Integrated Project

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Back ground of the project ............................................................................................... 2
1.3.Objective of the project .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1.General Objective ............................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2.Specific Objective ............................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. ROOF ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 5
Zoning ........................................................................................................................................ 13
F ................................................................................................................................................. 13
G................................................................................................................................................. 13
H................................................................................................................................................. 13
I .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Area(m2)..................................................................................................................................... 13
7.744........................................................................................................................................... 13
15.664......................................................................................................................................... 13
124.678....................................................................................................................................... 13
607.099....................................................................................................................................... 13
Zone ........................................................................................................................................... 14
F ................................................................................................................................................. 14
G................................................................................................................................................. 14
H ................................................................................................................................................ 14
I .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Area(m2) .................................................................................................................................... 14
7.744........................................................................................................................................... 14
15.664......................................................................................................................................... 14
124.678....................................................................................................................................... 14
607.099....................................................................................................................................... 14
Cpe ............................................................................................................................................. 14
-1.4 ............................................................................................................................................. 14
-1.3 ............................................................................................................................................. 14
-0.6 ............................................................................................................................................. 14
-0.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 21
SOLID SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .............................................................................. 21
6.1.2 General procedure of beam design f or flexure ................................................................ 70
6.1.3 Checking beam for weather it is T-section or not ................................................... 73
6.1.4 Reinforcement Design ............................................................................................ 74
stablity analysis ........................................................................................................................ 143
8.4 design of toe ....................................................................................................................... 147
Reinforcement Design ............................................................................................................ 148
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground of the project

The objective of this project is to examine the integrated techniques used to design the
srtuctural building within the soils bearing capacity located in Adama.
The architectural plan of the building consists of 3 stories including a basement. The shape
of structure is relatively regular in plan and elevation. The structure in composed of concrete
frame section (RC), reinforced concrete slabs, floor finishing, stair cases and openings. The
super structure loads transferred to footings is determined by calculations conducted in ETABS
2017. The building is composed of reinforced concrete slabs and duopitch roof along specified
directions. The floors consist of solid concrete slabs.
The limit state design method has been adopted for the design of the components. We used the
Ethiopian Building code of standards, EBCS-1, EBCS-2, Part II, EBCS-7, and EBCS-8 2014
design chart for analysis and design work. The project work includes: structural analysis of the
building, soil data interpretation, design of foundation types, selection of best foundation in
terms of safety and economy. Finally, we have put our conclusions and recommendation at the
end of our project.
1.3.Objective of the project
1.3.1.General Objective
The general objective of this project is: Familiarizing students with super structural and sub
structural load analysis by using analysis software like SAP or ETABS and filter out
appropriate data from the output for foundation design. The other aim is to enlighten students
how to determine and understand soil parameters like C and Ø from given SPT data and also to
gain extra knowledge about cost estimation practically.
1.3.2.Specific Objective
This project is to design the structural building and types of foundation that the soil can safely
withstand and distribute the load that comes from above by considering safety as major criteria
and also cost estimation of the sub srtucture consideration.
The design follows the following steps.

➢ Roof analysis and truss design.
➢ Solid slab design
➢ Frame section design such as column,beam
➢ Stair design
➢ Lateral loads and earth quake analysis
➢ Bearing capacity determination
➢ Design of a footing.
➢ Design of a retaining wall.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1. ROOF ANALYSIS
Analysis and Design of Lattice Purlin
Loads on Purlin:-
1. dead load from EGA sheet
A. We select EGA -400 and thickness = 0.0004m
Weight 3.14Kg/m or 0.0134KN/m and to determine per area load,the weight is divided by
width of the sheet which is 0.826m = 0.0314KN/m/0.826m = 0.038KN/m2
By considering50% increase for over lapping and fastening of EGA sheet
0.038KN/m2 + 0.038KN/m2 X 50/100 =0.0570KN/m2
This load distribute to per meter length spacing. 0.0570KN/m2x0.85m = 0.0485KN/m
B. Self-Weight of Purlins. ST 50 = 50x50x3
ST50 with 3mm thickens for horizontals member.

Weight =4.25 kg/m or 0.0425KN/m
❖ Total Dead load = 𝐷𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖gh𝑡 + 𝐷𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝐺𝐴 𝑠h𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 0.0910𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊×𝐿 0.0910𝐾𝑁/𝑚×11.2𝑚
This load changes to reactional load P = = = 0.509 KN
2 2
2. live load
from EBCS 2/1995 page 48, table 2.13our roof is under category H(Roof not accessible except
for normal maintenance repairs painting and minor repairs). Then the live load on category H
is ;-
Category Flat roof 0.5KN/m2 1KN

Sloping roof 0.25N/m2 1KN
So uniform live load=0.25KN/m2 and concentrated live load=1KN

3. Wind load; suction=-0.8175KN/m2
Pressure=0.1486KN/m2
Load combination
The following load combination are considered
COMBO1:= 1.3DL+1.6LL (UDL)
COMBO2:= 1.3DL+1.6LL (concentrated)
COMBO3:= 1.2(DL+LL (UDL) +WLnet)
COMBO4:= 1.2(DL+LL (concentrated) +WLnet)
COMBO5:= DL+1.6WLnet
COMBO6:= Envelope
Applying the combined areal loads on the roof with the length, L=0.85m b/n two purlins we get
transferred loads on purlins selecting the critical combination
Note: - on the combinations which have concentrated load on EGA sheet the concentrated
load is directly transferred to purlin to get the maximum effect on it.
Sample load transfer from EGA to purlin for combination I, B
Pd = (1.3*0.038KN/m2+ 1.6*1KN) = 0.0494KN/m2 + 1.6KN
ΣMR2=R1*0.85 – (0.0494KN/m*0.85*0.425) = R2=R1=0.021KN

Similarly the transfer of all combinations are done as follows
Table, Analysis of roof and load on purlin
Critical combination for reaction is combination1-B R =0.191KN
Analysis of Lattice purlin

The analysis done for the above critical reactions. Maximum BM is obtained when the
concentrated load is put on center of beam and maximum SF is obtained when the concentrated
load is put at support.
We use a lattice purlin having a length, L=1m which is the critical length of design
Since the purlin carries the load from adjacent EGA sheet section, the reaction from the critical
loading should be multiplied by two.
Load combination = Comb =1(R) +1.3D. L of purlin
Sample calculation Reaction, R =0.191KN & Self-weight of purlin is 0.0425 KN/m
R distributed =2*R/1m =0.191*2/1 =0.382KN/m
COMB =1(R) +1.3D. L of purlin=0.382+1.3* 0.0425KN/m =0.43725KN
By using FS Mehanika application
Maximum Outputs;
Max BM =0.054 KN-m,
Max SF= 0.218 KN,
Max deflection = 0.0159mm
Table 2: analysis of purlin for different load combinations

Check for adequacy of latice purlin
B =50mm
t = 3mm
A = 5.41cm2
I=19.49 cm4
Wpl = 9.39 cm3
Therefore, take our Steel grade, Fe= 360Mpa, fy = 235Mpa, fu = 360Mpa
𝜀= √235/𝑓,(fy in Mpa)=1.00
Here, d = h-2*t =50-2*3 =44mm

Web, with neutral axis at mid depth, d/tw =44/ 2= 22 < 72 =72*1.00=72.00, therefore the
section is class 1, no problem of local buckling. BA=1
Check Resistance to shear-The design value of the shear force vsd at each cross-section
should satisfy, Vsd≤vpl, Rd,
Vpl, Rd =Av (fy/3)/Mo
Where Vsd=0.8486KN & Vpl, Rd is the design shear resistance and is given by
Av is the shear area and given by, Av = (Ah)/(b+h), for rolled rectangular hollow section of
uniform thickness and load parallel to the depth EBCS 3 - 1995, 4.6.1.2.
Av =(5.41*5)/(5+5) =2.705cm2 ,fy= 275Mp & 𝛾mo= 1.0,safety factor for class 1, class 2, class
3
vpl,Rd=270.5*(235/3)*10-3/1.0=36.7KN>0.8486 KN......................ok!
0.8486 KN /36.7KN = 0.023< 0.5................................... ok !
No reduction of plastic resistance moment is needed as the design value of shear resistance Vsd
does not exceed 50% of the design plastic shear resistance vpl, Rd . Becouse in the absence of
shear force, the design value of the bending moment Msd design at each cross section shall
satisfy.EBCS 3 -1995,4.6.1.3
Check pure bending resistance moment
In order to prevent possibility of beam failure due to bending, we have to ensure that the
bending resistance, Mpl,rd exceed the design moment Msd
Msd<MRd, where Msd, is maximum bending design moment which is 0.412KN-m
MRd, is the design bending resistance given by
Mc,Rd=Wpl*fy/𝛾mo for class 1&2 sections
Where, Wpl=9.39cm3 read from Adama manual ,fy= 235Mpa & 𝛾𝑚o = 1.0
M Rd = ( (9.39) ∗ 10 − 3) ∗ 235 ∗ 103⁄1.0=2.3475 KN/m > Msd =0.412KN/………OK!
Check for deflection
Total deflaction of the beam is the sum of deflection due to permant load ,deflection due to live
load and deflaction due to intial hogging =0.096mm
The max permissable deflection of roof structure
Conditions Limits 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛿2
Roofs generally 𝐿⁄ 𝐿⁄
200 250
1000
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿⁄250 = 200 =5mm > 0.0964mm…………………………..OK!
2. Analysis of Truss
General procedures of wind load analysis
Generally, we should follow the following steps in analyzing wind loads:
✓ Determine site design wind speed and basic velocity pressure
✓ Identify the roof type
✓ Determine wind pressure coefficients namely external and internal wind pressure coefficients
✓ Determine net wind pressure coefficient
✓ Determine the design or net wind pressure from step above
✓ Determine the wind force
✓ Load combination
Our building duo pitched roof type shown as follow. The pitch angle of the two sides is the
same.
So we denote the angles as β.

β = tan -1 (pitch height/length of the pitch)
tan -1 (1.52/5.6) = 15.19 ~ 15°
A. Determination of reference mean wind pressure
The wind pressure acting on the external surface of the structure is calculated by
We=qrefCpe(z)Cpe…………………………………..EBCS1 -1995
Therefore our project site is located in ethiopia Oromia region Adama town.
✓ Elevation of Adama is approximately 5520 ft or 1682.4m (from googol earth) so in our case
the buildingis located between1500 and 2000m site altitude(m) above sea level.
1500 1.00
✓ so by interpolation values of air density (𝜌) is 1682.4 𝑥 x = 0.978
2000 0.94
✓ Adama founds in category iv , KT=0.24 , ZO(m)=1 and Zmin(m)=16
1
Qref = 2vref2 = 0.5×0.978×222 = 236.68N/m2
We=qrefcpe(z)Cpe=236.68x1.7xCpe =0.40Cpe KN/m^2
B. roughness cofficent; 𝐶𝑟 (𝑧)= KT 𝐿𝑛(𝑧/𝑧𝑜)……..for Zmin≤Z≤200m
𝐶𝑟 (𝑧)= 𝐶𝑟 (Zmin)……..for Zmin >Z Z=8.8m (total height of the building). Therfor Zmin >Z
16>8.8So, 𝐶𝑟 (𝑧)= KT 𝐿𝑛(Zmin/ZO)=0.24ln(16/1)=0.67
C. Topography coefficient 𝐶t (𝑧)=1
D. exposure coefficient (Ce (z) : 𝐶𝑒(𝑧)=𝐶𝑟2(𝑧)∗𝐶𝑡2(𝑧)∗(1+7𝐾𝑇/𝐶𝑟(𝑧)∗𝐶𝑡(𝑧))
𝐶𝑒(𝑧)=0.672∗12(1+7∗0.24/0.67∗1)=1.57
E. Determination of external pressure coefficients
For our case the building variables are
High of the building=8.8m
✓ Width of the building=17.71m
✓ Length of the building=43.09m
e=b or 2h, b=17.71
2h=2x8.8=17.6 so e=2h =17.6
Case-1 wind direction perpendicular to the ridge when (=0)
figure 4. 1 roof zoning when =0

Area calculation
✓ F=bxh=1.76x4.4=7.744m2.
✓ G=bxh=1.76x31.29=55.704m2 .
✓ H=bxh=7.095x40.09=284.4386m2.
✓ J=bxh=1.76x40.09=70.5584m2.
✓ I=bxh=7.095x40.09=284.4386m2
Wind Load (on Duo pitch roofs)
Recommended Cpe value; for=15
For zone F area is between 1m2 and 10m2
So Cpe = Cpe1+(Cpe10-Cpe1) Log10𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
=-2.0+(0.2)+ (-0.9+(0.2)-(-2.0+(0.2))Log107.744
=-0.8
All other Zone areas greater than 10m2. so use Cpe10 values directly.
Zone F G H I J
Area(m^2) 7.744 55.704 284.4386 284.4386 70.5584
Cpe -0.8 -0.6 -0.1 -0.4 -1
Case-2 wind direction parallel to the ridge(=90)
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller

b=17.71m and 2h=17.6m so e=17.6m
figure 4. 2 roof zoning when =90
Area calculation
✓ F=bxh=1.76x4.4=7.744m2.
✓ G=bxh=1.76x8.9=15.664m2 .
✓ H=bxh=7.040x17.71=124.678m2.
✓ I=bxh=34.28x17.71=607.099m2.
Zoning F G H I
Area(m2) 7.744 15.664 124.678 607.099
Wind Load (on Duo pitch roofs)
Recommended Cpe value; for=15

For zone F area is between 1m2 and 10m2
So Cpe = Cpe1+(Cpe10-Cpe1) Log10^Area
=-2.0+ (-1.3-(-2.0))Log10^7.744
=-1.4
All other Zone areas greater than 10m2. so use Cpe10 values directly.
Zone F G H I
Area(m2) 7.744 15.664 124.678 607.099
Cpe -1.4 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5
F. Internal wind pressure coefficient, Cpi

According to EBCS-1/1995 for closed building with internal partitions and opening windows
∑ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑&𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒
the extreme 𝜇 =∑ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑&𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒
Side NO Hight(m) Width(m) Area(m2) Summation
of Area
1.8 0.65 11.70
10
Windward 1.8 0.62 22.32
20
1 2.96 1.8 5.33 44.10
2 2.20 1.34 2.95
3 2.00 0.9 1.80
8 1.8 0.65 9.36
1.8 0.62 17.86
16
4 1.8 0.81 5.83
Leeward 2 1.8 0.67 2.41
2 1.8 0.68 2.45 49.71
2 2.00 0.9 3.60
2 0.51 0.72 1.53
2 2.20 1.34 5.90
1 0.51 1.5 0.77
Right Wind 3 1.8 0.65 3.51
Parallel 4 0.51 1.11 2.26 5.77
Left Wind 3 1.8 0.65 3.51
Parallel 4 0.51 1.11 2.26 5.77
(49.71+5.77+5.77) 61.25
𝜇 =(44.1+49.71+5.77+5.77) = 105.35 = 0.58 TT
Therefore Cpi = -0.05

