CH 03 Asolutions

Solutions Manual to Accompany
Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists

By
Y. Cengel and W. Palm III
Solutions to Problems in Chapter Three
Problems 3-1 Through 3-140
Solutions prepared by:
Tahsin Engin, University of Sakarya

And
William Palm III, University of Rhode Island
© Solutions Manual Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. No
part of this manual may be displayed, reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any
means without the written permission of the publisher or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers or educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. Any other reproduction or translation of this work is unlawful. This work is
only for non-profit use by instructors in courses for which the textbook has been adopted.
Any other use without publisher's consent is unlawful.
CHAPTER 3
Problems 3-1 Through 3-140
Section Review Problems

3-1C A nonhomogeneous term in a differential equation does not involve the dependent
variable and its derivatives.
3-2C The second order linear differential equation can be written in the most general form
as
where and are given functions which may only depend on the independent variable .
The function represents all the terms which do not involve the dependent variable or
any of its derivatives, and is called the nonhomogeneous term. A linear differential
equations is said to be homogeneous when . Thus the second order linear
homogeneous equations can be written in the most general form as .
3-3C Linear differential equations are also classified with respect to the coefficients of the
dependent variable and its derivatives. If these coefficients are simply some constants, the
equation is said to have constant coefficients. If one or more coefficients depend on the
independent variable , then the equation is said to have variable coefficients. Therefore,
the second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients can be expressed in
the most general form , where and are two real constants. It should
be noted that nonhomogeneous term can still be a function of . For example
is a second order nonhomogeneous differential equation with constant
coefficients.
3-4C A second order differential equation involves , and thus it is natural to expect the
solution to involve two integrations and thus two arbitrary constants and .
Considering that these arbitrary constants can take an infinite number of different values, a
second order linear differential equation will have an infinite number of different solutions.
However, a second order initial-value problem has a unique (one and only one ) solution
which satisfies the two initial conditions and . Two arbitrary
constants and are determined by forcing the differential equation to satisfy these two
initial conditions.
3-5C A second order boundary-value problem will have a unique solution only when the
two boundary conditions yield unique values for the arbitrary constants and .
3-6 (a) ; Nonlinear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
(b) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients
(c) ; Linear, homogeneous, variable coefficients
(d) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, variable coefficients
3-7
(a) Given: ; and
Solution: Comparing the differential equation with Eq.3-1 we see that , ,
and . The functions , and are continuous in .
Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , which is in that interval,
Theorem 3-1 guarantees that this initial-value problem has a unique solution in the interval
.
(b) Given: ; and
Solution: Comparing the differential equation with Eq.3-1 we see that
The functions , and are continuous in two intervals: and

. Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , which is not in that
interval, Theorem 3-1 guarantees nothing.
3-8
(a) Given:
Solution: Taking first and second derivatives of the given solution we obtain
Solving this system of two equations for and yields
Substituting and rearranging
which is the desired solution.
(b) Given:
Solution: Taking first and second derivatives of the given solution we obtain and
. Therefore the desired differential equation is .

3-9C Yes, and are linearly dependent since . and
, on the other hand, are linearly independent, because is not a constant
multiple of .
3-10C Two functions are linearly dependent in an interval if their Wronskian is zero in that
interval for ALL . Therefore these two functions are linearly independent.
3-11
(a) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We
can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly dependent. We can
end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
3-12 The Wronskian of , and can be written as
| | | |
which indicates that and are linearly independent.
3-13C The superposition principle is applicable to linear homogeneous differential equations

only. It is not applicable to nonlinear equations or to nonhomogeneous equations even when
they are linear.
3-14C This is the case for linear homogeneous differential equations.
3-15C This is the case for linear homogeneous differential equations.
3-16C No, a general solution to a second order linear homogeneous equation with continuous
coefficients has always two linearly independent solutions and , and linear combination of
these two solution makes up the general solution of the differential equation in the form of
.
3-17
(a) is a nonlinear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore
is not a solution to this differential equation.
(b) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

not a solution to this differential equation.

