Electrical Power and Machines Department

Faculty of Engineering Tanta University

Electric Machines

By
Dr. Mohamed Mamdouh
 Electrical Machines

Stationary Rotating

DC Special
Transformers Induction Synchronous
machines
machine

P Single
phase IM
Stepper Universal
Servo
motors

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 DC machine

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Contents

• construction
• Theory of operation
• Theory of operation
• Equivalent circuit of DC generator

• Different type of field excitation

• Load characteristics of DC generator
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Construction
The main components of the DC machines are:

1. Magnetic frame or yoke

2. Poles core and poles shoes
3. Poles coils
4. Armature core
5. Armature windings
6. Commutator
7. Brushed
8. Bearing and shaft
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Construction
1. Magnetic frame or yoke
The outer frame or yoke serves a double purpose :

• It provides mechanical support for the poles

and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine.
• It carries the magnetic flux produced by the
poles.

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Construction
2. Poles core and poles shoes Field coil

Pole core is used to carry field coils and poles

shoes enlarge the area of armature core to come
across the flux

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Construction
3. Field system

Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the dc exciting current. The field
coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.

The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes
through the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature, and the frame.

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Construction
4. Armature core

The purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss. Thinner the
lamination, greater is the resistance offered to the induced e.m.f., smaller
the current and hence lesser the I²R loss in the core.

The laminations are slotted to accommodate and provide mechanical security to the
armature winding and to give shorter air gap for the flux to cross between the pole
face and the armature “teeth”.

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Construction
4. Armature core

This is the winding in which “working” e.m.f. is induced. The armature conductors
are connected in series-parallel; the conductors being connected in series so as to
increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to increase the current.

There are two types of windings

• Lab winding
• Wave winding

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Construction
5. Commutator

The commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica
sheets and mounted on the shaft of the machine.

It represents about one third of the overall cost of the machine

The armature conductors are soldered to the commutator segments in a suitable

manner to give rise to the armature winding.

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Construction
5. Brushes

The purpose of brushes in a dc generator is to ensure electrical connections

between the rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit.

The brushes are made of carbon and rest on the commutator. The brush pressure is
adjusted by means of adjustable springs.

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Construction
Winding terminology

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Construction
Types of armature windings

a) Lap winding

• No of parallel paths = no of poles

• Large number of parallel paths indicate high

current capacity of machine hence lap winding
is preferred for high current raring generators.
b) Wave winding

• No of parallel paths = 2

• As number of parallel paths is less, it is preferable

for low current, high voltage capacity generators

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Theory of operation

𝐸 =𝐵 ×𝑙 × 𝑣
Where
𝑙 = Active length of conductor in m
v =Relative velocity component of conductor in m/s in the direction
perpendicular to direction of the flux.

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Theory of operation

Video

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Theory of operation

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Theory of operation

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Equivalent circuit of DC Generator

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Equivalent circuit of DC Generator

EMF Equation of DC Generator

P = Number of .poles of the generator
ϕ= Flux produced by each pole in webers (Wb)
N = Speed of armature in r.p.m.
Z = Total number of armature conductors
A= Number of parallel paths in which the 'Z' number of conductors are divided.

A=P for lap type of winding. A=2 for wave type of winding

𝑑𝜙
e = Rate of cutting the flux = 𝑑𝑡
For one revolution
𝜙𝑃 𝑁
𝑒= = 𝜙𝑃
60 60
𝑁

𝝓𝑷𝑵𝒁
𝑬=
𝟔𝟎 𝑨
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Equivalent circuit of DC Generator

Example

A 4 pole, lap wound, d.c, generators has 42 coils with 8 turns per coils. It is driven
at 1120 r.p.m. If useful flux per pole is 21 mWb, calculate the generated e.m.f.
Find the speed at which it is to be driven to generate the same e.m.f. as calculated
above, with wave wound armature.

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Equivalent circuit of DC Generator

Answer

P=4 ∅= 21 mWb = 21 × 10-3 Wb N =1120 r.p.m.

Coils = 42 and turns / coil = 8

Total turns = coils × turns / coil =42×8 = 336
Z = 2× total turns = 2 × 336 = 672
∅𝑷𝑵𝒁
𝑬=
𝟔𝟎𝑨

i) For lap wound: A=P

𝜙 𝑁𝑍 21 × 10−3 × 1120 × 672
∴𝐸= = = 263.424𝑉
60 60

ii) For wave wound, A = 2

𝜙 𝑃𝑁𝑍
E = 263.424 𝐸= 120
21 × 10−3 ×4×𝑁 ×672
∴ 263.424 = N = 560 r.p.m
120

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 Questions

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 Electrical Power and Machines department
Electrical machines Sheet (1) Second year
DC Generators Mechanical Engineering

1) A separately excited generator has a field resistance of 100 Ω and armature resistance
of 1Ω and motor constant K= 0.5 V/A.rad/sec. If the field voltage is 200V and load
current is 10A while the driving speed is1500 rpm, Find:
a) The generated voltage (Ea) and the load voltage (Vl)
b) If the load current is doubled while the field voltage is the same, find the new speed to
keep the load voltage unchanged.

2) The output of a shunt generator is 24 kW at a terminal voltage of 200V. If the armature,

shunt field resistances are 0.05 Ω and 40Ω respectively. If the iron and friction losses
are equal to the copper losses at this load. Find the input power and the efficiency of
the generator.

3) A shunt generator supplies a load current of 100 A at 220 V, the efficiency of the
generator is 86% and the windage, friction and core losses are 1.1 kW. If the shunt field
resistance is 110Ω, calculate the armature resistance.

4) A 50 kW, 250 V series generator has an armature resistance of 0.02Ω and series field
resistance of 0.045Ω The stray losses are 2.5 kW. At rated load
Calculate:
a) Armature current.
b) Generated voltage.
c) Armature copper losses.
d) Field copper losses.
e) The generator efficiency.
A

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