❖ Internal wind pressure:-𝑊𝑖=𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓xC𝑒(Z)x𝐶𝑝𝑖=0.2367∗1.57∗𝐶𝑝𝑒=0.3716𝐶𝑝𝑖
❖ External wind pressure:-We=0.3716Cpe,
❖ Wnet=We-Wi=0.3716(Cpe-Cpi)
a. Net wind pressure for wind directiton parallel to the ridge(=0)
the internal pressure (Cpi= -0.05)
Zone F G H I J
Cpe -0.8 -0.6 -0.1 -0.4 -1
Cpi -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
(Cpe-Cpi) -0.75 -0.55 -0.05 -0.35 -0.95
Wnet=0.3716(Cpe- -0.28 -0.20 -0.02 -0.13 -0.35
Cpi)
2. Net wind pressure for wind directiton parallel to the ridge(=90)
the internal pressure is positive (Cpi= -0.05)
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.4 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5
Cpi -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
Cape-Cpi -1.35 -1.25 -0.55 -0.45
Wnet=0.3716(Cpe- -0.50 -0.46 -0.20 -0.37
Cpi)
Therefore based on the above two cases when calculating the net wind pressure only the
critical conditions are considered, that are the maximum wind pressures at (=90) zone F,
Wnet= -0.50KN/m2
Analysis of Truss
Load case
the three significance loads which act on the EGA sheet are
1. dead load
2. live load
3. wind load
1. dead load
a. dead load from EGA sheet
We select EGA -400 and thickness = 0.0004m
Weight 3.14Kg/m or 0.0134KN/m and to determine per area load,the weight is divided by
width of the sheet which is 0.826m = 0.0314KN/m/0.826m = 0.038KN/m2
By considering50% increase for over lapping and fastening of EGA sheet
0.038KN/m2 + 0.038KN/m2 X 50/100 =0.0570KN/m2
This load distribute to per meter length spacing. 0.0570KN/m2x0.85m = 0.0485KN/m
b. Self-Weight of Purlins. ST 50 = 50x50x3
ST50 with 3mm thickens for horizontals member.

Weight =4.25 kg/m or 0.0425KN/m
❖ Total Dead load = 𝐷𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖gh𝑡 + 𝐷𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝐺𝐴 𝑠h𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 0.0910𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊×𝐿 0.0910𝐾𝑁/𝑚×11.2𝑚
This load changes to reactional load P = = = 0.509 KN
2 2
2. live load
from EBCS 2/1995 page 48, table 2.13our roof is under category H(Roof not accessible except
for normal maintenance repairs painting and minor repairs). Then the live load on category H
is ;-
Category Flat roof 0.5KN/m2 1KN

Sloping roof 0.25N/m2 1KN
SO uniform live load=0.25KN/m2 and concentrated live load=1KN

3. Net Wind load; = - 0.5KN/m2
1. Dead load from reaction of EGA and self-weight of purlin (DL)
=0.509KN
Load in Y direction = 0.509KN×cos15° = 0.492KN
Load in X direction = 0.509KN × sin15° = 0.132KN
2. Live load:
The uniformly distributed our roof truss are:
Uniformly distributed live load = × - truss
= 0.25 × (3.4/2 + 3.4 /2) = 0.85 /
@support = (0.16/2) 0.85KN/m = 0.068KN
@end joint = (0.16/2 + 1/2) × 0.85KN/m =0.493KN
@middle joint = (1/2+1/2) × 0.85KN/m = 0.85KN
Concentrated live load; = 1
Load in Y direction = 1KN×cos15° = 0.966KN
Load in X direction = 1KN × sin15° = 0.259KN
3. Wind load
This Wnet acts on the roof covering, which is supported by purlins.
✓ Center to Center distance between the truss =3.4m
✓ Center to Center distance between the purlin = 0.85m
✓ WLnet load transferred to the purlin from roof covering =
-0.5KN/m2x0.85m = -0.59N/m.
✓ Load transferred over the intermediate joints of principal rafter of truss = -
0.59KN/m x 3.4m = -2KN.
2𝐾𝑁
✓ Load transferred over the end joints of principal rafter of truss = - =-
2
1KN.
Load combination
The following load combination are considered
COMBO1:= 1.3DL+1.6LL (UDL)
COMBO2:= 1.3DL+1.6LL (concentrated)
COMBO3:= 1.2(DL+LL (UDL) +WLnet)
COMBO4:= 1.2(DL+LL (concentrated) +WLnet)
COMBO5:= DL+1.6WLnet
COMBO6:= Envelope
truss member force result from etabs out put

Member Maximum compression Maximum tension (KN)
(KN)
rafter 0 47.3788
Bottom 7.1886 11.3393
Inclined 0 7.5811
Vertical 9.6840 1.0172
Check for adequacy of truss members

The section will be designed for the critical compression and tension from all the members of
the same section.
Critical axial force for design of Top& bottom members
Compression = 13.9917KN used as Ncd, for compression.
Tension = 24.8729KN used as Nsd, for tension
Design for compression
Using Fe-360&Fy=235
Section property
A=901mm2
I=87.84 cm4
r=3.12cm
t=3mm
E=√235/235 =1.0
Determination of class of cross section
Considering Web where whole section subjected to compression
d/t≤39*E, where d=h-2tw = 80mm-2*3mm =74 mm
d/t =74mm/3mm= 24.66 ≤39*1.00=39 Our member is class-1 compression member thus, no
problem of local buckling. BA=1
Check for compression members
Ncom,Rd = A*fy/γmo, (for class 1, 2 & 3 cross-section) .... (Article 4.5.4.1of EBCS3, 1995)
class1,
Ncom, Rd = A*fy/γmo = 901*235*10-3/1.0= 211.735KN >13.9917KN ---------------------Ok!!!
Check for tension members
Max.Tension =24.8729KN
Section =80mmx80mmx3mm, A=901mm2
Nt, Rd =A*fy/𝛾𝑚o =901*235*10-3/1.0= 211.735KN >24.8729KN --------------- Ok!
Check for buckling
The design buckling resistance of a compression member shall be taken as,
Nd,Rd=x *B*A*fy /𝛾𝑚0
Determination of buckling length. I.e critical length L=0.575m
Determination of 𝜆, λ'= (x/1)*(BA)0.5
1=93.9*(235/fy)0.5 =93.9
Since the section is square y=x=z=L/r =0.575/0.0312m=18.44
Thus λ’ = (18.44/93.9)*(1)0.5=0.196
Determination of buckling curve
Using table 4.11 EBCS-3, 1995 for cold formed RHS we use curve c and the value of reduction
factor X is interpolated and X=0.94
Nd,Rd=x*BA *A*fy /𝛾𝑚0 =0.94*901*235*10-3/1.0 =199.0KN >13.9917KN------ok!
For Diagonal& vertical members
Compression = 36.8925KN used as Ncd for compression
Tension = 16.9067KN used as Nsd for tension
Sectional Property
A=541 mm2
I=19.47 cm4
t=3mm
r=1.9cm
E= 235/fy= 235MPa/235Mpa= 1.0
determination of class of cross section
d/t≤39*0.924, where d=h-2tw = 50mm-2*3mm =44 mm
d/t =44mm/3mm= 14.66 ≤39*1.0 =39
Our member is class-1 compression member thus, no problem of local buckling. BA=1
Check for tension members
Max.Tension =16.9067KN
Section =50mmx50mm ,A=541 mm2 & thickness t = 3mm
Nt,Rd =A*fy/𝛾𝑚o =541*235*10-3/1.0 = 127.135KN > 16.9067KN --------------- Ok!
Check for compression members
Ncom, Rd may be determined as follow (Article 4.5.4.1of EBCS3, 1995)
Ncom,Rd = A*fy/γmo = 541*235*10-3/1.0= 127.135KN >36.8925KN --------------------- Ok!!
Check for buckling
The design buckling resistance of a compression member shall be taken as,
Nd,Rd=x*BA *A*fy /𝛾𝑚0
Determination of buckling length. I.e critical length L=0.62m
Determination of 𝜆, λ'= (x/1)*(BA)0.5
1=93.9*(235/fy)0.5 where, fy=235 MPa =93.9
Since the section is square y=x=z=L/r =0.6245m/0.019m=32.868
Thus λ’ = (x/1)*(BA)0.5= (32.868/93.9)*(1)0.5=0.35
Determination of buckling curve
Using table 4.11 EBCS-3, 1995 for cold formed RHS we use curve c and the value of reduction
factor X is interpolated and X=1.04
Nd,Rd=x*BA*fy /𝛾𝑚0=1.04*541*235*10-3/1.0 =132.22KN >36.8925KN-------- Ok!!!
CHAPTER THREE
SOLID SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Design Procedure
In our slab design we used are two types of slabs based on the load transferring mechanisms.
These are one-way cantilever and two way slabs.
The slabs are composed of rectangular and cantilever slabs. In our case most of them are two
way slabs and they are analyzed based on the principle coefficient and strip method.
Material Data
C-25, S-300, Class-I work
Thickness of plastering on two side =20mm
Unit weight of HCB =14kN/m3
Unit weight of plastering =23kN/m3
Unit weight of concrete=25kN/m3
Load calculation for all slabs
Room functions with their finishing materials, unit weight and live load
Functions Finishing Thickness Unit Live
weight(KN/m3) load(KN/m)
Store Cement screed 15 6
Tv room Ceramic 21 2
Dormitary PVC 20mm 16 2
Common PVC 16 2
room
Balcony Marble 27 4
Stair Marble 27 3
Toilet Terazo 23 2
Lobby Marble 27 4
Depth Determination
The minimum depth of a slab for deflection requirement is computed by: Where: Le is
effective length of the slab
𝑑≥(0.4+0.6∗300/400)∗𝐿𝑒/𝛽𝑎
𝑑≥(0.85)∗ 𝐿𝑒/𝛽𝑎
Ba values from EBCS
For panel 3-mid
Ly=4.55 ,
LX=3.40
𝐿𝑦 4.55
= 3.4 =1.34
𝐿𝑥
Ba value for interior span with span ratio 2:1 = 35

Ba value for interior span with span ratio 1.34 = X
Ba value for interior span with span ratio 2:1 = 45
45−35 𝑋−35
= 1.34−2
1−2
X=41.6
Le = 3.4
Ba =41.6
d= 0.85 * 3.4/41.6 =0.0695
overall depth, D by assuming ∅=0.012m and concrete cover = 0.015m
d’ =0.0695 + ∅/2 = 0.021m
D = 0.0695 +0.021 = 0.0905m
Panel N Ly( Lx( Sp Type Ba d=0.85(Lx/ D=d+0. Che

o m) m) an of Ba) 021 ck
of rat sup. Dcal.
Re io (m) (m)
p.
P1,left 2 4.5 3.4 1.3 ext. 36. 0.0785 0.0995

2 8
P1,mi 7 4.5 3.4 1.3 interio 41. 0.0691 0.0901

d 2 r 8
P1,rig 1 4.5 3.4 1.3 Ext. 36. 0.0785 0.0995

. 2 8
P2,left 2 3.4 1.8 1.8 interio 31. 0.049 0.0702

9 r 1
P2,mid 8 3.4 1.8 1.8 interio 36. 0.0424 0.0634

9 r 1
P3,left 1 4.5 3.4 1.3 ext. 36. 0.079 0.1700

5 4 6
P3,mid 8 4.5 3.4 1.3 int. 41. 0.0695 0.0905

5 4 6
P4 1 4.5 1.4 3.2 ext. 40 0.03 0.0510
5 1 3
P5 1 6.3 3.4 1.8 ext. 31. 0.0923 0.1133

5 7 3
Po,left 3 3.4 0.9 3.7 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

8
P0,mid 6 3.4 0.9 3.7 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

8
P0,right 1 3.1 0.9 3.4 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

2 4
P2,right 1 3.1 1.8 1.7 ext. 32. 0.0466 0.0676

2 2 8
P3,right 1 4.5 3.1 1.4 ext. 35. 0.0746 0.051

2 5 7 3
Therefore, total depth is governed by the maximum that is 0.17m.
For safety against any unforeseen considerations, we take D=0.180m overall depth of slab.
d = 0.180 – 0.015-0.006 = 0.159m.
Design dead load & live load for each panel
We know that there may be different function in a single panel, that means if there are
probability of having different finishing material and different live load magnitude then we
have to consider the worst condition so we have to choose the maximum dead load and Live
load values as a governing condition to design safe and durable structure
Pd = 1.3DL+ 1.6 LL
Dead load calculation
For ceramic tile; Dff. = t xγff. = 0.02 x21KN/ m2 = 0.42 kN/m2
For PVC tile; Dff. = t xγff. = 0.02 x16KN/ m2 = 0.32 kN/m2
For marble tile; Dff=t x𝛾ff.=0.02 x27KN/m2= 0.54KN/m2
For terazo tile; Dff=t x𝛾ff.=0.02 x23KN/m2=0.46KN/m2
For cement screening Dcs = 23 x0.03 = 0.69 kN/m2
For Rc slab DRc = 25x 0.18 = 4.5kN/m2
For plastering Dp= 23*0.02=0.46KN/m2
DD1=4.82 KN/m2(for ceramic case)
DD2=4.72KN/m2(for PVC case)
DD3=6.19KN/m2(for marble case)
DD4=6.11KN/m2(for terazo case)
For panel 2 DD3=6.19KN/m2 and live load = 4KN/m2
For panel 2 design load (Pd)= 1.3 * 6.19 + 1.6 *4 = 14.45KN/m2
Design load for each panel
Panel Function Cal.dead Live Pd(KN/m2)