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a
solution to this differential equation.
(d) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a

3-18
(a) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a
(b) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also

a solution to this differential equation.

3-19
(a) and
Since ⁄ ⁄ constant, and are linearly dependent, which means
that the Wronskian of and is zero. We can end up with the same result by actually
calculation Wronskian as follows:
| | | |
(b) and
Since is not a multiple constant of , and are linearly independent, which indicates that
the Wronskian of and is never zero for . We can end up with the same result by
actually calculation Wronskian as follows:
| | | |
(c) and
Since constant, and are linearly dependent, which means
| | | |
3-20
(a) ; and
The Wronskian of two solutions is
| | | |
showing that and are linearly independent. Thus, and form a fundamental set of
solutions. All solutions to the differential equation can be expressed as

which is the desired result.
(b) ; and
| | | |
(c) ; and
| | | | | |
3-21C If we know one nontrivial solution to an associated homogeneous equation, the

procedure known as reduction of order enables us to construct a second, linearly independent
solution from a known one . This is not a complete method for solving differential equations
since it requires one of the solutions to be available before this method can be applied.
3-22 ;
We see from the given differential equation that , then
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( )
Thus the second linearly independent solution to this differential equation is
( )
yielding the general solution to be
( )

where .
3-23C A second order linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients can have at most
two linearly independent solutions. A linear combination of these two solutions is also a
solution. Therefore, yes, one of these solutions must be a linear combination of the other two.
3-24C A second order linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients can have at most
two linearly independent solutions. A linear combination of these two solutions is also a
solution. Because , and are all linearly independent, a second order linear
homogeneous equation with constant coefficients which cannot be satisfied by the function ,
and .
3-25C Consider characteristic equation . When , the roots of the

characteristic equation will be complex since its discriminant will involve the square root of a
negative number. Thus, the roots are necessarily complex conjugates of each other.
3-26
(a) Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
whose roots are
√ √
Therefore and , and the general solution is, from Eq. 3-49,
(b) Given:
which can be factored as
The roots of this equation is . Then the general solution is, from Eq. 3-42,
(c) Given:

The roots of this equation is and . Thus the general solution is, from Eq. 3-33,
3-27 Given: ; and

whose roots are
√ √
Its derivative with respect to is
The arbitrary constants are determined by applying the initial conditions:
Substituting these values into the general solution of the equation yields the solution of this
initial-value problem,
( )
3-28 Given: ; and


Solving these two equations simultaneously for two unknowns yields
or
( )
3-29C Yes. There may be many solutions which satisfy the given nonhomogeneous equation,
and any of them can serve as a particular solution. However, it is more convenient to use the
simplest one in the solution.
3-30C No. Since and all derivatives are zero in this case, the homogeneous part of the
differential equation will always be zero for this particular solution.
3-31C The nonhomogeneous term often involves several terms, and in such cases it is
sometimes easier to find a particular solution corresponding to each nonhomogeneous term,
and then to add them up by using the superposition principle.
3-32
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is
Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes
(b) Given
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is
Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes
where
3-33C If is not a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation, then we can
offer a particular solution corresponding to a nonhomogeneous term is of the form
where is a constant.
3-34C No, both nonhomogeneous terms require the particular solution to be of the form
.
3-35C By taking the derivatives of , we see that it produces infinite number of linearly
independent functions, that is,
Thus, we conclude that the method of undetermined coefficients is not suitable when the
nonhomogeneous term involves the function .
3-36C The method of undetermined coefficients is self-correcting. When too few terms are
assumed for the particular solution it results in contradiction. When too many terms are
assumed, it yields zeros for the coefficients of unnecessary terms. Getting unique values for the
unknown coefficients is a sure sign that the assumed form of the particular solution is correct.
3-37
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
and , respectively. The roots of the characteristic equation are and .
Thus the general solution of the related homogeneous differential equation is
We propose a particular solution of . The first and second derivatives of are
Substituting and into the differential equation,

