12TH - PHYSICS

2 Marks Questions :
(1) Two identical metallic spherical shells A and B having charges + 4 Q and – l0 Q are kept a certain
distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere C is first placed in contact with sphere A and then with
sphere B, then spheres A and Bare brought in contact and then separated. Find the charge on the spheres
A and B.
(2) Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii R and 2R are given charge Q1, and Q2, respectively. The
surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal. Determine the ratio Q1 : Q2.
(3) Point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines
between the charge and the plate.
(4) An electric dipole of dipole moment p is kept in a uniform electric field E. Show graphically the variation
of torque acting on the dipole 𝜏 with its orientation 𝜃 in the field. Find the orientation in which torque is
(i) zero and (ii) maximum.
(5) Given a uniform electric field E = 4 × 103 𝒊̂ NC-1. Find the flux of this field through a square of side 20
cm whose plane is parallel to the YZ plane. What would be the flux through the same square if the plane
makes an angle of 30o with X-axis ?
(6) A sphere S1 of radius r encloses a net charge Q. If there is another concentric sphere S2 of radius
r2(r2 > r1) enclosing charge 2Q. Find the ratio of the electric flux through S1 and S2. How will the electric
flux through sphere S1, change if a medium of dielectric constant K is introduced in the space inside S2
in place of air?

𝜎
(7) Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged spherical conducting shell is given by E = 𝜀 𝑛̂
0

(8) Consider two identical point charges located at points (0, 0) and (a, 0).
(i) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric field is zero ?
(ii) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric potential is zero ?
Justify your answers for each case.
(9) Draw equipotential surfaces for (i) an electric dipole and (ii) two identical positive charges placed near
each other.
(10) Calculate the amount of work done to dissociate a system of three charges. two of 1µC and one of -4µC
placed on the vertices of an equ1laterol triangle of side 10 cm.
(11) Two metallic spheres of radii R and 2R are charged, so that both of these have same surface charge
density 𝜎 If they are connected to each other with a conducting wire, in which direction will the charge
flow and why ?
(12) A test charge q is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path from A and B and then from
B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure.
(i) Calculate the potential difference, between A and C.
(ii) At which point (of the two), the electric potential is more and why ?

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(13) A dipole with its charge -q and +q located at the points (0. -b. O) and (0. +b, 0) is present in a uniform
electric field E. The equipotential surfaces of this, field are planes parallel to the YZ-plane.
(i) What is the direction of the electric field E?
(ii) How much torque would the dipole experience in this tie Id?
(14) Draw a plot showing a variation of (i) electric field (E) und (ii) electric potential (V) with distance r due
to a point charge Q.
(15) (i) Draw the equipotential surfaces due to an electric dipole.
(ii) Derive an expression for the electric field due to a dipole of dipole moment P at a point on its
perpendicular bisector.
(16) Find the total charged stored in the network of capacitors connected between a and B as shown in figure
below.

(17) A too 𝜇F parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 4 mm is charged by 200 V DC. The source
is now disconnected. When the distance between the plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of thickness
4 mm and dielectric constant 5 is introduced between the plates, how will (i) it. capacitance (ii) the
electric field between the plates (iii) energy density of the capacitor get affected? Justify your answer in
each Case.
(18) In a network, four capacitors C1, C2, C3 and C4 are connected as shown in the figure.

(i) Find the net capacitance of the circuit. (ii) If the charge on the capacitor C1 is 6 𝜇C, then
(a) calculate energy stored in the capacitors C3 and C4 (b) net energy stored in the capacitors C3 and C4
connected in series.
(19) Net capacitance of three identical capacitors m senes.1µF. What will be their net capacitance if connected
in parallel? Find the ratio of energy stored in these two configurations if both are connected to the same
source.
(20) Two identical parallel plate (air) capacitors C1 and C2 have capacitance C each. The space between their
plates is now filled with dielectrics as shown in the figure. If the two capacitors still have equal
capacitance, then obtain the relation between dielectric constants K, K1 and K2.
(21) A potential difference (V) is applied across a conductor of length L and cross-sectional area A. How will,
the drift velocity of electrons and the current density be affected, if another identical conductor of the
same material were connected in series with the first conductor? Justify your answers.
(22) The potential difference applied across a given conductor is doubled. How will this affect (i) the mobility
of electrons and (ii) the current density in the conductor? Justify your answers.