load(KN/m2) load(KN/m2)
P1 & P3 (for all Dormitary 4.72 2 9.34

except P3left)
P2 (for all) & Lobby 6.19 4 14.45

P5
P4 & P3 left Toilet 6.11 2 11.14
Dead Load Computation For Partition Wall

Thickness of HCB =100mm
Height of wall =3.5 -(0.02+ 0.02+0.03+0.18) = 3.25m
Dead load of partition wall =Dead load of plaster + dead load of HCB
DLp.w = DL plastering +DL HCB
DLP.W (KN) = (Hpl*LWALL*tp1) ɣp1)*2 + (LHCB *LWALL*tHcB * ɣHcB)
DLP.W = 2*(3.25* LWALL *0.02) 23 + (3.25 *0.1* L Wall* 14) = 7.54kN/m* L Wall
D.L pw (KN/m2) = D.L pw(kN)/Area of Panel Where; D.L pw = Dead load of Partition Wall
Hpl, tpl =Height, Thickness
𝛾𝑝𝑙 = Unit weight of plastering
HHCB= Height
tHCB= Thickness
𝛄HCB= Unit Weight of HCB
And the final results of partition load is tabulated below
Panel Length(m) D.L pw Area(m2) D.Lpw(KN/m2)=
(KN)=L*7.54
KN/m D.L pw/Area
P3 left 7.82 58.96 15.47 3.81
P3 right 6.83 51.5 14.10 3.65
Other panels No patition - - -

wall
Summary of Imposed load
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗100%
Case-I : for panels where is less than 20% , Coefficient method
𝑃𝑑′ =(1.3𝐷.𝐿+1.6𝐿.𝐿)
Pd=Pd’+1.3 D.L pw Where, D.L pw=Dead load of Partition wall
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑∗100%
Case-ii : for panels where is greater than 20% , use strip method
𝑃𝑑′ =(1.3𝐷.𝐿+1.6𝐿.𝐿)
Governing design load and type of design method of panels are tabulated below
Panel Type of Pd’ Pd (%) of Governing Method
Support partition partition used
condition Load (pd)
(KN/m )2
P1 left & right Ext. 4.72 - - 4.72 Coefficient
P2 rig.& p5 Ext. 6.19 - - 6.19 Coefficient
P3 left Ext. 6.11 3.81 62.36 11.06 Strip
P3 rig.2 Ext. 4.72 3.65 77.33 9.47 Strip
P1mid & p3 Int. 4.72 - - 4.72 Coefficient

mid
P2 left & p2 Int. 6.19 - - 6.19 Coefficient

mid
Moment Calculation
The analysis of slab moments of two way slabs is accomplished by the formula:
𝑚𝑖=ᾳ𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑙𝑥2
Where
MI = The design moment per unit width at the point of reference
ᾳ𝑖=the coefficent given in table A−in EBCS−1995
𝑃𝑑=the design load
lx=the length of the shorter span of the panel
In the following diagram the symbols stand for
s = support, f = span, x = direction of shorter span, y= direction of longer span
Designation for slab design
Moment Calculation of slab using strip method
𝑀𝑥𝑠
Assuming 𝑀𝑥𝑓 = 2 solving for 𝛼 then
𝑏 3.4
(1-𝛼)*2 = (1-0.366) * = 1.0778m
2
𝑏 3.4
𝛼∗ =0.366* 2 = 0.622m
2
a-b/2=4.55 – 3.4/2 = 2.85m
Mxs= (1-2𝛼)wb2/8 & Mxf = 𝛼2wb2/8

For panel P3 left ….W= 4.72 KN/m
Myf = 𝛼2*q*a2/8 = 0.3662 * 4.72 *4.552/8 = 1.636 KN.m
Mys = (1-2𝛼)*q*a2/8 = (1-2*0.366)*4.72*4.552/8 = 3.274 KN.m
Strip 1-1
Span and support moments
q = 4.72 KN/m
𝑞
Mys= (1-2𝛼)* 2 * a2/8 = (1-2*0.366)*4.72*4.552/8 = 1.637KN.m
𝑞 𝑏2
Myf= 𝛼 2*2* 8 = 0.3662*4.72/2*4.552/8 = 0.818 KN.m
Strip 3-3
Mx = q*b2/8 = 4.72 * 3.42/8 = 6.82 KN.m
Of which span moment is 2/3 of the simply supported span moment and the remaining is
support moment
Mxs = 1/3*Mx = 1/3*6.82 = 2.27 KN .m
Mxf = 2/3*MX = 2/3* 6.82 = 4.54 KN.m
Strip 4-4
The moments in the Y-direction strip adjacent to the fixed edge will be one eighth of those
middle values.
My = q*b2/64
Mys = 1/3 *My = 1/3*4.72*3.42/64 = 0.284 KN.m
Myf = 2/3*q*b2/64 = 2/3*4.72*3.42/64 = 0.568 KN.m
Moment calculation using coefficient method
The first stage of design is to determine support and span moments for all panels.
The support and span moments are calculated as
P1 left & right
Coefficient for type 2
Support Ly/Lx 𝛼xs 𝛼 xf 𝛼 ys 𝛼 yf

condition
Type 2 1.3 0.052 0.039 0.039 0.029
Coefficient for type 4
Support Ly/Lx 𝛼xs 𝛼 xf 𝛼 ys 𝛼 yf

condition
Type 4 1.3 0.069 0.051 0.047 0.036
Now find the moments using this formula;
Mxs= 𝛼xs pd Lx2 ….= 0.052 * 4.72 * 11.56 = 2.84 KN.m
Mxf = 𝛼xf pd Lx2…..= 0.039 *4.72 * 11.56 = 2.13 KN.m
Mys = 𝛼ys pd Lx2…..= 0.039 *4.72 * 11.56 = 2.13 KN.m
Myf = 𝛼yf pd Lx2….= 0.029 * 4.72 * 11.56 = 1.58 KN.m
All support and field moment of ground slab tabulated below

Support and Field moment
Pa Su Pd LX2 𝛼xs 𝛼 xf 𝛼 ys 𝛼 yf Mx Mx Mys Myf

n. p.c s f
on. (KN/ (m2 (K (KN.
m) ) (K (K N. m)
N. N. m)
m) m)
P1 Ty 4.72 11. 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.64
le pe 56 2 47 39 3 8 6 3
ft
3
P1 T- 4.72 11. 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.31
mi 1 56 6 35 32 24 1 1 5
d
P1 T- 4.72 11. 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 2.7 2.5 1.96
ri 4 56 9 51 47 36 6 8 6
gh
P2 T- 6.19 3.2 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.54
left 2 4 5 48 37 27 0 6 4
P2 T- 6.19 3.2 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.44
m 1 4 1 46 30 22 2 2 0
id
P2 T- 6.19 3.2 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.8 0.9 0.68
ri 4 4 1 68 45 34 2 2 0
gh
P3 T- 6.11 11. 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.04
le 2 56 2 39 39 29 7 5 5
ft
P3 T- 4.72 11. 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 1.7 2.05
m 1 56 6 35 32 24 1 1 5
id
P3 T- 4.72 11. 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 1.7 2.05
ri 1 56 6 35 32 24 1 1 5
g1
P4 T- 6.11 1.9 0.09 0.0 - 0.0 1.1 0.9 - 0.54
7 9 8 74 4 9 0
P5 T- 6.19 11. 0.06 0.0 - 0.0 4.8 3.6 - 2.29

5 56 8 51 32 7 5
P2 T- 6.19 3.2 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.56
rig 2 4 1 46 38 28 4 2 6
2
P3 T- 4.72 11. 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 1.7 2.05
1 56 6 35 32 24 1 1 5
le
f2
P3 T- 4.72 9.6 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.32
2 1 8 43 39 29 3 5 5
ri
g
2
Load calculation for Cantilever For (Po left,PO mid,PO right and Po rig.2)
For PVC tile; Dff. = t xγff. = 0.02 x16KN/ m2 = 0.32 kN/m2

For cement screening Dcs = 23 x0.03 = 0.69 kN/m2
For Rc slab DRc = 25x 0.18 = 4.5kN/m
For plastering DP = 23x 0.03 = 0.69KN/m2
For Cantilever DL=4.72KN/m2 & LL= 2KN/m2
Pd0= 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 1.3x4.72 + 1.6x2 = 9.34KN/m2
Moment Calculation for one way Slab
Support moment(M supp.) = wL2/2 = 9.34x(0.9)2/2 = 3.783KN.m
Span moment(Mspan) = 9WL2/128 = 9(9.34)(0.9)2/128 = 0.532KN.m
Panel Lx Pdo DL(KN/m2) LL(KN/m2) Msupp. Mspan

Po 0.9 9.34 4.72 2 3.783 0.532
left
Po 0.9 9.34 4.72 2 3.783 0.532
mid
Po 0.9 9.34 4.72 2 3.783 0.532
rig.
Po 0.9 9.34 4.72 2 3.783 0.532
rig.2
P4 left 1.41 11.14 6.11 2 11.07 1.56
& right
Support adjustment
For a continuous support there will be two supports which are different in magnitude. These
moments are usually different in magnitude and must be adjusted to come up with one design
moment. Therefore, the difference is distributed on either side of the support to equalize the
different moments. There are two cases:
A, if ΔM< 20% of the larger moment, the design moment is the average of the two or the larger
moment.
B, If ΔM >20%, the unbalanced moment is distributed based on their stiffness without any
carry over.
Let: - M L = Moment in the left
M R = Moment in the right
K = the stifness of the slab
Therefore the design moment, can be calculated in either of the following formula
𝑀𝑑= 𝑀𝑅− 𝐾𝑅/𝐾𝑅+𝐾𝐿∗ Δ𝑀 , taking the right
𝑀𝑑= 𝑀𝐿+ 𝐾𝑅/𝐾𝑅+𝐾𝐿∗ Δ𝑀 , taking the left
➢ Between p1 left & p1mid
2.13−1.75
∆𝑀 = ( ) 𝑥100 = 17.84% < 20%
2.13
Therefore, use average moment adjustment
2.13−1.75
Madjusted = = 1.94𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2
➢ Between p1 left & p2 left
1.3−1.22
∆𝑀 = 𝑥100 = 6.15% < 20%
1.3
Therefore, use average moment adjustment
1.3−1.22
Madjusted = 2
= 1.26𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Span moment adjustment
If the moment in the adjusted support decreases, the span moment are increased to compensate
for the changes in the support moments. The design moments for the spans are calculated.
𝑀𝑥,𝑟𝑒𝑣=𝑀𝑥,𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑+ 𝐶𝑥∗Δ𝑀
𝑀𝑦,𝑟𝑒𝑣=𝑀𝑦,𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑+ 𝐶𝑦∗Δ𝑀
Where: - ΔM = the change in moment in all support.
𝐶𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑦 Coefficients for adjusting span moment from EBCS-2 table A
Reinforcement design
Check Reinforcement Design
Material to be used are :- C-25, S-300, ɸ8 , ɸ10, ɸ12
Effective depth (d) = D –concert cover –ɸ/2 = 180 - 15-12/2 = 159mm
Area of steel → As = ks x M/b ks obtained from EBcs -2 table using km value
Where, Bar spacing, S = 1000x(as/As )
As min minimum Steal bar required is obtained by
As =ρmin xbxd, ρmin=0.5/fyk
𝑑=√𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥(1−0.4)𝜌𝑚∗0.8∗𝑏∗𝜌𝑚∗𝑓𝑐𝑑
Mmax = maximum moment on the floor system from the above tables = 5.27kNm
b= 1m width = 1000mm
d= 15cm
ρmin =0.5/fyk= 0.5/300 = 0.00167
ρb=0.8εcu*fcd/(εcu*fyd +εyd*fyd)
=0.8∗0.0035*11.33/(0.0035*260.872+0.0013∗260.87)=0.0253
ρmax = 0.75ρb =0.75 ,
ρmax= 0.019
𝑑=√5.27∗106/0.8*1000∗11.3∗0.019∗28.78(1−0.4)∗0.019∗28.78)
d= 36.96mm < dused =159mm------------------------ ok!!!!
For support moment reinforcement
Moment b(mm) d(mm) c1 c2 min max
1.94 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086568
1.26 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086685
0.74 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086774
2.025 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086554
1.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086632
0.75 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086772
3.135 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086363
3.52 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086296
1.85 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086584
1.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086632
3.135 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086363
1.94 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086568
1.26 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086685
1.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086632
0.6544 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086788
2.735 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086432
1.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086632
2.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.08646
3.69 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086267
1.51 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086642
0.68 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086784
2.51 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.08647
0.6 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086798
1.75 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086601
2.51 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.08647
0.6 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086798
1.75 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1 0.00167 0.0189 0.086601
Dia. Of No. of
As(mm^2) Asmin Scalc Sprov bars bar
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
2835 250.5 27.69 27 ɸ10 37
C/C27
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
ɸ10
2835 250.5 27.69 27 C/C27 37
For Span Reinforcement table

Panel Moment(KNm) b(mm) d(mm) c1 c2
span short 3.01 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P1L span long 2.14 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.91 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P1M span long 1.31 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 3.01 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P1R span long 1.53 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 0.96 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P2L span long 0.54 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 0.92 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P2M span long 0.44 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P2R span short 1.86 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span long 0.69 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 2.95 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P3L span long 2.23 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.97 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P3M span long 2.1 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.91 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P3R1 span long 2.05 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 0.9 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P4 span long 0.54 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 5.27 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P5 span long 3.49 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.27 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P2R2 span long 0.57 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.91 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P3L2 span long 2.05 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
span short 1.97 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
P3R2 span long 1.34 1000 150 0.0869 3003.1
Dia.of
min max As Asmin Scalc bar #bar
0.00167 0.02 0.086 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.086 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.086 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.086 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.086 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
0.00167 0.02 0.087 2835 250.5 17.72134039 ɸ8C/C17 57
Stair Case
Stair case is an important element of structure which connects places of different levels. the
stair contains two flight with the same configuration
Stair case analysis and design is similar to slabs. It involves the analysis steps followed for
slabs. The inclined configuration is analyzed by projecting the loads on a horizontal plane. The
stair contains two flights with the same configuration.
Riser =160mm
Length of Thread=300mm
Live load =3KN/m^2
Material : C-25,S300 , class-I work
14 bars and 150mm clear cover
Number of riser in one flghit=11
Number of thread in one flight=10
Figure. stair case plan view