Therefore a particular solution of the given differential equation is
Thus the general solution is obtained to be
(b) Given:
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
We propose a particular solution corresponding to in the form of
Taking first and second derivatives we have
Substituting into the given differential equation
[ ]
and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields
from which , and . Then the particular solution of given

differential equation is obtained to be
( )
Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes
( )

Maple solution:
> restart;
> a := 1; b := 0; c := -4;
> R := -3*x^2*exp(3*x);
> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;
> F := R = lhs(ode);
>
> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;
> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);
> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);
>
> y[h] := C1*exp(m1*x)+C2*exp(m2*x);
> yp := (A*x^2+B*x+C)*exp(3*x);
> F1 := simplify(expand(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));
> simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(3*x));
> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];
> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = 0, eqns[3] = -3};
> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B, C});
> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);
> y = y[h]+y[p];
(c) Given:

since is a solution to the related homogeneous equation. Taking first and second derivatives
we have
and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields .
Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be
(d) Given:

from which and . Then the particular solution of given differential equation is
obtained to be
( )
3-38 Given: ⁄ and ⁄

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, and its first
derivative become
Applying initial conditions we obtain
( )
( )
Substituting these values into the general solution gives the solution of the initial value problem,
3-39C The method of undetermined coefficients used to determine a particular solution of a

nonhomogeneous equation is quite simple and straightforward, but it lacks generality because it
has two severe limitations: the differential equation must have constant coefficients, and the
nonhomogeneous terms must be of the form or where and
are real constant and is a polynomial of degree
3-40C The basic idea behind the method of variation of parameters is to seek a particular
solution of the form , which is obtained by replacing the constant parameters
and in the homogeneous solution by the variable functions and , and then
determining these two functions such that it satisfies the nonhomogeneous equation.
3-41
(a) Given:
Taking and , the Wronskian of these two functions is
| | | |

Substituting this into Eq. 3-69, the functions and are determined to be
∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is, from Eq. 3-63,
( ) ( )
or simplifying
Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:
Method of undetermined coefficients:
The proper form of the particular solution due to is . Taking the first and
second derivatives of the particular and substituting them along with into the given
differential equation gives .
(b) Given:
Taking and , the Wronskian of these two functions is
| | | |
Substituting this into Eq. 3-69, the functions and are determined to be
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )

∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is, from Eq. 3-63,
( ( )) ( ( ))
or simplifying
Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:
3-42C The characteristic feature of the Euler equation is that the coefficient of is a constant,
the coefficient of is a constant times , and in general, the coefficient of th derivative of is a
constant multiple of the th power of . That is, each term on the left side is of the form
where is a constant.
3-43C Yes, an Euler differential equation can always be converted into an equation with
constant coefficients.
3-44
(a) Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives and
into the given differential equation yields
or
since and cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are
Therefore the general solution of the differential equation is, from Eq. 3-79,
√ √
[ ( ) ( )]

(b) Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives and
into the related homogeneous differential equation yields
or
since and cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are
Therefore the solution homogeneous part of the differential equation is, from Eq. 3-79,
√ √
[ ( ) ( )]
We propose a particular solution corresponding to nonhomogeneous term in the form of
Taking first and second derivatives we have and . Substituting into the given
differential equation
and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields and
. Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be
√ √
[ ( ) ( )]
3-45C The maximum displacement of a mass from its static equilibrium position is called
amplitude. The time period of an oscillatory motion, during which a cycle is completed is called
period of the motion, and is determined from the difference between the times at which two
consecutive maximums occur. The frequency of an oscillatory motion is the number of
oscillations per unit time, and equal to the inverse of the period.
3-46C The frequency of an oscillatory motion is the number of oscillations per unit time, and
equal to the inverse of the period.