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(23) Explain the term drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence, obtain the expression for the current
through a conductor in terms of drift velocity.
(24) Derive the expression for drift velocity of free electron in terms of relaxation time and electric field
applied across a conductor.
(25) Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor deduce the relationship between
current density and resistivity of the conductor.
(26) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area
1.0 × 10-7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that the density of conduction electrons to be
9 × 1028 m-3.
(27) High current is to be drawn safely from (i) a low voltage battery, and (ii) a high voltage battery. What
can you say about the internal resistance of the two batteries?
(28) A 9 V battery is connected in series with a resistor. The terminal voltage is found to be 8 V. Current
through the circuit is measured as 5 A. What is the internal resistance of the battery?
(29) A l0 V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200 V and
internal resistance 38 Ω as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the circuit.

(30) Plot a graph showing the variation of current I versus resistance R, connected to a cell of emf E and
internal resistance r.
(31) A battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 2Ω is connected to a 4Ω resistor as shown in the figure.

(32) Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistance of 0.2Ω and 0.3Ω respectively are connected
in a parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.
(33) A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a graph showing
the variation of terminal voltage V of the cell versus the current I. Using the plot show that emf of the
cell and its internal resistance can be determined.
(34) In the given circuit assuming point A to be at zero potential use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the
potential at point B.

(35) Three cells of emf E, 2E and 5E having internal resistances r, 2r and 3r, variable resistance R as shown
in the figure. find the expression for the current. Plot a graph for variation of current with R.

(36) Calculate the total energy supplied by the batteries to the circuit shown in the figure in one minute.

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(37) Two bulbs are rated (P1, V) and (P2, V). If they are connected (i) in series and (ii) in parallel across a
supply V'. find the power dissipated in the two combinations m terms of P1 and p2.
(38) Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of 1:2. They are connected in series across
a battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation in these bulbs.
(39) ln the· electric network shown in the figure, use Kirchhoff's rules to calculate the power consumed by
the resistance R = 4Ω.

(40) Two identical circular loops P and Q each of radius r and carrying equal currents are kept in the parallel
planes having a common axis passing through Q. The direction of current P is clock and in Q is anti-
clockwise as seen from Q which is equivalent from the loops P and Q. find the magnitude of the net
magnetic field at Q.
(41) Write the expression for the Lorentz force on a particle of charge q moving with a velocity v in a magnetic
field B. When is the magnitude of this force maximum ? Show that no work is done by this force on the
particle during its motion from a point r1 to point r2.
(42) A particle of charge q is moving with velocity v in the presence of crossed electric field E and magnetic
field B as shown in figure. Write the condition under which the particle will continue moving along
X-axis. How would the trajectory of the particle be affected, if the electric field is switched OFF?

(43) Define one tesla using the expression of magnetic force acting on a pai1i~le of charge q moving with
velocity v in a magnetic field B.
(44) A deuteron and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same magnetic field region at right angles
to the direction of the field. Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in the magnetic field.
Find the ratio of the radii of the circular paths which the two particles may describe.
(45) A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A particle (mass m and charge q) move with a velocity v
parallel to the wire, at a distance d from it as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the force
experienced by the particle and mention its directions.

(46) Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in space, so that the current in the left wire is 2 A and directed
out of the plane of the page and the current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into the plane of the
page. In which region(s) is/are there a point on the X-axis, at which the magnetic field is equal to zero
due to these currents carrying wires? Justify your answer.

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(47) A square loop of side a carrying a current I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long straight wire
carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant force acting on
the loop.

(48) A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make a square coil of
side a having same number of turns N. Keep mg the current I same, find the ratio of the magnetic
moments of the square coil and the circular coil.
(49) A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write t.be expressions for the
following: (i) The magnetic field at its centre. (ii) The magnetic moment of this coil.
(50) A circular coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another
coil of radius R/2, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moments of the new
coil and the original coil.
(51) A circular coil of N turns and diameter d carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another
coil of diameter 2d, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moments of the
new coil and the original coil.
(52) How is moving coil galvanometer converted into a voltmeter. Explain giving the necessary circuit
diagram and the required mathematical relation used.
(53) A square coil of side 10 cm has 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended vertically
and normal to the plane of the coil, makes and angle 𝜃 with the direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic
field of O.S.T. If the torque experienced by the coil equals 0.96 N-m. find the value of 𝜃.
(54) A steady current of 2A flows through a circular coil having 5 turns of radius 7 cm. The coil lies in
XY-plane with its centre at the origin. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic dipole moment
of the coil.
(55) A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in figure when two specimens A and B are placed
on it,