Figure. Stair sectional view
1. Stair Geometric Values
Material Used
Concrete C-25
Steel S-300
Partial safety factor for class one work=1.5
𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 partial safty factor ; 𝛾𝑠=1.15
Design Constant
Concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑢=25𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑘=𝑓𝑐𝑢/1.25=25/1.25=20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑=0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘/γc=0.85∗20/1.5=11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘=0.21𝑓𝑐𝑘^23=0.21∗20^2/3=1.55𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑=𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘/𝛾𝑐=1.55/1.5=1.032𝑀𝑃𝑎
Reinforcement Bar
𝑓𝑦𝑘 =300𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑=𝑓𝑦𝑘/ 𝛾𝑠 =300/1.15=260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
Floor height = 3.5m
Stair height =half of the floor height =3.5m/2=1.75m
Number of going from plan view =10 with 30cm width
Number of riser = number of going plus one =11
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 =ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟/𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 =175𝑚𝑚/11=15.91𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 16𝑐𝑚.
2. Depth for deflection
Projected length Le=4.47m for end span
𝑑=(0.4+0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘/400)∗(𝐿𝑒/𝐵𝑎)
𝑑=(0.4+0.6∗300/400)∗𝐿𝑒/𝐵𝑎
𝑑=0.85∗𝐿𝑒/𝐵𝑎
The value of 𝐵𝑎 is depend on the support condition of the model. We the values by considering
the stair model as unit width beam.
Therefore 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐵𝑎=30
Ly/Lx=4.47m/1.77m=2.53> 2 (one way)
For end span , Ba=30
Now 𝑑=0.85∗𝐿𝑒/𝐵𝑎=0.85∗4470/30=149𝑚𝑚
Take Concrete cover 15mm and φ14 diameter reinforcement bar.
Total depth=𝐷=𝑑+ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 +𝜑/2
D=149+15+14/2=171. TAKE D=175mm
3. Load computation for srair case
Material data
Unit weight of marble=27KN/m3
Unit weight of cement screed=23KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete=24KN/m3
Unit weight of plastering=23KN/m3
Geometry
Thickness of cement screed =2cm
Thickness of plastering =2cm
Thickness of marble finishing =3cm
1. Step dead load:-
D.L of cement screed=tsc*𝛾sc=0.02*23 KN/m3=0.46 KN/m

D.L of finishing=tfin*𝛾fin=0.03*27 KN/m3=0.81 KN/m
D.L of Concrete=1/2*h*𝛾conc=1/2*0.16m*24 KN/m3 =1.92 KN/m
Therefore DL of step=0.46 KN/m + 0.81 KN/m + 1.92KN/m=3.19 KN/m
2. Riser Dead Load:-
No of riser (hcs*tcs*γsc) 11(0.16m*0.02m*23KN/m3

D.L of cement screed= = =0.245 KN/m
Projected length ( cm) 3.30
No of riser (hcs*tcs*γsc) 11(0.16m*0.03m*27KN/m3
D.L of Finishing = = =0.432 KN/m
Projected length ( cm) 3.30
Therefore D.L of riser (16cm)= 0.245 KN/m + 0.432 KN/m=0.677 KN/m
3. Waist Dead Load:-
1.6
𝜃 =tan−1(3.3)=26,and Sin 𝜃=1.6/Linc
Linc\=1.6/sin 𝜃 =1.6m/sin 26=3.6499m
D*L inc*γconc 0.175m*3.6499m*24 KN/m3
D.L of concrete = = = 4.65 KN/m
Lprojected 3.3 m
tpl*Linc*γpl 0.02m*3.6499m*23 KN/m3
D.L of Plastering = = = 0.51 KN/m
Lprojected 3.3 m
Therefore D.L of waist = 4.65KN/m + 0.51KN = 5.16 KN/m
4. Landing Dead Load:-
D.L of landing=D.L of finishing + D.L of cement screed + D.L of concrete + D.L of
plastering=tfin*𝛾fin+tcs*𝛾cs+tc𝛾c+tpl*𝛾pl
=0.03m*27 KN/m3+0.02*23 KN/m3 + 0.15m*24 KN/m3 +0.02m*23 KN/m3=5.33 KN/m
Therefore D.L of Landing=5.33 KN/m
Total Dead Load and design load
a. For the inclined slab
Total D.L = D.L of Step + D.L of riser + D.L of waist=3.19 KN/m+0.677 KN/m+5.16
KN/m=9.02 KN/m
Live load=3 KN/m2*1m=3 KN/m
Design Load, pd=1.3 D.L + 1.6 L.L=1.3*9.02 KN/m + 1.6*3 KN/m=16.53KN/m
b. For the landing
D.L=5.33 KN/m
L.L=3 KN/m2 * 1m=3KN/m
Deisgn load, pd=1.3 D.L + 1.6 L.L=1.3*5.33 KN/m + 1.6*3 KN/m =11.73 KN/m
Loading of design load by simple beam analysis application.
Figure. stair case loading
Check for shear capacity

𝑉𝑐 =0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑𝑘1𝑘2𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑=1.03𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.5/𝑓𝑦𝑘=0.5/300=0.00167
𝑑=149𝑚𝑚 ,b=1000𝑚𝑚
𝐾1=1+50𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛=1+50∗0.00167=1.08
𝐾2=1.6−𝑑=1.6−0.149=1.451
𝑉𝑐=0.25∗1.03∗1.08∗1.451∗1∗0.149=60.125𝐾𝑁>𝑉𝑑=36.21𝐾𝑁…..𝑂𝑘!
Check depth for flexure
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥√𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥/0.8fcd b Kmax(1−0.4Kmax)
M is M max of all the stair moment
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥=18.77 𝐾𝑁.𝑚
𝑏=1000𝑚, 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥=0.448
𝑑=175𝑚𝑚−𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟−∅/2, ∅14𝑚𝑚 bar=175𝑚𝑚−15𝑚𝑚−14𝑚𝑚/2 =153𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥√43.82∗10^6/0.8∗11.33∗1000∗0.448(1−0.4∗0.448)=114.662mm
So, 149𝑚𝑚≥114.662𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝐾!
Main Reinforcement Design
For the given
Material Data, C-25, S-300
Effective depth, d=153mm
Width, b=1000mm
Moments calculated for each panels
2𝑀𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝜌 = 1 − √1 −
𝑏𝑑^2𝑓𝑐𝑑
As=ρbd=0.00751*1000*153=1149.03mm2
To calculate spacing by selecting diameter of bar as 𝑆=1000𝑎𝑠/𝐴𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙
Where,
as=area of single bar =3.14*14*14/4=153.86mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 =calculated area of steel = 1149.03mm2
Compare the above result with minimum provision given by our code.
S=1000*153.86/1149.03=133.904 Use S=130mm
As min=min*b*d=0.5bd/fyk=0.5*1000*153/300=255mm2
➢ S=2D or 350mm
for main reinforcement use diameter 14mm center to center spacing spacing=130mm
Transversal (secondary) Reinforcement Design
According to EBCS 2, 1995 the ratio of secondary to the main reinforcement shall be at least
equal to 20% .
𝐴𝑠transv≥20% 𝐴𝑠cal
𝐴𝑠transv ≥20% 𝑜𝑓 1149.03 =229.806𝑚𝑚2<𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛=255𝑚𝑚2. Take the minimum
reinforcement.
➢ Use φ8 = 𝑎𝑠=82*3.14/4=50.26𝑚𝑚2
𝑆=𝑎𝑠∗𝑏/𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =50.26∗1000/255=197.098𝑚𝑚 use S=190mm
❖ For temperature ,shrinkage and for bending case ;ρmin=0.4/300=0.00133
As min=ρbd=0.00133*1000*153.86=204.634mm2
Using diameter 8mm bar Spacing ;S=asb/As min=50.26*1000/204.634=245.609mm, Use
S=240mm
Development length
According to EBCS-2 1995, development length (lb.) = 𝛷/4∗(𝑓𝑦𝑑/𝑓𝑏𝑑)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒. 𝑓𝑏𝑑=𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑=1.031𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛷14 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑙𝑏=14∗260.87(4∗1.031)=885.6𝑚𝑚
✓ For member in tension
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛={0.3𝑙𝑏=0.3∗885.6=265.55𝑚𝑚, 10𝛷=10∗14=140𝑚𝑚,200𝑚𝑚} 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛=270𝑚𝑚
✓ For members in compression
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛={0.6𝑙𝑏=0.6∗885.6=531.095𝑚𝑚,10𝛷=10∗14=140𝑚𝑚,200𝑚𝑚} 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛=540𝑚𝑚
Reinforcement detailing
Chapter Four
Lateral Load Analysis
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will see the analysis and determination of the lateral loads including Earth
quake and wind loads on the building.
The lateral loads on the structures are of mainly Earthquake and wind loads. The occurrence of
these loads simultaneously on the structure is very rare and therefore, we will design the
structure for the governing load among the two. Thus, the design process involves the
determination of the two loads separately and designing for the maximum effect.
4.2 Lateral earth quake load calculation
We used Equivalent static (building code) analysis method of analysis as it is applied to

buildings whose response is not significantly affected by contribution from higher modes
vibration. These requirements are claimed to be satisfied by buildings which;
Meets the criteria for regularity in plan and elevation.
Have fundamental periods of vibration T1, in the two main directions less than 2sec.
Our building is analyzed by static method of analysis since T1= C1H3/4 =0.462sec which is
less than 2sec and our building is regular in elevation even if it has some irregularity in plan.
4.2.1 Determination of base shear
Fb=Sd(T)W ........EBCS-8,1995 section 2.3.3.2.2

Sd(T), ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1 is given as
Sd(T1)=𝛼𝛽𝛾
𝛼, the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity g given by
𝛼=𝛼0i
Where, 𝛼0=the bed EBCS-8, table 1.3
rock acceleration
ration for the site as
our site is located at
adama which is fall
under sesmic
catagory 4 𝛼0=0.1
i=1 for ordinary EBCS-8, table 2.4
building
Therefore 𝛼=0.1*1=0.1
𝛽, a parameter in the design response factor for the site
𝛽 =1.2 S/T12/3≤2.5
Where, S=site coefficient for soil characteristic
We take S=1.2, for medium sand ,EBCS-8,table1.2 .
T1 = fundamental period of vibration of the structure for translation motion in the direction
considered T1=C1H3/4 for buildings with height up to 80m
Where, C1=depends on nature of building
C1=0.075, for Rc-moment resisting frames, EBCS-8, page 21
H=height of building above the base in meter=11.3m
T1=0.075*(11.3)3/4 =0.462sec
Therefore 𝛽 =1.2*1.2/(0.462)2/3=2.4<2.5 ok! Take𝛽=2.4
𝛾 is the behavior factor to account for energy dissipation
𝛾 =𝛾o*KD *KR*KW≤0.7
Where, 𝛾o=basic value of behavior factor depends on the structure type.
𝛾o=0.2 for frame system
KD=factor reflecting the ductility, KD=1.5 for medium ductility from EBCS-8 page ( 38)
KR=factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation,KR=1, for regular structure EBCS-8
KW=factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural system with walls KW=1, for
frame system EBCS-8
𝛾 = 0.2 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 = 0.3 ≤ 0.7
Therefore Sd(T1)=𝛼𝛽𝛾
Sd(T1)=0.1*2.4*0.3= 0.072
Computation of weight of structure along with center of mass, W
W=total permanent load, in other occupancies as per EBCS-8, 1995 section 1.4.3(3).
4.2.2 Calculation of Self weight of the building and center of mass
The horizontal forces at each floor level, Fi, are distributed to lateral load resistive structural
elements in proportion to their rigidities assuming rigid floor diagrams.
Center of mass (Xm, Ym): is a point on a floor level where the whole floor mass and its
inertial effects can be replaced using a lumped equivalent mass.
𝛴𝑊𝑖𝑋𝑖 𝜀𝑤𝑖𝑦𝑖
Xm = Ym=
𝜀𝑤𝑖 𝜀𝑤𝑖
Where: Xm and Ym are the coordinates of the point of application of Fi when the seismic
action is parallel to the Y-direction and X-direction respectively
Center of mass calculation from ground to second floor
i.Column
Column Widt Dep Heig Weigh Moment arm Moment
on h th ht t X Y Mx=Wi*Yi My=Wi*X
i
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (KN.m) (KN.m)
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
A1
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 3.4 0.0 0.0 33.90
A2
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 6.8 0.0 0.0 67.80
A3
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 10.2 0.0 0.0 101.69
A4
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 13.6 0.0 0.0 135.59
A5
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 17.0 0.0 0.0 169.49
A6
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 20.4 0.0 0.0 203.39
A7
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 0.0 4.5 44.87 0.0
B1
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 3.4 4.5 44.87 33.90
B2
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 6.8 4.5 44.87 67.80
B3
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 10.2 4.5 44.87 101.69
B4
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 13.6 4.5 44.87 135.59
B5
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 17.0 4.5 44.87 169.49
B6
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 20.4 4.5 44.87 203.39
B7
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 23.8 4.5 44.87 237.29
B8
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 27.2 4.5 44.87 271.18
B9
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 30.6 4.5 44.87 305.08
B10
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 34.0 4.5 44.87 338.98
B11
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 37.4 4.5 44.87 372.88
B12
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 40.5 4.5 44.87 403.79
B13
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 0.0 6.3 62.81 0.0
C1
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 3.4 6.3 62.81 33.90
C2
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 6.8 6.3 62.81 67.80
C3
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 10.2 6.3 62.81 101.69
C4
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 13.6 6.3 62.81 135.59
C5
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 17.0 6.3 62.81 169.49
C6
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 20.4 6.3 62.81 203.39
C7
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 23.8 9.04 90.13 237.29
D8
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 27.2 9.04 90.13 271.18
D9
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 30.6 9.04 90.13 305.08
D10
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 34.0 9.04 90.13 338.98
D11
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 37.4 9.04 90.13 372.88
D12
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 40.5 9.04 90.13 403.79
D13
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 0.0 10.85 108.17 0.0
E1
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 3.4 10.85 108.17 33.90
E2
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 6.8 10.85 108.17 67.80
E3
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 10.2 10.85 108.17 101.69
E4
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 13.6 10.85 108.17 135.59
E5
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 17.0 10.85 108.17 169.49
E6
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 20.4 10.85 108.17 203.39
E7
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 23.8 10.85 108.17 237.29
E8
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 27.2 10.85 108.17 271.18
E9
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 30.6 10.85 108.17 305.08
E10
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 34.0 10.85 108.17 338.98
E11
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 37.4 10.85 108.17 372.88
E12
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 40.5 10.85 108.17 403.79
E13
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 23.8 15.35 153.04 237.29
F8
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 27.2 15.35 153.04 271.18
F9
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 30.6 15.35 153.04 305.08
F10
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 34.0 15.35 153.04 338.98
F11
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 37.4 15.35 153.04 372.88
F12
Axis- 0.33 0.4 3.02 9.97 40.5 15.35 153.04 403.79
F13
Weight due to Columns 518.44
Intermediate Beam
Beam B/n Widt Dep Lengt Weight Moment Moment
on h th h arm
axis X Y MX=WiY My=Wi
i Xi
(m) (m) (m) KN (m) (m KN.m KN.m
)
Axis-1 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 0.0 2.2 22.79 0.0
5
Axis-1 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 0.0 5.4 21.87 0.0
Axis-1 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 0.0 8.5 87.86 0.0
8
Axis-2 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 1.7 2.2 22.79 17.22
5
Axis-2 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 1.7 5.4 21.87 6.89
Axis-2 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 1.7 8.5 87.86 17.41
8
Axis-3 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 5.1 2.2 22.79 51.66
5
Axis-3 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 5.1 5.4 21.87 20.66
Axis-3 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 5.1 8.5 87.86 52.22
8
Axis-4 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 8.5 2.2 22.79 86.11
5
Axis-4 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 8.5 5.4 21.87 34.43
Axis-4 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 8.5 8.5 87.86 87.04
8
Axis-5 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 11.9 2.2 22.79 120.55
5
Axis-5 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 11.9 5.4 21.87 48.20
Axis-5 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 11.9 8.5 87.86 121.86
8
Axis-6 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 15.3 2.2 22.79 154.99
5
Axis-6 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 15.3 5.4 21.87 61.97
Axis-6 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 15.3 8.5 87.86 156.67
8
Axis-7 A-B 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 18.7 2.2 22.79 189.43
5
Axis-7 B-C 0.3 0.3 1.8 4.05 18.7 5.4 21.87 75.74
Axis-7 C-E 0.3 0.3 4.55 10.24 18.7 8.5 87.86 191.49
8
Axis-8 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-8 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-8 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
Axis-9 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-9 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-9 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
Axis-10 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-10 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-10 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
Axis-11 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-11 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-11 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
Axis-12 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-12 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-12 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
Axis-13 B-D 0.3 0.3 2.74 6.17 22.1 5.8 36.22 136.36
7
Axis-13 D-E 0.3 0.3 1.81 4.07 25.5 8.1 33.17 103.79
5
Axis-13 E-F 0.3 0.3 4.5 10.13 28.9 11. 114.4 292.76
3
293.16
Weight due to beam
iii.Slab
Panel Lx Ly T Weigh Moment arm Moment