where is the period and √ is the natural frequency. In the absence of any external
effects, the frequency depends on the characteristics of the mass and the spring only and is
independent of the initial conditions. Frequency without the factor is called circular
frequency and it has the unit radians per second.
3-47C Pure resonance occurs in the undamped forced vibrations when the frequency of the
imposed external force is equal to natural frequency of the system. Actual systems cannot have
pure resonance since there will always be a friction force, which damps the motion.
3-48 Given: A mass of 0.2 kg suspended by a spring with a spring constant of = 500 N/m is
considered. The mass is now pulled down 1 cm, and then released with zero Initial velocity. The
natural frequency, period, and the amplitude of the resulting motion are to be determined by
neglecting frictional effects.
Solution: This is an undamped free vibration, and thus the Eq. 3-92 in this case reduces to
̈
with
and ̇
From its definition, the natural frequency is determined to be
√ √
The period of the oscillations is, from Eq. 3-103,
The amplitude of the oscillations is, from Eq. 3-98, equal to .
3-49C In a simple ratio, the tuning dial simply varies the capacitance of the circuit without
altering and . Therefore, adjusting the dial is equivalent to specifying the periodic signal
whose frequency will maximize the current.
3-50C If the variation of the current with time in a circuit is known, then the variation
of the charge in the capacitor with time, , is determined from
End-of-Chapter Problems
3.1. Introduction to Second Order Linear Equation
3-51C A differential equation is said to be linear if it does not involve any powers, products,
or other nonlinear functions of dependent variable or its derivatives.

3-52C The distinction between linear equations with constant and variable coefficients is
very important because the solution procedures of these two classes of linear equations are
very different. But the fundamental theorems associated with linear equation which we will
discuss below are applicable to both classes.
3-53C Standard form of a second order differential equation requires that the leading
coefficient, that is the coefficient of being one. A second order differential equation can be
put into standard form by dividing each term by the coefficient of .
3-54C Theorem 3-1 tells us that If the functions , and are continuous on an
interval and is any point in this interval, then the differential equation
has a unique (one and only one ) solution on this interval
which satisfies the two initial conditions and .
3-55C The trivial solution is the only solution of an initial-value problem with
continuous coefficients and zero initial conditions. Thus, there is no need to look for other
solutions for such problems.

(b) ; Linear, homogeneous, constant coefficients
(d) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients

(b) ; Linear, homogeneous, constant coefficients
(d) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, variable coefficients

(b) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients
(d) ; Linear, homogeneous, constant coefficients

(b) ; Noninear, homogeneous, constant coefficients
(d) ; Linear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients
3-60
(a) Given: ; and

.
(b) Given: ; and

The functions , and are continuous in two intervals: and

. Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , which is in the
first interval, Theorem 3-1 guarantees that this initial-value problem has a unique solution
in the interval .
3-61
Given: ; and
.
(a) Given: ; and

The function is continuous, but the functions and are discontinuous at

. Therefore and are continuous in two intervals: and
. Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , which is in the first
interval, Theorem 3-1 guarantees that this initial-value problem has a unique solution in
the interval .
3-62
(a) Given: ; and
The functions and are discontinuous at , the functions is

discontinuous at . Considering that the initial conditions are specified at ,
.
(b) Given: ; and


The functions and are continuous, but the function is discontinuous in the
interval . Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , Theorem
3-1 guarantees that this initial-value problem has a unique solution in the interval
.
3-63
(a) Given: ; and
The functions , and are continuous in . Considering that the

initial conditions are specified at , which is in that interval, Theorem 3-1 guarantees
that this initial-value problem has a unique solution in the interval .
(b) Given: ; and

The function is continuous, but the functions and are discontinuous at

and . Considering that the initial conditions are specified at , Theorem 3-
1 guarantees that this initial-value problem has a unique solution in the interval
.
3-64
(a) Given:
Solution: The solution function can be expressed as
or equivalently , where and .
Taking first and second derivatives of the given solution we obtain

(b) Given:
Maple solution:
> restart;
> Y := C1*exp(2*x)+C2*x*exp(2*x);
> Eq1 := diff(y(x), x) = diff(Y, x);
>
> Eq2 := diff(y(x), x, x) = diff(Y, x, x);
> S := solve([Eq1, Eq2], {C1, C2});