(i) Identify the specimen A and B. (ii) How is the magnetic susceptibility of specimen A different from
that of specimen B?
(56) The relative magnetic permeability of a magnetic material is 800. Identify the nature of. a magnetic
material and state its two properties.
(57) A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed, with its plane making an angle 60° with the magnetic
field of strength 10-1 T. What is the flux through the coil? If magnetic field is reduced to zero in 10-3 s,
then find the induced emf.
(58) A current is induced in coil C1 due to the motion of current carrying coil C2,

(i) Write any two ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G.
(ii) Suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the. induced current in place of a galvanometer.
(59) Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium are rotated with the same angular speed
in the same magnetic field.
Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in the two coils. Justify your answer.

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(60) Derive an expression for the induced emf developed when a coil of N turns and area of cross-section A
is rotated at a constant angular speed co in a uniform magnetic field B.
(61) Two coils C1 and C2 are placed close to each other. The magnetic flux 𝜙2 linked with the coil C varies
with the current I1 flowing in coil C1, as shown in figure.

𝑑𝐼
Find (i) the mutual inductance of the arrangement and (ii) the rate of change of ( 𝑑𝑡1 ) current that will
induce an emf of 100 V in coil C2.
(62) Current in a circuit falls steadily from 2.0 A to 0.0 A in 10 ms. If an average emf of 200 V is induced,
then calculate the self-inductance of the circuit.
(63) Two concentric circular coils C1 and C2, radius r1 and r2(r1 << r2) respectively are kept coaxially. If
current is passed through C2, then find an expression for mutual inductance between the two coils.
(64) A solenoid with N loops of wire tightly wrapped around an iron-core is carrying an electric current I. If
the current through this solenoid is reduced to half, then what change would you expect in inductance
L of the solenoid.
(65) A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source of voltage V =Vo sin wt. The voltage is
found to lead current in phase by 𝜋/4 If the inductor is replaced by a capacitor C, the voltage Jags behind
current in phase by 𝜋/4 When L, C and R are connected in series with the same source. Find the
(i) average power dissipated (ii) and instantaneous current int the circuit.
(66) The figure shows two sinusoidal curves corresponding oscillating supply voltage and current in an AC
circuit.

Draw a phasor diagram to represent the current and supply voltage appropriately as phasers. State the
phase difference between the two quantities.
(67) An alternating voltage E = E0 sin 𝜔𝑡 is applied to a circuit containing a resistor R connected in series
𝜋
with a black box. The current in the circuit is found to be I = I0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 4 )
(68) An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314t is connected across a pure resistor of 50Ω.
Find (i) the frequency of the source. (ii) the rms current through the resistor.
(69) A resistor Rand an element X are connected in series to an AC source of voltage. The voltage is found
to lead the current in phase by 𝜋/4. If X is replaced by another element Y, the voltage lags behind the
current by 𝜋/4.
(i) Identify elements X and Y.
(ii) When both X and Y are connected in series with R 10 the same source, will the power dissipated in
the circuit be maximum or minimum? Justify your answer.
(70)
(71) (i) What is the principle of transformer? (ii) Explain how laminating the core of a transformer helps to
reduce eddy current ? (iii) Why the primary and secondary coils of a transformer are preferably wound
on the same core ?
(72) A power transmission line feeds power at 2200 V with a current of 5 A to step-down transformer with
its primary winding having 4000 turns. Calculate the number of turns and the current in the secondary
in order to get output power at 220 V.

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(73) Compare the following : (i) Wavelengths of the incident solar radiation absorbed by the earth's surface
and the radiation re-radiated by the earth. (ii) Tanning effect produced on the skin by UV radiation
incident directly on the skin and that coming through glass window.
(74) (i) Why are infrared waves often called heat waves? Explain. (ii) What do you understand by the
statement, "electromagnetic waves transport momentum"?
(75) What is meant by the term 'displacement current'? Briefly explain how this current is different from a
conduction current.
(76) A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index I .25 is immersed in water of refractive
index 1.33. Will the Jens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Justify your answer.
(77) In the given figure, the radius of curvature of curved face in the piano-convex and the piano-concave
lens is 15 cm each. The refractive index of the material of the lenses is 1.5. Find the final position of the
image formed.