name t X Y Mx=Wi* My=Wi*Xi
Yi
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (KN.m) (KN.m)
P0,1 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 1.7 -0.9 -12.39 23.41
P0,2 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 5.1 -0.9 -12.39 70.23
P0,3 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 8.5 -0.9 -12.39 117.05
P0,4 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 11.9 -0.9 -12.39 163.86
P0,5 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 15.3 -0.9 -12.39 210.68
P1,1 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 1.7 2.25 154.91 117.05
P1,2 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 5.1 2.25 154.91 351.14
P1,3 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 8.5 2.25 154.91 585.23
P1,4 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 11.9 2.25 154.91 819.32
P1,5 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 15.3 2.25 154.91 1053.41
P1,6 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 18.7 2.25 154.91 1287.5
P2,1 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 1.7 5.4 148.72 46.82
P2,2 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 5.1 5.4 148.72 140.45
P2,3 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 8.5 5.4 148.72 234.09
P2,4 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 11.9 5.4 148.72 327.73
P2,5 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 15.3 5.4 148.72 421.36
P2,6 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 18.7 5.4 148.72 515.0
P3,1 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 1.7 8.58 597.34 118.35
P3,2 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 5.1 8.58 597.34 355.06
P3,3 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 8.5 8.58 597.34 591.77
P3,4 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 11.9 8.58 597.34 828.48
P3,5 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 15.3 8.58 597.34 1065.19
P4,1 1.41 4.55 0.18 28.87 -0.71 8.58 247.70 -20.5
P0,6 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 5.1 11.3 155.60 70.23
P0,7 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 8.5 11.3 155.60 117.05
P0,8 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 11.9 11.3 155.60 163.86
P0,9 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 15.3 11.3 155.60 210.68
P0,10 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 18.7 11.3 155.60 257.5
P5 3.4 6.35 0.18 97.16 22.1 7.68 746.19 2147.24
P0,11 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 25.5 3.6 49.57 351.14
P0,12 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 28.9 3.6 49.57 397.82
P0,13 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 32.3 3.6 49.57 444.77
P0,14 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 35.7 3.6 49.57 491.59
P3,6 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 25.5 6.78 472.02 1775.31
P3,7 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 28.9 6.78 472.02 2012.02
P3,8 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 32.3 6.78 472.02 2248.73
P3,9 3.4 4.55 0.18 69.62 35.7 6.78 472.02 2485.43
P3,10 3.1 4.55 0.18 63.47 38.95 6.78 430.33 2472.16
P2,7 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 25.5 9.96 274.3 702.27
P2,8 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 28.9 9.96 274.3 795.91
P2,9 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 32.3 9.96 274.3 889.54
P2,10 1.8 3.4 0.18 27.54 35.7 9.96 274.3 983.18
P2,11 1.8 3.1 0.18 25.11 38.95 9.96 250.10 978.03
P1,7 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 25.5 13.11 902.62 1755.68
P1,8 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 28.9 13.11 902.62 1989.77
P1,9 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 32.3 13.11 902.62 2223.86
P1,10 3.4 4.5 0.18 68.85 35.7 13.11 902.62 2457.95
P0,15 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 25.5 15.81 217.70 351.14
P0,16 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 28.9 15.81 217.70 397.95
P0,17 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 32.3 15.81 217.70 444.77
P0,18 0.9 3.4 0.18 13.77 35.7 15.81 217.70 491.59
P0,19 0.9 3.1 0.18 12.56 38.95 15.81 198.57 489.21
P4,2 1.41 4.55 0.18 28.87 41.21 6.78 195.74 1189.73
Weight due to slab 2094.3
8
IV. Stair
Stair & Leng widt Thickn Weight Moment Moment

Landin th h ess arm
g type X Y Mx=Wi* My=Wi
Yi *Xi
(m) (m) (m) KN (m) (m) (KN.m) (KN.m
)
L1 3.1 1.17 0.175 15.87 18.7 8.58 136.16 296.77
L2 3.1 1.17 0.175 15.87 18.7 8.58 136.16 296.77
L3 3.1 1.17 0.175 15.87 18.7 8.58 136.16 296.77
F1 3.3 1.48 0.175 21.37 17.74 7.71 164.76 164.76
F2 3.3 1.39 0.175 20.07 37.25 13.11 263.12 747.61
Weight due to stair 89.05
V. Partition wall
Wall Wi Dep Lengt Weigh Moment arm Moment
on B/n dth th h t
Axi
s
X Y MX=WiYi My=Wi
Xi
(m (m) (m) KN (m) (m) KN.m KN.m
)
Axis- A-B 0.2 3.0 4.1 61.91 0.0 2.05 126.92 0.0
1 2
B-C 0.2 3.0 1.4 21.14 0.0 5.2 109.93 0.0
2
Axis- C-E 0.1 3.0 4.15 47 3.24 8.58 403.26 152.28
2 5 2
Axis- A-B 0.1 3.0 3.0 33.98 13.53 1.7 57.77 459.75
5 5 2
Axis- A-B 0.1 3.0 4.1 46.43 16.93 2.25 104.47 786.06
6 5 2
C-E 0.1 3.0 4.15 47 16.93 8.58 403.26 795.71
5 2
Axis- A-B 0.1 3.0 4.1 46.43 20.32 2.25 104.47 943.46
7 5 2
C-E 0.1 3.0 4.15 47 20.32 8.58 403.26 955.04
5 2
Axis- B-D 0.1 3.0 4.15 47 23.73 6.78 318.66 955.04
8 5 2
E-F 0.2 3.0 4.1 61.91 23.73 13.1 811.02 1469.12
2
Axis- B-D 0.1 3.0 4.15 47 37.32 6.78 318.66 1754.04
12 5 2
E-F 0.1 3.0 4.1 46.43 37.32 13.1 608.23 1732.77
5 2
Axis- 1-2 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 1.71 4.5 156.47 59.46
B 5 2
2-3 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 5.11 4.5 156.47 177.67
5 2
3-4 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 8.51 4.5 156.47 295.89
5 2
4-5 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 11.91 4.5 156.47 414.11
5 2
5-6 0.1 3.0 1.76 19.93 15.31 4.5 89.69 305.13
5 2
12- 0.2 3.0 2.77 41.83 38.96 4.5 188.24 1629.70
13 2
Axis- 1-2 0.1 3.0 2.24 25.37 1.71 6.3 159.83 43.38
C 5 2
2-3 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 5.11 6.3 219.05 177.67
5 2
3-4 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 8.51 6.3 219.05 295.30
5 2
4-5 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 11.91 6.3 219.05 414.11
5 2
5-6 0.1 3.0 1.73 19.59 15.31 6.3 123.42 299.92
5 2
Axis- 8-9 0.1 3.0 1.73 19.59 25.5 9.05 177.29 499.55
D 5 2
9- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 28.9 9.05 314.67 1004.85
10 5 2
10- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 32.3 9.05 314.67 1123.07
11 5 2
11- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 35.7 9.05 314.67 1241.29
12 5 2
12- 0.1 3.0 1.85 20.95 39.1 9.05 189.60 819.15
13 5 2
Axis- 8-9 0.1 3.0 1.73 19.59 25.5 10.85 212.55 499.55
E 5 2
9- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 28.9 10.85 377.25 1004.85
10 5 2
10- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 32.3 10.85 377.25 1123.07
11 5 2
11- 0.1 3.0 3.07 34.77 35.7 10.85 377.25 1241.29
12 5 2
On P1, 0.1 3.0 1.46 16.53 18.7 2.42 40.0 309.11
slab 6 5 2
P4, 0.1 3.0 3.68 16.67 -0.71 8.58 143.03 -11.71
1 0 2
P3, 0.1 3.0 3.08 23.25 1.7 8.58 199.49 39.53
1 0 2
P3, 0.1 3.0 3.34 25.22 38.95 4.54 114.50 982.32
10 0 2
P4, 0.1 3.0 3.46 26.12 41.21 4.54 118.58 1076.41
2 0 2
Weight due to partition wall 1279.9
Total weight of floor 4274.9 𝜀 30,633.25 85,327.60

3
𝜀𝑊𝑖𝑌𝑖 30,633.25 𝜀𝑊𝑖𝑋𝑖 85327.60
Ym= = =7.17 Xm = = 4274.93 = 19.93
𝜀𝑊𝑖 4274.93 𝜀𝑊𝑖
Summary of weight
Floor level Building part Weight
Foundation Wt. of Footing Column (Wt. of 250
F.C)
Wt. of footing pad=10% of Wt. of 25

F.C
Total Weight 275
Basement floor Wt. of basement beam 293.16

Wt.of basement column 646.80
Wt. of slab 2094.38
Wt.of stair 89.05
Wt. of wall 1279.9
T.W 4403.29
Gr to 1stfloor Wt. of grade beam 293.16
Wt. of ground column 518.44
Wt. of slab 2094.38
Wt. of stair 89.05
Wt. of wall 1279.9
T.W 4274.93
Roof level Wt. of beam 293.16
Wt. of EGA sheet 48.5
Wt. of Purlin 42.5
Wt. of truss 29.5
Total weight 413.66
Total weight of the building 13,641.81
4.2 Distribution of base shear over the height of the building
Fb = Sd(T1)*Wtotal
Wtotal is total dead load of the building
Wtotal load=summation of dead load =13,641.81KN
Fb = 0.072*13,641.81KN = 982.21KN
Ft = 0.07*T1*Fb = 0.07*0.462*982.21KN = 31.76KN
Where ft is the concentrated force at the top
Computation of Fi for each floor level
Storey Remark Floors Weight
st
1 W1 Foundation Wt. + B.W 4678.29
nd
2 W2 Ground floor 4274.93
rd
3 W3 1st floor 4274.93
4th W4 Roof level 413.66
Summation 13,641.81
Table 4.4 Computation of storey shear
Computation of storey shear

Level Remark Wi Hi Wihi Fb-Ft Fi
(Fb-Ft)*Wihi
/𝜀𝑊𝑖ℎ𝑖
1st W1 4678.29 2.00 9356.58 950.45 118.31
2nd W2 4274.93 5.35 22870.88 950.45 289.18
3rd W3 4274.93 8.85 37833.13 950.45 478.37
4th W4 413.66 12.35 5108.70 950.45 64.60
75,169.29
3 Determination of Center of stiffness

Center of Stiffness is the point where the stiffness or strength of the floors is concentrated. The
stiffness calculation requires the computation of D-value to the columns and also moment of
inertia calculation for all beams and columns.
𝑘′
Where: 𝐷=𝑎𝐾𝑐 a= 2+𝑘′ 𝑘′=Σ 𝑘𝑏(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 & 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) / 2𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑏= 𝐼𝑏 / 𝐿 & 𝑘𝑐= 𝐼𝑐/𝐿
𝐼𝑏= bh3/12 𝐼𝑐= 𝑏ℎ³ / 12 , for square columns and 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑏ℎ³/12 for circular column
Stiffness for beams Kb
3
Level Beam B H L IX = bh / 12
basement BB 30 30 Variable 67500 198.529
Ground to 1st other 30 30 variable 67500 198.529

floor
level Column B H L
type
Footing column C 50 50 200
Basement C 33 50 350 982.14
column
Ground to 1st C 33 50 350 982.14
col.
D value calculation
3.4 3.4 3.4
198.5 198.5 198.5
750 3 3 3
982.1 K 982. K 982.1 K 982.1
Kc 4 c 1 c 4 c 4
0.482 0.20 0.202 0.101
K' 9 K' 2 K' 1 K' 1
0.194 0.09 0.091 0.048
a 5 a 2 a 8 A 1
191.0 198.5 90.1 198.5 90.15 198.5 47.24
750 1 3 D 5 3 D 3 3 D 5
982.1 K 982. K 982.1 K 982.1
Kc 4 c 1 c 4 c 4
0.482 0.20 0.202 0.101
K' 9 K' 2 K' 1 K' 1
0.194 0.09 0.091 0.048
a 5 a 2 a 8 A 1
191.0 90.1 90.15 47.24
D 1 D 5 D 3 D 5
198.5 198.5 198.5
750 3 3 3
982.1 K 982. K 982.1 K 982.1
Kc 4 c 1 c 4 c 4
0.482 0.20 0.202 0.101
K' 9 K' 2 K' 1 K' 1
0.194 0.09 0.091 0.048
a 5 a 2 a 8 a 1
191.0 90.1 90.15 47.24
D 1 D 5 D 3 D 5
B.FL, 198.5 198.5 198.5
Kb 3 3 3
2604. K 260 K 2604. K 2604.
Kc 2 c 4 c 2 c 2
0.038 0.07 0.076 0.038
K' 1 K' 6 K' 2 K' 1
0.018 0.03 0.036 0.018
a 7 a 7 a 7 a 7
48.70 95.6 48.70
D 4 D 2 D 95.62 D 4
Fig. D-value results for axis 1-7
D value calculation for axis 8-13