>
> C1 := rhs({C1 = -(-4*(diff(y(x), x))+diff(diff(y(x), x), x)-4*x*(diff(y(x), x))+2*x*(diff(diff(y(x), x),
x)))/(4*exp(2*x)), C2 = (-2*(diff(y(x), x))+diff(diff(y(x), x), x))/(2*exp(2*x))}[1]);
> C2 := rhs({C1 = -(-4*(diff(y(x), x))+diff(diff(y(x), x), x)-4*x*(diff(y(x), x))+2*x*(diff(diff(y(x), x),

x)))/(4*exp(2*x)), C2 = (-2*(diff(y(x), x))+diff(diff(y(x), x), x))/(2*exp(2*x))}[1]);
> y-simplify(Y) = 0;
> isolate(y-(diff(y(x), x))+(1/4)*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x)) = 0, diff(diff(y(x), x), x));
Alternative solution:
It is clear from the solution function that the characteristic equation is .
Expanding and replacing by , and by we obtain the desired differential equation:
3-65
(a) Given:

(b) Given:
√ √
√ √
√ √
Solving this system of two equations for and and substituting
Maple solution:
>
>
>
>

>
>
>
>
3-66

(a) Given:
(b) Given:
3-67
(a) Given:

(b) Given:
3.2. Linear Independence and the Wronskian Functions
3-68C Yes, because two functions are said to be linearly dependent provided that either is a
constant multiple of the other.
3-69C Any expression that can be written in the form is a linear combination of
and . Since fits this form by taking and , we would say is a linear
combination of and .
3-70C No. If two of the three functions are linearly dependent, then these three functions are
linearly dependent. For example, the two functions and are linearly dependent in any
interval. Then it follows that any set of functions which contain these two functions are also
linearly dependent in any interval.
3-71C Five functions are linearly dependent in an interval if their Wronskian is zero in that
interval for ALL . Therefore these five functions are said to be linearly independent
In Problems 3-72 to 3-79 we determine if the following pairs of functions and are linearly
dependent or independent (1) by inspection, and (2) by determining their Wronskian.
3-72
(a) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We
| | | |
| | | |

3-73
(a) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly
dependent. We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
| | | |
3-74
(a) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We can end
up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We
| | | |
3-75
independent. We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We
| | | |
3-76
(a) Since | | and , we write
| |
If then | | , then we have

Solving (1) and (2) for and gives
Therefore we conclude that | | and are linearly independent since the equation
is only satisfied only when .
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent.
We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
3-77
independent. We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
Maple solution:
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):
> y1 := exp(x)*sin(2*x);
> y2 := exp(x)*cos(2*x);
> W := Matrix(2, [[y1, y2], [diff(y1, x), diff(y2, x)]]);
> simplify(Determinant(W));
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly independent. We can
| | | |
3-78
(a) Since | | and , we write

| |
Since right hand sides of (1) and (2) are equal to each other, we get
or
substituting
Therefore we conclude that | | and are linearly independent since the

equation is only satisfied when .
(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly

dependent. We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
3-79
(a) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly dependent.
We can end up with the same result by Wronskian determinant, such that
| | | |
Maple solution:
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):
> y1 := 1/x^2;
> y2 := 5/x^2;

(b) Since constant, then the functions and are linearly dependent, ( and
are assumed real contants).
3-80 Knowing that and , and and are linearly dependent, we have , and
, where and are arbitrary constant. Substituting into we get
, where . Since is a multiple constant of , we conclude that and
are also linearly dependent.
In Problems 3-81 to 3-89 we determine if the following functions are linearly dependent or
independent by determining their Wronskian.
3-81 Noting that , the Wronskian of , and

can be written as
| | | |
which indicates that and are linearly dependent.
| | | |
3-83 Noting that , the Wronskian of , and

can be written as
| | | |
3-84 Since | |, and , we write
| |
For we have | | , and we have