(78) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism having
refractive index 3/2, placed in water of refractive index 4/3. Will this ray suffer total internal reflection
on striking the face AC ? Justify your answer.

(79) A convex lens or focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal length
20 cm. Determine the power of the combination. Will the system be converging or diverging in nature?
(80) An object. AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.

(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object. (ii) How will the position and
Intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black.
(81) Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.
(82) Use Huygens’ principle to show reflection or refraction of a plane wave by (i) concave mirror and
(ii) convex lens.
(83) In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between the two slits is d and distance of the screen
from the slits is 1000d. If the first minima falls at distance d from the central maximum, obtain the
relation between d and 𝜆.
(84) Two waves from two coherent sources S and S’ superimpose at X as shown in the figure. If X is appoint
on the second minima and SX-S’X is 4.5 cm, calculate the wavelength of the waves.
(85) Explain how does (i) photoelectric current and (ii) kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted in a
photocell vary, if the frequency of incident radiation is doubled but keeping the intensity same ? Show
the graphical variation in the above two cases.
(86) Photoelectric emission occurs when a surface is irradiated with the radiation of frequency (i) V1 and (ii)
V2. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted in the two cases are K and 2K respectively.
Obtain the expression for the threshold frequency for the surface.

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(87) The figure shows 𝑣𝑚 versus 𝜆 graph for photoelectrons emitted from a surface, where vm is the maximum
speed of electrons and 𝜆 is the wavelength of incident radiation. Using this graph and Einstein’s.
(88) Using the graph shown in the figure for stopping potential versus the incident frequency of photons,
calculate Planck’s constant.

(89) Two monochromatic radiations, blue and violet of the same intensity are incident on a photosensitive
surface and cause photoelectric emission. Would (i) the number of electrons emitted per second and (ii)
the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons be equal in the two cases ? Justify your answer.
(90) A proton and a electron have the same de-Broglie wavelength 𝜆 Prove that the energy of the proton is
(2m𝜆c/h) times the kinetic energy of the electron.
(91) As 𝛼-particle and a proton are accelerated through same potential difference. Find the ratio (𝑣𝛼 /𝑣𝑝 ) of
velocities acquired by two particles.
(92) How will the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron be affected when the (i) velocity of the
electron decreases and (ii) accelerating potential is increased ? Justify your answer.
(93) The two lines marked A and b in the given figure, show a plot of de-Broglie wavelength 𝜆 versus 1/√𝑣,
where V is the accelerating potential for two nuclei 21H and 31H.

(i) What does the slope of the line represent (ii) Identify which the lines corresponded to these nuclei.
(94) (i) Define the terms impact parameter and distance of closet approach for and 𝛼-particle in Geiger-
Marsden scattering experiment.
(ii) What will be the value of the impact parameter for scattering angle (a) 𝜃 = 0o and (b) 𝜃 = 180o ?
(95) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the n = 2 states of hydrogen atom.
(96) In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 × 10-11 m. The atom is excited such
that the radius becomes 21.2 × 10-11m. Find (i) the value of the principal quantum number and (ii) the
total energy of the atom in this exited state.
(97) A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by an electron beam of 12.5 eV energy. find out the
maximum number of lines emitted by the atom from its excited state.
(98) The energy levels of an atom of element X are shown in the diagram. Which one of the level transitions
will result in the emission of photons of wavelength 620 mm? Support your answer with mathematical
calculations.
(99) (i) State Bohr’s quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits. How does de-Broglie’s
hypothesis explain the stationary orbits ?
(ii) Find the relation between the three wavelengths 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 and 𝜆3 from the energy level diagram shown
below.
(100) Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A. the
binding energy per nucleon for heavy nuclei (A > 170) decreases with the increase in mass number.
Explain.
(101) Explain the formation of the barrier potential in a p-n junction.

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(102) The V-I characteristic of a silicon diode is as shown in the figure. Calculate the resistance of the diode at
(i) I = 15 mA and (ii) V = -10V
(103) Distinguish between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ semiconductors ?
(104) Assuming that two diodes D1 and D2 used in the electric circuit shown in the figure are ideal, find out
the value of the current flowing through 1Ω resistor.
(105) Explain the property of a p-n junction which makes it suitable for rectifying alternating voltages,
differentiate between a half-wave and a full-wave rectifier.

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