3.
4 3.4 3.4
19 198. 198
750 9 53 .5 750
982. K K K
Kc 14 c 982.14 c 982.14 c 982.14
0.48 K 0.2021 K 0.2021 K 0.4828
K' 29 ' 4 ' 4 ' 89
0.19 0.0917 0.0917 0.1944
a 45 a 93 a 93 a 87
191. 19 90.153 198. 90.153 198 191.01
750 01 9 D 21 53 D 21 .5 D 33
982. K K K
Kc 14 c 982.14 c 982.14 c 982.14
0.48 K 0.2021 K 0.2021 K 0.4828
K' 29 ' 4 ' 4 ' 89
0.19 0.0917 0.0917 0.1944
a 45 a 93 a 93 a 87
191. 90.153 90.153 191.01
D 01 D 21 D 21 D 33
19 198. 198
750 9 53 .5
982. K K K
Kc 14 c 982.14 c 982.14 c 982.14
0.48 K 0.2021 K 0.2021 K 0.4828
K' 29 ' 4 ' 4 ' 89
0.19 0.0917 0.0917 0.1944
a 45 a 93 a 93 a 87
191. 90.153 90.153 191.01
D 01 D 21 D 21 D 33
B.FL, 19 198. 198
Kb 9 53 .5 750
2604 K 2604.1 K 2604.1 K 2604.1
Kc .2 c 7 c 7 c 7
0.03 K 0.0762 K 0.0762 K 0.1821
K' 81 ' 35 ' 35 ' 18
0.01 0.0367 0.0367 0.0834
a 87 a 18 a 18 a 59
48.7 95.620 95.620 217.34
D 04 D 18 D 18 D 16
Fig. D- value results for axis 8-13
The D-values for the rest axis’s is calculated in the same manner as for axis 1-13 is done in the
above
Determination of center of stiffness for 1st floor is calculated in tabular form below.
Center of stiffness for 1st floor calculation
Center of stiffness for 1st floor

Axis Y Dx Dx*Y Axis X Dy Dy*X
A 0 575.487 0 1 0 288.65 0
B 4.5 1053.61 4741.245 2 3.4 288.65 981.41
C 6.3 575.487 3625.568 3 6.8 288.65 1962.8
D 9.05 479.742 4341.665 4 10.2 288.65 2944.2
E 10.85 1053.61 11431.67 5 13.6 288.65 3925.6
F 15.35 479.742 7364.04 6 17 288.65 4907.0
𝜀 4217.678 31504.19 7 20.4 288.65 5888.4
8 23.8 457.286 10883.4
9 27.2 457.286 12438.1
10 30.6 457.286 13992.9
11 34 457.286 15547.7
12 37.4 457.286 17102.
13 40.8 457.286 18657.2
𝜀
4764.266 109231
∈( 𝐷𝑥𝑖∗𝑌𝑖 31504.19 ∈( 𝐷𝑌𝑖∗𝑋𝑖 109231.6

Ys = = = 7.47 Xs = = = 22.927
∈𝐷𝑥𝑖 4217.67 ∈𝐷𝑌𝑖 4764.286
The same tabular are done for the rest floor
Computation of frame shear
𝐷𝑖 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 )∗𝑓𝑖
Qi = ∈𝐷𝑖 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 )
The computation of frame shear for 1st floor is tabulated below
Computation of frame shear Xi
D– Storey
Level Axis value shear Qi
A 575.487 118.31 16.14297
B 1053.61 118.31 29.55479
C 575.487 118.31 16.14297
D 479.742 118.31 13.45723
E 1053.61 118.31 29.55479
F 479.742 118.31 13.45723
4217.678
Computation of frame shear Yi

storey
Level Axis D-value shear Qi
1 288.65 118.31 7.167984
2 288.65 118.31 7.167984
3 288.65 118.31 7.167984
4 288.65 118.31 7.167984
5 288.65 118.31 7.167984
6 288.65 118.31 7.167984
7 288.65 118.31 7.167984
8 457.286 118.31 11.35569
9 457.286 118.31 11.35569
10 457.286 118.31 11.35569
11 457.286 118.31 11.35569
12 457.286 118.31 11.35569
13 457.286 118.31 11.35569
4764.266
Determination of eccentricity
Actual Eccentricities, ei
𝑒𝑥=𝑋𝑠−𝑋𝑚 where Xs & Ys are center of stifnesses
𝑒𝑦=𝑌𝑠−𝑌𝑚 Xm & Xs are center of masses
Table . Actual eccentricity value
Center Center of
of st. mass eccentricity
Level Xs Ys Xm Ym ex ey
roof level 20.4 7.52 19.46 7.23 0.94 0.29
1st floor 19.93 7.47 19.37 7.17 0.56 0.3
Grd.
Floor 20.21 7.58 20.05 7.44 0.16 0.14
base.floor 20.21 7.58 20.05 7.43 0.16 0.15
Accidental eccentricities
In addition to the actual eccentricity, in order to cover uncertainties in the location of mass and
in the spatial variation of the seismic motion. The calculated center of mass at each floor shall
be considered displaced from its nominal location by an addition accident eccentricity.
Accidental eccentricity is given by eli= ±0.05lx
Where: eli - is the accidental eccentricity of story mass i from its nominal location, applied in
the same direction at all floors, Li - floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the
seismic action.
For our building lx=40.5m and ly=15.35m
elx=± 0.05 lx =± 0.05 *40.5 =± 2.03 & ely = ± 0.05* 15.35 = 0.77
Design eccentricity
ed =ei – eli
i.e edx = ex – elx & edy = ey – ely
actual
eccentricit Additional Design Design
y eccen. eccentricity eccentricity
Level Ex Ey Elx ely edx1 edx2 edy1 edy2
roof
level 0.94 0.29 2.03 0.77 0.65 2.97 0.48 1.06
1st
floor 0.56 0.3 2.03 0.77 1.47 2.59 0.47 1.07
gr.floor 0.16 0.14 2.03 0.77 1.87 2.19 0.63 0.91
bas.floo
r 0.16 0.15 2.03 0.77 1.87 2.19 0.62 0.92
Determination of shear correction factor
αix=1+(Dix*Y’)/Jr
αiy=1+(Diy*X’)/Jr
where Jr=Jx +Jy=ΣDix*Y’2+ ΣDiy*X’2
X’=Xs-X & Y’=ys-y
Sample calculation for story 3 to determine shear correction factor
CHAPTER FIVE
Building Structural 3D Frame Analysis
We use ETABS 2018 as a primary tool for modelling and analysis.

The sequential process for designing a building.
1. Read Architectural drawing carefully.
2. A center to center distance beam or column plan is required.
3. Selecting base units and design codes.
4. Setting up grids and story data.
5. Define material properties(fck,fu and fy)
6. Define section properties(beam,column and slab)
7. Modeling the structure and Assign support condition.
8. Assign of loads(DL,LL,EQ and WL).
9. Forming load combination.
10. Mesh model elements.
11. Analysis and model check.
12. Design and member pass check.
13. Detailing the structure.
14. Export detailing documents.
Start doing.
Step 1: Set the units.
We use the SI units; force(kN), moment(KNm), length(m) and pressure (KN/m2)
Step 2: Define the geometry structure
The grids that shows the given structural design and number of stories
Step 3: Define materials of members.
Concrete class C-25;
Weight per unit volume = 25KN /m3
Mass per unit volume 2.5 KN/m3
Modulus of Elasticity = 28000000
Shear Modulus (G) = 11666666.7
Positions ratio = 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 9.9x10-6
Steel bar S-300;

Weight per unit volume = 76.8195 KN/m3
Mass per unit volume = 7.827
Positions ratio = 0.3
Shear Modulus (G) = 76903069
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 1.17x10-5
Minimum Yield Stress (Fy) = 344737.89
Minimum Tensile Stress (Fu) = 448159.161
Step 4: Define frame sections and shells
We define the following Frame and slab Sections:
Typical Floor dimensions
Square Column (33*40 cm)
Floor beam (30*30 cm)
Slab (15cm for stair & 18cm slab)
Step 5: Draw the different structural members
Using the grid System, Draw the structural Members with their Defined Frame Section
Properties
Step 6: Define loads
We define the following load types:
Dead Load, DL (includes wall, partition load and floor finish)
Live Load(LL) ,Wind Load(WL) and Earth Quake Load(EQx andEQy)
❖ Roof load:-
➢ Dead load (DL) = 0.0910KN/m
➢ Live load (LL) = 0.85KN/m
➢ Wind load (WL) = -0.59KN/m
Dead load calculation
✓ For ceramic tile; Dff. = t xγff. = 0.02 x21KN/ m2 = 0.42 kN/m2
✓ For PVC tile; Dff. = t xγff. = 0.02 x16KN/ m2 = 0.32 kN/m2
✓ For marble tile; Dff=t x𝛾ff.=0.02 x27KN/m2= 0.54KN/m2
✓ For terazo tile; Dff=t x𝛾ff.=0.02 x23KN/m2=0.46KN/m2
✓ For cement screening Dcs = 23 x0.03 = 0.69 kN/m2
✓ For Rc slab DRc = 25x 0.18 = 4.5kN/m2
✓ For plastering Dp= 23*0.02=0.46KN/m2
✓ For Gypsum finishing DL =t x γGYP = 0.02x17KN/m3 =0.34 kN/m2
❖ Dead load and Live Load for each panel
Panel Function Cal.dead Live
2
load(KN/m ) load(KN/m2)
P1 & P3 (for all Dormitary 4.72 2

except P3left)
P2 (for all) & Lobby 6.19 4

P5
P4 & P3 left Toilet 6.11 2
❖ Dead Load Computation For Partition Wall

Thickness of HCB =100mm
Height of wall =3.5 -(0.02+ 0.02+0.03+0.18) = 3.25m
Dead load of partition wall =Dead load of plaster + dead load of HCB
DLp.w = DL plastering +DL HCB
DLP.W (KN) = (Hpl*LWALL*tp1) ɣp1)*2 + (LHCB *LWALL*tHcB * ɣHcB)
DLP.W = 2*(3.25* LWALL *0.02) 23 + (3.25 *0.1* L Wall* 14) = 7.54kN/m* L Wall
D.L pw (KN/m2) = D.L pw(kN)/Area of Panel Where; D.L pw = Dead load of Partition Wall
Hpl, tpl =Height, Thickness
𝛾𝑝𝑙 = Unit weight of plastering
HHCB= Height
tHCB= Thickness
𝛄HCB= Unit Weight of HCB
And the final results of partition load is tabulated below
Panel Length(m) D.L pw Area(m2) D.Lpw(KN/m2)=

(KN)=L*7.54
D.L pw/Area
KN/m
P3 left toilet 7.82 58.96 15.47 3.81
P3 right toilet 6.83 51.5 14.10 3.65
Other panels No patition - - -

wall
❖ Dead Load Computation For Wall

Let, 30% area of wall considers for opining of windows.
1. Wall with window. L=thickness*𝜸brick*length*hight*70%
2. Wall without window. L=thickness*𝜸brick*length*hight*100%
Wall Thickness Unit Hight % Dead Load
without of HCB weight of
(m) Side (KN/m)
window of brick full
(m)
(KN/m3) wall
HCB 0.15 14 3.2 - 1 0.45
PLASTERING 0.02 23 3.2 2 1 2.94
Total
dead
load
DL =
∑ = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 3.39
KN/m
❖ Dead Load Computation For external Wall on cantilever slab for first and second floor
Pan Thickn Unit Leng Hig % Are Dead D.Lpw

el ess of weigh th ht of a Load
Si (KN/m2)
wall t of ful
(m) (m) de (m2 (KN) =
brick l
(m) )
(KN/ wa D.L
m 3) ll LX pw/Area
W
P0 0.2 14 17 3.25 - 0. 13. 108.29 143.87/1

HCB 7 6 3.6=
P0 0.02 23 17 3.25 2 0. 13. 35.58 10.58

PLAS 7 6 KN/m2
TE
∑ 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟕
❖ Stair case load.