For we have | | , and we have
Equating (1) and (2) we get and for . Then we are left with a single
equation,
which can be satisfied only if for all . Therefore we conclude that | |,

and are linearly independent since | | will be satisfied only when
.
| | | |
Maple solution:
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra);
> y1 := exp(x)*sin(2*x);
> y2 := exp(x)*cos(2*x);
> y3 := exp(x);
> W := Matrix(3, [[y1, y2, y3], [diff(y1, x), diff(y2, x), diff(y3, x)], [diff(y1, x, x), diff(y2, x, x), diff(y3,
x, x)]]);
| | | |

| |
| |
| |
| | | |
Maple solution:
> restart;
> y1 := exp(x);
> y2 := x*exp(x);
> y3 := x^2*exp(x);
> W := Matrix(3, [[y1, y2, y3], [diff(y1, x), diff(y2, x), diff(y3, x)], [diff(y1, x, x), diff(y2, x, x), diff(y3,
x, x)]]);
| | | |
3.3. Theory of Homogeneous Equations

3-90C Two functions are linearly dependent in an interval if their Wronskian is zero in that
interval for ALL . Since and are linearly independent in this case, the Wronskian of
and be zero for some and nonzero for other values values.
3-91C A second order linear homogeneous equation with continuous coefficients can have
infinite number of solutions, but only two of these solutions are linearly independent.
3-92C Fundamental set of solutions is defined as a set of two linearly independent solutions of a
second order linear homogeneous equation on an interval. A differential equation can have
several fundamental sets of solutions (see Fig. 3-21), and any of these sets can be used to
construct the general solution. It can be shown that all the general solutions obtained using
different sets of fundamental solutions are equivalent to each other.
In problems 3-93 to 3-96, we determine by inspection if where is a constant is also a solution

when is a solution function for the following differential equation.
3-93
(a) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a
(b) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to

this differential equation.
(c) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to this

differential equation.
(d) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution

to this differential equation.
3-94
(a) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is not a
(b) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore

is a solution to this differential equation.
(c) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution


3-95
(a) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution
(b) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is not

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

also a solution to this differential equation.

3-96
(a) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is not a
(b) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also

(d) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to this

In problems 3-97 to 3-100, we determine by inspection if is also a solution to the

corresponding differential equation when and are its solutions.
3-97
(a) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is
(b) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

(c) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to

(d) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

3-98
(a) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore
(b) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

(c) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to

(d) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also

3-99
(a) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a
(b) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore

is also a solution to this differential equation.

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a
(d) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also

3-100
(a) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is not a
(b) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

(d) is a nonlinear differential equation, and therefore is not a solution to

In problems 3-101 to 3-104, we consider the second order linear homogeneous equations and its
two solutions and in , and identify by inspection the pair of solutions whose Wronskian
is never zero for . We also verify our findings by actually calculating
for each case.
3-101
(a) and
| | | |
(b) and
| | | |
(c) and

| | | |
3-102
(a) and
| | | |
(b) and
| | | |
(c) and
Since ⁄ ⁄ constant, and are linearly dependent, which
means that the Wronskian of and is zero. We can end up with the same result by actually
| | | |
3-103
(a) and
| | | |
(b) and
| | | |
(b) and

| | | |
3-104
(a) ⁄ and ⁄
| | | |
(b) ⁄ and
| | | |
(c) ⁄ and ⁄ ⁄
Since ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ constant, and are linearly dependent, which
| | | |
Maple solution:
> restart;
> y1 := 5*ln(x)/x^2;
> y2 := 3*ln(x)/x^2;

In Problems 3-105 to 3-108, we consider the second order linear homogeneous equations and two
of their solutions and in , and determine if and form a fundamental set of
solutions. If they do, we will develop a relation for which contains all solutions of the
3-105
(a) ; and
| | | |
(b) ; and
| | | |
(c) ; and
| | | |

showing that and are linearly dependent. Thus, and does not form a fundamental set
of solutions.
3-106
(a) ; and
| | | |
(b) ; and
| | | |
of solutions.
(c) ; and
| | | |
of solutions.
3-107
(a) ; √ and √
√ √
| | | | √
( √ √ √ ) ( √ √ √ )
√ √ ( √ √ )

