed in a uniform electric field E→?.

Obtain the expression for the torque τ→experienced by the dipole. Identify two
pairs of perpendicular vectors in the expression. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)[E]

ANSWERS (1M QUESTIONS)

SECTION -I(1m Questions)

1.Answer:

When dipole moment vector is parallel to electric field vector

P→∥E→

2. Answer:

Electic flux ϕE is given by

ϕE=∮E→⋅ds⃗=Qε0

…. where [Q is total charge inside the closed surface

∴ On changing the radius of sphere, the electric flux through the Gaussian surface
remains same.

3. Answer:

τ = OE sin θ

If E = 1 unit, θ = 90°, then τ = P

Dipole moment may be defined as the torque acting on an electric dipole, placed
perpendicular to a uniform electric dipole, placed perpendicular to a uniform
electric field of unit strength.

or Strength of electric dipole is called dipole moment.

|P→|=q|2a|

∴ SI unit is Cm.

4. Answer:

For stable equilibrium, a dipole is placed parallel to the electric field.

For unstable equilibrium, a dipole is placed antiparallel to the electric field

5.

6. Answer:

Physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC-1 is Electric potential.

It is a Scalar quantity.

7.

Electrostatic field inside a conductor should be zero because of the absence of

charge. As in a static condition, charge remains only on the surface.

8. Answer:

So that tangent on charged conductor gives the direction of the electric field at that
point.

9. Answer:

Electric flux through each phase of the cube

10. Answer:

Torque, acting on the dipole is, τ = pE sin θ

ANSWERS (2M QUESTIONS)

1Answer:

Electric field lines do not form closed loops because the direction of an electric
field is from positive to negative charge. So one can regard a line of force starting
from a positive charge and ending on a negative charge. This indicates that electric
field . lines do not form closed loops.

2Answer:

The electric lines of force give the direction of the electric field. In case, two lines
of force intersect, there will be two directions of the electric field at the point of
intersection, which is not possible.

3Answer:

(a) Surface charge density on the :

(b) Electric field at a point x > r2 from the centre of the shell will be E =
14πε0(q+Qx2)

4Answer:

Electric field at a point on the surface of charged conductor, E = 14πε0QR2

For simplicity we consider charged conductor as a sphere of radius ‘R’. If ‘σ’ is in

surface charge density, then

Important Questions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields
Class 12 Important Questions 17

…where [ n^ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction]

ANSWERS(3m Questions)
Answer1:

Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 when connected by a

conducting wire acquire charges q1 and q2 respectively. Thus these two
conductors have a common potential V.

Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 when connected by a

conduction wire acquire charges q1 and q2 respectively. Thus these two
conductors have a common potential V

Answer2 :

(i) Field Outside Shell :

Consider a thin spherical shell of radius R with centre O. Let charge +q be

distributed uniformly over the surface of shell. To calculate electric field intensity
at P where OP = r, imagine a sphere S, with centre at O and radius r. The surface of
sphere is Gaussian surface over at every point. Electric field is same and directed
radially outwards.
Applying Gauss’ theorem

r→ is distance of point P from centre where E is calculated]

(ii) Inside Shell: As we know charge is located on its surface,

(iii) at r < R E→ is zero and r = R, E is maximum at r > R, E is decreasing at E ∝

1r2

ANSWERS(5m Questions)

Answer 1:

Charge on inner surface : – Q

Charge on outer surface : + Q

Electric field at point P1 (E) = 14πε0Qr21

Question 41.

An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E→ with its dipole moment
p⃗ parallel to the field. Find

(i) the work done in turning the dipole till its dipole moment points in the direction

opposite to E→ .

(ii) the orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it becomes
maximum. (Comptt. All India 2014)

Answer:

(ii) τ = p⃗×E→ = pE sin θ

For θ = π2, sin θ = 1 and τ is maxximum

Answer2 :

Gauss’ Law states that “the total flux through a closed surface is 1ε0 times the net
charge enclosed by

Let σ be the surface charge density (charge per unit area) of the given sheet and let
P be a point at distance r from the sheet where we have to find E→

Choosing point P’, symmetrical with P on the other side of the sheet, let us draw a
Gaussian cylindrical surface cutting through the sheet as shown in the diagram. As
at the cylindrical part of the Gaussian surface, E→ and dS→ are at a right angle,
the only surfaces having E→ and dS→ parallel are the plane ends
…[As E is outgoing from both plane ends, the flux is positive.

This is the total flux through the Gaussian surface.

This value is independent of r. Hence, the electric field intensity is same for all
points near the charged sheet. This is called uniform electric field intensity.

Answer3 :

Gauss’s law. Gauss law states that “Total flux (electric flux) over the closed
surfaces in vacuum is He0 times the total charge (Q) contained inside S.”

Since the field is everywhere radial, flux through the two ends of the cylindrical
Gaussian surface is zero. At the cylindrical part of the surface, E is normal to the
surface at every point, and its magnitude is constant, since it depends only on r.
The surface area of the curved part is 2πrl, where l is the length of the cylinder.

Flux through the Gaussian surface = Flux through the curved cylindrical part of the
surface is zero. At the cylindrical part of the surface, E is normal to the surface at
every point, and its magnitude is constant, since at every point, and its magnitude
is constant, since it depends only on r. The surface area of the cylinder.

Flux through the Gaussian surface = Flux through the curved cylindrical part of the
surface

= E × 2πrl

(a) Electric field due to an infinitely long thin straight wire is radial.

(b) The Gaussian surface for a long thin wire of uniform linear charge density

The surface includes charge equal to λl.

Gauss’s law then gives

Answer4 :

(i)

(a) Torque on electric dipole. Consider an electric dipole consisting of two equal
and opposite point charges separated by a small distance 2a having dipole moment

So net force on the dipole is zero

These forces being equal, unlike and parallel, from a couple, which rotates the
dipole in clock-wise direction

∴ Magnitude of torque = Force × arm of couple

[The direction of τ⃗ is given by right hand screw rule and is normal to p⃗ ] and E⃗

Special cases

(i) when θ = 0 then τ = PE sin θ = 0

∴ Torque is zero and the dipole is in stable equilibrium

(ii) When θ = 90 then τ = PE sin 90 = PE

∴ The Torque is maximum

(b) Ratio of flux

∴ Electric flux through the sphere S1 decreases with the introduction of dielectric
inside it.

(ii) Two pairs of perpendicular vectors are,

(a) τ→ is perpendicular to p→

(b) τ→is perpendicular to E→

S.NO Cognitive level 1m 2m 3m 5m Total

1 Remembering
2. Understanding
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Evaluation
6. Synthesis
Total

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF STUDENT:

S.NO Cognitive level 1m 2m 3m 4m Total
1 Remembering
2. Understanding
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Evaluation
6. Synthesis
Total

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