➢ Dead load (DL) for inclined = 9.021KN/m
➢ Dead load (DL) for landing = 5.33KN/m
➢ Live load (LL) for inclined = 3KN/m
➢ Live load (LL) for landing = 3KN/m
Step 7: Assignment of loads.
We assign the loads defined (dead load, live load, earth quake load) calculated.
➢ Assign base joint supports (points where the final joint reactions are obtained) using fixed
restrain joint to allow rotation, displacement and translation about x, y & z direction for the
base joints.
Assigning Shell loads & Stair case loads
➢ Since we are required to implement only the analysis part of the building, we can assign the
additional loads as uniform shell loads on the shells (i.e. on the slabs).
We didn’t assign the self-weight because when we define load pattern we set ‘’1’’ for Dead
load self-multiplier, means the software itself will calculate the dead load based on the given
data, (slab thickness and unit weight of material defined)
We define the following load combination:
Combo 1 = 1.3DL+1.6LL
Combo 2 = 1.2(DL+LL+WL)
Combo 3 = DL+1.6WL
Combo 4 = 0.75 Combo 1+EQX-
Combo 5 = 0.75 Combo 1+EQX+
Combo 6 = 0.75 Combo 1+EQY-
Combo 7 = 0.75 Combo 1+EQY+
Combo 8 = Combo 2+ Combo 4
Combo 13 = Combo 3 + Combo 5
Combo 16 = ENVELOP
Step 8: Mesh Model Element.
1, Mesh the slab
2, Mesh the frames
Step 9: Analysis and model check.
Finally, we check the model to check for any errors, like overlapping of members and
trim and extend correction.
After checking the model, we run the model and take the reaction outputs for design
purpose.
Step 10: Design and member pass check.
Step 11: Detailing the structure.
CHAPTER SIX
BEAM AND COLUMN DESIGN
6.1 BEAM DESIGN
6.1.1 Introduction
Beams are flexural members which are used to transfer the loads from slab to columns.
Basically
beams should be designed for flexure (moment). Furthermore, it is essential to check and
design
the beam sections for torsion and shear. Beams may be designed for flexural moment
depending
on the magnitude of the moment and the cross-sectional dimensions. Ethiopian code suggests
that calculation of axial load for beams is not important. Beams can be singly reinforced,
doubly
reinforced T or rectangular section based on the cross-section of the beam itself. When beams
are monolithically casted with continuous slabs, part of the slab on the compression zone of the
beam participates in the compression resistance of the section. According to EBCS-2, 1995
Section 3.7.8 the effective flange width in as given below: For interior beams T -beams before
the architecturally given slab depth is safe against for
flexure.be ≤ {bw+le/5
Actual width
For edge beams be ≤ {bw+le/10
Actual width
6.1.2 General procedure of beam design f or flexure
✓ Compute the material strength and all design constants

✓ Geometry determination: including effective depth calculation for serviceability
✓ Loading and analysis
✓ Check the depth for flexure and shear or collapse limit state
✓ Determine the location of the neutral axis and check the behavior of the beam(i.e.
whether it acts as rectangular or T -section for interior beams and whether it acts as
rectangular or Γ-Section for edge beams)
✓ Check for double reinforcement of the web
✓ Calculate number of bars and decide bar arrangement
✓ Check available effective depth with the assumed effective depth and revise if the available
effective depth is less than the assumed effective depth
✓ Reinforcement detailing
We have the following dimensions:
Basement beam30*30cm
Intermediate Beam - 30cm x 30cm
Top tie Beam - 30cm x 30cm
Material Data
C-25, S-300, Class-I work, ɸ8, ɸ12

Minimum requirements
Design constant
(0.68 x fcu )⁄ (0.68 x 25)⁄
fcd = 1.5 1.5= 11.33Mpa
2⁄ 2⁄
fctk = 0.21 x fck 3 = 0.21 x 20 3 = 1.547
f
fctd = ctk⁄1.5 = 1.547/1.5 = 1.032
fyk 300
fyd = ys = 1.15 = 260.87Mpa
fyd 260.87
m= = = 28.78
0.8 ∗ fcd 0.8 ∗ 11.33
2.5 2.5
C1 = = = 0.087
m 28.78
C2 = 0.32 ∗ m2 ∗ fcd = 0.32 ∗ 28.982 ∗ 11.33 = 3003.1
εcu = 0.0035
fyd 260.87
ϵyd = = = 0.001304
E 200∗103
Design for flexural reinforcement
The geometric ratio of reinforcement ρ at any section of a beam where positive

reinforcement required by analysis shall not be less than that given by:
0.6
 min = = 0.002 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(1)]
f yk
Where: - f yk = 300 Mpa
And also shall not be greater than  max = 0.04 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(3)]
For this special case the balanced steel ratio is given by
0.8εcu fcd 0.8 ∗ 0.0035 11.33

ρb = ∗ = ∗ = 0.0253
εcu + εyd fyd 260.87 260.87
0.0035 +
200000
However, for ductility purpose the steel ratio is reduced
ρmax= 0.75*ρb
max=0.75*b=0.75*0.0253= 0.01898< 0.04 ………………………… OK!
6.1.2.1. Design of Beam for Flexure

Determination of depth for deflection
a) For interior & end Span:
Using: maximum Le =5000 mm
b) For cantilever beams:

Using: maximum Le = 1250mm
a =10
Assuming double layer of re-bars, our “d” is

d=D - cover - ɸstirrup - ɸmain/2 =D – 25mm – 8mm – (12/2)mm =D – 39mm
Fig Beam cross section
• Grade beams: d=300mm-39mm=261mm > 177.1mm……………OK!!

• Intermediate beams d=300mm-43mm=261mm > 177.1mm……………OK!!
300 5000
• 𝑑 ≥ {0.4 + 0.6 ∗ 400} ∗ ≥ 177.1𝑚𝑚, for top tied beam
24
• 𝑑 =𝐷−25𝑚𝑚−8𝑚𝑚− (14/2) mm
• For top beam: d=300mm-40mm= 260mm >177.1mm…….………….OK!
6.1.3 Checking beam for weather it is T-section or not
The maximum Moment for our external “T” beam section is at the support which is
=36.575 KN-m (on axis )
𝐿𝑒 5000
From EBCS, effective depth be ≤ bw + = 400+ = 1400mm
5 5
Actual width=5000mm
Take minimum be value 1400mm.
• Calculate the NA location x=md where d = D-d’

d=300-39=261mm
1 4𝑀
=2 (𝑐1 − √𝑐12 − 𝑏𝑒∗𝑑2 ∗𝑐2) Md36.5744KN-m
1 4∗36.5744∗106
=2 (0.087 − √0.0872 − 1400∗2552 ∗3003.1) = 0.0157
= 0.0157 take min =0.6/fyk= 0.6/300=0.002

x= *m*d=0.002*36.5744KN-m*261mm
x=19.1mm
y=0.8*x=0.8*19.1mm =15.3mm < 250mm
The beam section is Rectangular Beam because the neutral axis is within the web
Our beam cross section fulfills the depth requirement for deflection.
Since the depth is fixed architecturally for beams with 𝜌𝑥>𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥, i.e. the section doesn’t satisfy
depth for flexure, the section will be provided with double reinforcement.
6.1.4 Reinforcement Design
- The beams are treated as rectangular beam with b=bw
𝟏 𝟒∗𝑴
ρ𝐱 = 𝟐 ∗ {𝑪𝟏 − √𝑪𝟐𝟏 − 𝒃∗𝒅𝟐∗𝑪 }<ρx𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01898
𝟐
➢ Ifρx𝑐𝑎𝑙 ρx𝑚𝑎𝑥 Double reinforcement.

➢ If ρx𝑚𝑖𝑛 ρx𝑐𝑎𝑙 ρ𝐱𝑚𝑎𝑥, Single reinforcement.
➢ If ρx𝑐𝑎𝑙 ρx𝑚𝑖𝑛 , Use ρx𝑚𝑖𝑛
REINFORCEMENTS AT SUPPORT
At support
Mmax = 36.5744KN -m
D =300mm
 d = 300 – 39= 261mm
d’ = 25 + 12/2 + 8 = 39mm
Check for adequacy of section
1 4M
ρcal. = {C1 − √C12 − 2 }
2 bd C2
fyd 260.87
m= = = 28.78
0.8 ∗ fcd 0.8 ∗ 11.33
2.5 2.5
C1 = = = 0.08687
m 28.78
C2 = 0.32 ∗ m2 ∗ fcd = 0.32 ∗ 28.782 ∗ 11.33 = 3003.1
1 4∗36.5744∗106
ρcal. = {0.08687 − √0.08672 − } =0.0157
2 300∗2612 ∗3003.1
ρcal. = 0.0157 < ρmax = 0.01898
 The section should be singly reinforced
As = ρcal. bd = 0.0157 ∗ 300 ∗ 261 = 1229.31mm2

π∗242
Area of a single bar with diam. 24 = = 314mm2
4
1229.31
Total no. of bars required= = 3.92
314
❖ Use 4 Ф12
Reinforcement for internal beam
M max=20.9086KNm
D = 300 mm
 d = 300 - 39=261mm
d’ = 25 + 12/2 + 8 = 39mm
Check for adequacy of section
 The section should be singly reinforced
Area of a single bar with diam. 12 = Total no. of bars required=Use 4Ф12
6.1.5 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Design constants and formulas

VRD = 0.25*fcd*b*d
Vc= 0.25 ∗ fctd ∗ k2 ∗ k1 ∗ bw ∗ d
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter)
K1 = (1 + 50ρ)
ρ =As/bwd As is area of tensile reinforcement well anchored
fctd = fctk/c=1.74/1.5 = 1.06 Mpa
ρ =0.4/fyk = 0.4/300 = 0.0013
Beam sections are subjected to shear force in addition to flexural action. Shear is resisted by
the
combined action of the following:
Shear resistance of concrete in compression zone
Shear reinforcement or stirrup
Dowel action in tension bars across crack
Aggregate interlocking across the inclined crack in tension zone
Generally, shear reinforcement in beams are in the form of vertical stirrups spaced at varying
intervals along the axis of the beam which depends on the sheer force requirements. In our
design we used diameter bars of ф6, ф8 and ф10 formed to fit around the main longitudinal
rebar. Beams are designed for critical shear force at the left or right of the beam. Critical shear
force d ' of beam is the shear at a distance “d’” from the center of column
D’ = d+ column width/2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMN

A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. The cross sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its
height. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads
to the foundation.
✓ The strength of a column depends on many factors including the following:
✓ The strength of the material
✓ Shape and size of the cross section
✓ Length
✓ The degree of positional and directional restraints at its end
Classification based on the provision of bracing element
a) Braced columns: are columns with lateral support provided at the ends of the columns and all
horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system itself.
b) Unbraced columns: are columns with no lateral supports at the ends of the columns. In
unbraced columns the lateral loads have to be resisted by the columns, in addition to axial
loads and end moments. So, in unbraced structure frame action is used to resist horizontal load.
Classification based on slenderness ratio
Columns are broadly categorized into two as short (stocky) and long (slender) columns based
on the slenderness ratio of the column.
Short columns; are columns whose strength is governed by the strength of the materials and the
geometry of the cross section. In short columns, second-order effects are very small and so
negligible. In these cases, it is not necessary to consider slenderness effects and compression
members can be designed based on forces determined from first-order analysis.
Classification based on sensitivity to second-order effects due to lateral displacements
The axial load carrying capacity of columns is highly affected by the magnitude of bending
moments they have to support in addition to the axial forces.
4.5.2.1Quantitative classification of columns according to EBCS-2, 1995

A. Sway and non-sway frames,
Non-sway frame: According to EBCS-2, 1995 section 4.4.4.2 a story in a given frame may be
classified as non-sway if, 𝑁𝑠𝑑/𝑁𝑐𝑟≤0.1, non-sway frame otherwise sway frame.
Beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each
column at each story level may be classified as non-sway story if:
𝑁𝛿/𝐻𝐿≤0.1, non-sway frame otherwise sway frame
Where:
𝑁𝑠𝑑= the design value of the total vertical or axial load in the story
𝑁𝑐𝑟=story buckling load, or critical value of vertical load for failure in a sway mode
𝛿= the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the story
L=story height
H= the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N=the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
B. Short and slender columns
According to EBCS-2, 1995 section 4.4.6 a column is short column if it satisfies the following
conditions.
✓ For sway frames:
𝜆≤{25,15/√𝑣𝑑 , otherwise slender 𝑣𝑑=𝑁𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝐴𝐶
✓ For non-sway frames:
𝜆≤50−25(𝑀1/𝑀2) , otherwise slender
Where: 𝐴𝐶= area of cross-section
𝑀1 And 𝑀2 are the first order (calculated moments) at the ends, 𝑀2 being always positive and
greater in magnitude than𝑀1, and 𝑀1 being positive if member is bend in single curvature and
negative if bend in double curvature.
Material Data
C-25, S-300, Class-I work, ɸ8, ɸ16

Minimum requirements
Design constant
(0.68 x fcu )⁄ (0.68 x 25)⁄
fcd = 1.5 1.5= 11.33Mpa
2⁄ 2⁄
fctk = 0.21 x fck 3 = 0.21 x 20 3 = 1.547
f
fctd = ctk⁄1.5 = 1.547/1.5 = 1.032
fyk 300
fyd = ys = 1.15 = 260.87Mpa
CORNER COLUMN
Footing column(K1)
P
M
y
M
x
From etabs out put data

Axial Moment (x- Moment (y- Beam Beam Column
force dirction) dirction) Dimensi
(KN) Dimensi Dimensi on
Top Botto Top Botto on X on
m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
183.04 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

12 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
4.3247 22.565 - 32.25 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

9 4.1273
Check sway mode

A frame may be classified as non sway for a given case if the critical load rotation for that load
case satisfies the criteria
P
M y
M x
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
✓ Girder/Beam = Ig RIGHT = 12
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
✓ Column = IDE = 12
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
Stiffness Cofficients
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿1
3400𝑚𝑚
✓ Girder/Beam = Kg = 𝐿𝑔 =
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅1
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = = 10.6659𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾1
✓ 𝐸IC
Column = KC = 𝐿𝐶 = 2000𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐴0 = = 0 = 𝐾0
0𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column AB.
Rotational stiffness at joint A and B
𝐾1+𝐾𝑐 10.665𝑋105 +10.665𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 𝛼𝐴 = 𝐾𝐿0+𝐾𝑅0 = =0
𝐿 0+0
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾0+𝐾𝑐 0+10.665𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 𝛼𝐵 = 𝐾𝐿1+𝐾𝑅1 = 5.17𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.031
𝛼𝐴+𝛼𝐵 0+1.031
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.516
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
❖ Braced(non sway)mode: = 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.516+0.8 = 0.696 ≈ 0.7
𝐿
0.7 ≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Thefore, column AB is non sway and also short column.
➢ Slenderness ratio( ) for non sway frame
Where M1 and M2 are the first-order (calculated) moments at the ends, M2 being always
positive and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 being positive if member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature.
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −4.324
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25(22.5659) = 54.790
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −4.1273
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( ) = 53.199
32.25
➢ Effective buckling length (LE)

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.516+0.8 = 0.696 ≈ 0.7
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.7 , LeX-X = 2.380m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.380

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 20.606
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,20.606<54.790………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.516+0.8 = 0.696 ≈ 0.7
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.7 , LeX-X = 3.15m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.15

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 27.273
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,27.273<53.194…………………..short column
➢ Find eccentricity ( )
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
ee=max{ 𝑒𝑜1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑜2 = }
0.4𝑒𝑜2 𝑝 𝑝
22.5659 −4.324
0.6𝑥 183.0412 + 0.4 183.0412 = 0.065
ee=max{ 22.5659 , use 0.065 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 183.0412 = 0.049
20𝑚𝑚 2380
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 7.933, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.065+0.02=0.085m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
32.25 −4.1273
0.6𝑥 183.0412 + 0.4 183.0412 = 0.097
ee=max{ 32,25 , use 0.097 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 183.0412 = 0.070
20𝑚𝑚 3150
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 10.500, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.097+0.02=0.117m
➢ Design moment (Md)

For x-x direction(mdx-x)
Etotalx-x × p = 0.085m × 183.0412KN =15.559KNm
For y-y direction(mdy-y)
Etotaly-y × p = 0.117m × 183.0412KN =21.416KNm

➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 183.0412𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.101
𝑚𝑑 15.559𝑥10^6
sdx-x = 𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐𝑥ℎ = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.021
𝑚𝑑 21.416𝑥10^6
sdy-y = 𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐𝑥ℎ = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.030
Using Bi-axial chart No.1

ω=0.2
Total area of steel
Limiting value of the reinforcement
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*300*400 =12800mm²
𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1389.811mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
Asmin Ascal <Asmax , so provide Asmin use Ø16 for main and Ø8 for stirrup
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱 1389.811
No of bar = = = 6.9 Use 7Ø16bar
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
But this number difficult for arrangement . so use another arrangement.