Maple solution:
> restart;
> y1 := exp(x)*sin(sqrt(2)*x);
> y2 := exp(x)*cos(sqrt(2)*x);
> W := Matrix(2, [[y1, y2], [diff(y1, x), diff(y2, x)]]):
>
> convert(Determinant(W), exp);
(b) ; √ and √ √
√ √
| | | | √
( √ √ √ ) ( √ √ √ )
√ ⏟ √ ( √ √ )
of solutions.
(c) ; √ and √ √
| |
√ ( √ √ )
| |
( √ √ √ ) ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ )
√ ( √ √ )
⏟ √ ⏟ √
( √ √ )
3-108
(a) ; and
| | | |
(b) ; and
| | | |
of solutions.
(c) ; and
| | | | ⏟
or
3.4. Reducing of Order
3-109C Theorem 3-5 tells us that the method of reduction order is only applicable to second
order linear homogeneous differential equations.

In Problems 3-110 to 3-121, using the one solution given, we determine the second linearly
independent solution of the second order linear homogeneous equations by the method of
reduction of order.
3-110 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( )
( )
( )
where .
3-111 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
3-112 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫

3-113 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( )
( )
( )
where .
3-114 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
3-115 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
( )
( )
where .
Maple solution:
> restart;
> P := 0;
> y1 := sin(3*x);
> nominator := exp(-(int(P, x)));
> v := int(nominator/y1^2, x);
> y2 := simplify(v*y1);
> y = simplify(C1*y1+c2*y2);
3-116 ( ) ;
√
Considering the standard form of the differential equation, we see that , then
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫ ∫( )
( )
( √ )
( )
√ √
( )
√ √ √ √
3-117 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
( )
( )

( )
3-118 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
3-119 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
( )
( )
3-120 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
( )
( )

3-121 ;
∫ ∫
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫
( )( )
( )
3.5. Homogeneous Equations with Constant Coefficients
3-122C Yes, this is because the solution is a linear combination of and .
3-123C Absolutely no, since , and are linearly independent functions.
3-124C Absolutely no, since , and are linearly independent functions.
3-125C A second order linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients is expressed as
where and are real constant coefficients. A careful examination of this equation reveals
that adding the solution function and its derivatives after multiplying them by some constants
yields zero for all . Thus we conclude that the solution function and its derivatives must differ,
at most, by a constant multiple only. The only elementary function whose derivatives are
constant multiples of itself is the exponential function , where is a constant.
3-126C A second order linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients is expressed as
where and are real constant coefficients. The characteristic equation of this equation is

yielding the acceptable values of which caracterize the solution of the given differential
equation. The characteristic equation has two roots and since it involves a second
degree polynomial in . These roots dictate the general form of the homogeneous solution,
depending on the discriminant of the characteristic equation.
3-127C When the roots of the characteristic equation corresponding to a second order linear
homogeneous equation with constant coefficients are equal, the characteristic equation gives
only one solution in the form of . The second linearly independent solution is found by
applying the method of reduction of order, from which we obtain . The other solutions can
only be in the form of being linearly dependent on . Therefore or
cannot be taken as the second linearly independent solution since they will not satisfy the given
equation.
3-128C Since and are two linearly independent solutions, they cannot have the same slope
at their point of intersection. Otherwise, they would be in parallel to each other, meaning that
these two function are linearly dependent, which is not the case.
In Problems 3-129 to 3-137, we are to determine the general solution of the given second order
linear homogeneous equations with constant coefficients.
3-129
(a) Given:
whose roots are
√ √
(b) Given:
c) Given:

3-130
a) Given:
(b) Given:
(c) Given:
whose roots are
√ √ √
√
√ √
( )

3-131
(a) Given:
(b) Given:
whose roots are
√ √ √
√
√ √
( )
(c) Given:
whose roots are
√ √
√
Then the general solution is, from Eq. 3-33,
( √ ) ( √ )
3-132
(a) Given:

(b) Given:
whose roots are
√ √ √
√
√ √
( )
(c) Given:
whose roots are
√ √
√
Then the general solution is, from Eq. 3-33,
(√ ) (√ )
In Problems 3-108 to 3-113, we are to determine the specific solution of the given initial-value
problem.
3-133 Given: ; and


Solving these two equations simultaneously for two unknowns yields and .
3-134 Given: ; and

3-135 Given: ; and

( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> ode := 2*(diff(y(x), x, x))+diff(y(x), x)-y(x) = 0;
> with(DEtools);
>
> dsolve(ode);
> ics := y(0) = -5, (D(y))(0) = 6;
> simplify(dsolve({ics, ode}, y(x)));
3-136 Given: ; and


Solving these two equations simultaneously for two unknowns yields and
. Substituting these values into the general solution of the equation yields the solution of
this initial-value problem,
Solving two equations simultaneously by Maple:

> restart;
> Eq1 := C1*exp(-6)-2*C2*exp(-6) = 1;
> Eq2 := 3*C1*exp(-6)-5*C2*exp(-6) = 0;
> simplify(solve([Eq1, Eq2], {C1, C2}));
3-137 Given: ; and

whose roots are
√ √

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
or
( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> ode := diff(y(x), x, x)+4*(diff(y(x), x))+20*y(x) = 0;
> a := 1; b := 4; c := 20;
>
> Eq := a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;
> solve(Eq, m);
>
> Gensol := unapply(rhs(dsolve(ode)), x);
>
> GensolRHS := rhs(dsolve(ode));
> GensolDerivative := unapply(diff(GensolRHS, x), x);
> Eq1 := Gensol((1/2)*Pi) = 0;
> Eq2 := GensolDerivative((1/2)*Pi) = 2;

> solve([Eq1, Eq2], {_C1, _C2});
In Problems 3-138 to 3-140, we are to determine the specific solution of the given boundary-value
problem.
3-138 Given: ; and

3-139 Given: ; and


or
3-140 Given: ; and

or
( )


CH 03 Asolutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 03 Asolutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solutions Manual to Accompany

Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists

Solutions to Problems in Chapter Three

Problems 3-1 Through 3-140

Solutions prepared by:

Tahsin Engin, University of Sakarya

Section Review Problems

3-6 (a) ; Nonlinear, nonhomogeneous, constant coefficients

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

(b) Given: ; and

Solution: Comparing the differential equation with Eq.3-1 we see that

The functions , and are continuous in two intervals: and

Solving this system of two equations for and yields

Substituting and rearranging

which is the desired solution.

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

3-12 The Wronskian of , and can be written as

which indicates that and are linearly independent.

3-13C The superposition principle is applicable to linear homogeneous differential equations

3-14C This is the case for linear homogeneous differential equations.

3-15C This is the case for linear homogeneous differential equations.

(b) is a nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

(d) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a

(b) is a linear nonhomogeneous differential equation, and therefore

(c) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also

(d) is a linear homogeneous differential equation, and therefore is also a

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

which is the desired result.

which is the desired result.

3-21C If we know one nontrivial solution to an associated homogeneous equation, the

Thus the second linearly independent solution to this differential equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

3-25C Consider characteristic equation . When , the roots of the

whose roots are

which can be factored as

which can be factored as

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

3-27 Given: ; and

whose roots are

Its derivative with respect to is

The arbitrary constants are determined by applying the initial conditions:

3-28 Given: ; and

which can be factored as

Its derivative with respect to is

The arbitrary constants are determined by applying the initial conditions:

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

We propose a particular solution of . The first and second derivatives of are

Substituting and into the differential equation,

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

Thus the general solution is obtained to be

We propose a particular solution corresponding to in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

from which , and . Then the particular solution of given

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

> F1 := simplify(expand(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(3*x));

> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = 0, eqns[3] = -3};

> ode := a(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

> C2 := rhs({C1 = -(-4(diff(y(x), x))+diff(diff(y(x), x), x)-4x*(diff(y(x), x))+2x(diff(diff(y(x), x),