4Ø16bar
Use 2Ø14bar Astotal = 1337.64mm2 ≈ 1389.811mm2
2Ø12bar
6𝑚𝑚
Diameter of tie = max {1 × 16 = 4𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒Ø6mm stirrup }
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
Spacing of ties = min { 𝑏 = 330𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 190𝑚𝑚}
300𝑚𝑚
Basement floor column(K2)
P
M
y
M
x

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
291.56 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

66 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
- 4.32 - -41273 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

19.833 4.6664
9
Check sway mode

P
M y
M x
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿21 = 𝐾𝐿11
4500𝑚𝑚
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅21 = 𝐾𝑅12
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = = 7.756𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾2
✓ Column = KC = 𝐿𝐶 =
𝐸IC 2750𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐵𝐴 = = 10.66𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾1
2000𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column BC.
Rotational stiffness at joint B and C
𝐾1+𝐾𝑐 10.66𝑋105 +7.756𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 𝛼𝐵 = 𝐾𝐿11+𝐾𝑅12 = = 2.028
𝐿 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾2+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +7.756𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 𝛼𝐶 = 𝐾𝐿21+𝐾𝑅21 = = 1.525
3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 2.028+1.525
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.776
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
❖ Braced(non sway)mode: = 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.776+0.8 = 0.845
𝐿
0.845≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Thefore, column DE is non sway and also short column.
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −19.8339
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( ) = 164.673
4.324
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −4.6664
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 4.1273 ) = 78.265

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.776+0.8 = 0.845
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.845 , LeX-X = 2.873m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.873

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 24.874
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,24.874<164.673………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.776+0.8 = 0.845
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.845 , Ley-y = 3.803m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.803

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 32.922
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,32.922<78.265…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
4.324 −19.8339
0.6𝑥 291.5666 + 0.4 291.5666 = 0.018
ee=max{ 4.324 , use 0.018 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 291.5666 = 0.006
20𝑚𝑚 2873
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 9.577, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.018+0.02=0.038m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
4.1273 −4.6664
0.6𝑥 291.5666 + 0.4 291.5666 = 0.002
ee=max{ 4.1273 , use 0.006 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 291.5666 = 0.006
20𝑚𝑚 3803
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 12.677, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.006+0.02=0.026m

➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 291.5666𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.161
𝑚𝑑 11.080𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 7.581𝑥10^6
ω=0.32
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*300*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 2223.698mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑.𝟔𝟗𝟖
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
6𝑚𝑚
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
Ground floor column(K3)
P
M
y
M
x

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
180.4 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

56 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
- 19,833 -5.344 4.664 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

20.668 9
4
Check sway mode

P
M y
M x
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿31 = 𝐾𝐿21
4500𝑚𝑚
4
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝐷𝐼) = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅31 = 𝐾𝑅21
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐷𝐸 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾4
𝐸IC 3500𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐶𝐷 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾3
3500𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column CD.
Rotational stiffness at joint C and D
𝐾3+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 𝛼𝐶 = 𝐾𝐿21+𝐾𝑅21 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.218
𝐿
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾4+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 𝛼𝐷 = = = 1.218
𝐾𝐿31+𝐾𝑅31 3,91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 1.218+1.218
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.218
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
𝐿
0.802≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −20.6684
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 19.8339 ) = 76.052
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −5.344
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 4.6664 ) = 78.630

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.218+0.8 = 0.802
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.802 , LeX-X = 2.726m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.712

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 23.602
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,23.602<76.052………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.218+0.8 = 0.802
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.802 , Ley-y = 3.609m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.609

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 31.247
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,31.091<78.63…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
19.8339 −20.6684
0.6𝑥 180.456 + 0.4 180.456 = 0.020
ee=max{ 19.8339 , use 0.044 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 180.456 = 0.044
20𝑚𝑚 2726
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 9.087 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.044+0.02=0.064m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
4.6664 −5.344
0.6𝑥 180.456 + 0.4 180.456 = 0.004
ee=max{ 4.6664 , use 0.004 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 122.6528 = 0.004
20𝑚𝑚 3609
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 12.030, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.004+0.02=0.024m

➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 180.456𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.1
𝑚𝑑 11.549𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 4.331𝑥10^6
ω=0.258
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*400*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟖𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1795.173mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟓.𝟏𝟕𝟑
No of bar = = = 8.9 Use 9 Ø16bar
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
4Ø18bar
2Ø14bar
6𝑚𝑚
Diameter of tie = max {1 × 18 = 4.5𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒Ø6mm stirrup }
4
12 × 18 = 216𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
First floor column(K4)
P
M y
M x

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
122.65 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

28 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
26.951 - - 55.344 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

9 20.668 22.820
4 5
Check sway mode

P
M y
M x
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿41 = 𝐾𝐿31
4500𝑚𝑚
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅41 = 𝐾𝑅31
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐷𝐸 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾4
✓ 𝐸IC
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐶𝐷 = 3500𝑚𝑚
= 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾3
❖ The column being considered is column DE.
Rotational stiffness at joint D and E
𝐾3+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 𝛼𝐷 = 𝐾𝐿31+𝐾𝑅31 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.218
𝐿
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾4+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +0
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸 = 𝛼𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿41+𝐾𝑅41 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 0.671
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 1.218+0.671
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.944
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
𝐿
0.771≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −26.9519
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 20.6684 ) = 51.304
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −22.8205
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( ) = 54.27
5.344

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.944+0.8 = 0.771
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.771 , LeX-X = 2.621m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.621

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 22.692
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,22.692<51.304………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.944+0.8 = 0.771
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.771 , Ley-y = 3.470m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 3.470

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 30.039
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,29.6888<54.27…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
26.9519 −20.6684
0.6𝑥 122.6528 + 0.4 122.6528 = 0.065
ee=max{ −20.6684 , use 0.067 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 122.6528 = 0.067
20𝑚𝑚 2621
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 8.737, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.067+0.02=0.087m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
5.344 −22.8205
0.6𝑥 122.6528 + 0.4 122.6528 = 0.048
ee=max{ 5.344 , use 0.048 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 122.6528 = 0.017
20𝑚𝑚 3470
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 11.567, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.048+0.02=0.068m


➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 122.6528𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.068
𝑚𝑑 10.671𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 8.340𝑥10^6
ω=0.2
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*400*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1389.811mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
As = =2779.6mm²
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟗.𝟏𝟏
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
4Ø16bar
2Ø12bar
6𝑚𝑚
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
CENTER COLUMN
Footing column(K1)
P
MY
MX

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
183.04 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

12 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
60.459 37.810 3.8232 2.4057 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H=2

4
Check sway mode

MX
MY
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
✓ Girder/Beam = IgX = 12
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
IgY = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
✓ Column = IAB = 12
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
IA0 = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑥= = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑥
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑦= = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑦
4500𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = = 10.6659𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾1
𝐸IC 2000𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐴0 = = 0 = 𝐾0
0𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column AB.
Rotational stiffness at joint A and B
𝐾1+𝐾𝑐 10.665𝑋105 +10.665𝑋105
𝐸𝐼𝑐
∑( ) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 𝛼𝐴 = 𝐾𝑥0+𝐾𝑦0 = =0
𝐿 0+0
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾0+𝐾𝑐 0+10.665𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 𝛼𝐵 = 𝐾𝑥1+𝐾𝑦1 = 5.17𝑋105+3.91𝑋105 = 1.175
𝛼𝐴+𝛼𝐵 0+1.175
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.587
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
𝐿
0.711 ≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Thefore, column AB is non sway and also short column.
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −60.4594
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 37.8107 ) = 89.975
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −3.8232
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 2.4057 ) = 89.730
For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.516+0.8 = 0.696 ≈ 0.7
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.7 , LeX-X = 2.380m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.380

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 20.606
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆, 20.606 < 89.975………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.516+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.516+0.8 = 0.696 ≈ 0.7
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.7 , LeX-X = 3.15m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.15

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 27.273
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆, 27.273 < 89.73…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
37.8107 −60.4594
0.6𝑥 226.2588 + 0.4 226.2588 = 0.007
ee=max{ 37.8107 , use 0.067 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 226.2588 = 0.067
20𝑚𝑚 2380
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 7.933, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.067+0.02=0.087m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
2.4057 −3.8232
0.6𝑥 226.2588 + 0.4 226.2588 = 0.001
ee=max{ 2.4057 , use 0.004 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 226.2588 = 0.004
20𝑚𝑚 3150
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 10.500, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.004+0.02=0.024m


➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 226.2588𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.125
𝑚𝑑 19.685𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 5.487𝑥10^6

ω=0.2
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*300*400 =12800mm²
𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1389.811mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱 1389.811
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84

4Ø16bar
2Ø12bar
6𝑚𝑚
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
Basement floor column(K2)
P
MY
MX

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
291.56 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

66 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
- 60.459 - - L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 2.75

11.823 4 5.9573 3.8232
Check sway mode

P
MX
MY
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
4
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝑥 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅21 = 𝐾𝑅12
𝐸Ig 3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑦 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿21 = 𝐾𝐿11
4500𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = = 7.756𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾2
✓ 𝐸IC
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐵𝐴 = = 10.66𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾1
2000𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column BC.
Rotational stiffness at joint B and C
𝐾1+𝐾𝑐 10.66𝑋105 +7.756𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 𝛼𝐵 = 𝐾𝐿11+𝐾𝑅12 = = 2.028
𝐿 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾2+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +7.756𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 𝛼𝐶 = 𝐾𝐿21+𝐾𝑅21 = = 1.525
3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 2.028+1.525
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.776
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
𝐿
0.845≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −11.823
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 60.4594 ) = 54.889
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −5.9573
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 3.8232 ) = 88.955

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.776+0.8 = 0.845
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.845 , LeX-X = 2.873m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.873

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 24.874
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆, 24.874 < 54.859………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.776+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.776+0.8 = 0.845
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.845 , Ley-y = 3.803m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.803

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 32.922
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆, 32.922 < 88.955…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
60.4594 −11.823
0.6𝑥 241.4619 + 0.4 241.4619 = 0.13
ee=max{ 60.4594 , use 0.13 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 241.4619 = 0.1
20𝑚𝑚 2873
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 9.577, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.13+0.02=0.15m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
3.8232 −5.9573
0.6𝑥 241.4619 + 0.4 241.4619 = 0.000
ee=max{ 3.8232 , use 0.006 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 241.4619 = 0.006
20𝑚𝑚 3803
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 12.677, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.006+0.02=0.026m


➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 241.4619𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.133
𝑚𝑑 36.219𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 6.278𝑥10^6
ω=0.32
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*300*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 2223.698mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑.𝟔𝟗𝟖
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
6𝑚𝑚
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
Ground floor column(K3)
P
MY
MX

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
180.4 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

56 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
- 11.823 -6.183 5.9573 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

12.232
4
Check sway mode

MX
MY
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑦 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿31 = 𝐾𝐿21
4500𝑚𝑚
𝐸Ig
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑥 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅31 = 𝐾𝑅21
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐷𝐸 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾4
𝐸IC 3500𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐶𝐷 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾3
3500𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column CD.
Rotational stiffness at joint C and D
𝐾3+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
𝐸𝐼𝑐
∑( ) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 𝛼𝐶 = 𝐾𝐿21+𝐾𝑅21 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.218
𝐿
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾4+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 𝛼𝐷 = 𝐾𝐿31+𝐾𝑅31 = 3,91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.218
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 1.218+1.218
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.218
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
𝐿
0.802≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −12.2324
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( ) = 75.866
11.823
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −6.183
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 5.9573 ) = 75.947
For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.218+0.8 = 0.802
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.802 , LeX-X = 2.726m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.712

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 23.602
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,23.602<75.866………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 1.218+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 1.218+0.8 = 0.802
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.802 , Ley-y = 3.609m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 3.609

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 31.247
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,31.091<75.947…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
11.823 −12.2324
0.6𝑥 269.7752 + 0.4 269.7752 = 0.008
ee=max{ 11.823 , use 0.018 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 269.7752 = 0.018
20𝑚𝑚 2726
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 9.087 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.018+0.02=0.038m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
5.9573 −6.183
0.6𝑥 269.7752 + 0.4 269.7752 = 0.004
ee=max{ 5.9573 , use 0.009 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 269.7752 = 0.009
20𝑚𝑚 3609
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 12.030, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.009+0.02=0.029m


➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 269.7752𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.149
𝑚𝑑 10.251𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 7.77𝑥10^6
ω=0.258
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*400*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟖𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1795.173mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟓.𝟏𝟕𝟑
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
4Ø18bar
2Ø14bar
6𝑚𝑚
Diameter of tie = max {1 × 18 = 4.5𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒Ø6mm stirrup }
4
12 × 18 = 216𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
First floor column(K4)
P
MY
MX

m m direc(m) (m)
Y
direc(m)
122.65 M1(K M2(K M1(K M2(K 0.33x0.4 0.33x04 0.4x0.4

28 N-M) N-M) N-M) N-M)
1.8784 12.232 0.1157 6.183 L = 3.4 L = 4.5 H = 3.5

4
Check sway mode

P
MX
MY
Moment of inertia
330 𝑥 4003
= 17.6X108mm4
330 𝑥 4003
Ig LEFT = = 17.6X108mm4
12
400 𝑥 4003
= 21.33X108mm4
400 𝑥 4003
ICD = = 21.33X108mm4
12
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋10^8𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = = 3.91𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿41 = 𝐾𝐿31
4500𝑚𝑚
✓ Girder/Beam = Kg =
𝐸Ig
𝐿𝑔
=
𝐸 𝑥 17.6𝑋108𝑚𝑚
4
𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 5.17𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅41 = 𝐾𝑅31
3400𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐷𝐸 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾4
𝐸IC 3500𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑥 21.33𝑋108 𝑚𝑚^4
𝐾𝐶𝐷 = = 6.09𝑋105 𝐸 = 𝐾3
3500𝑚𝑚
❖ The column being considered is column DE.
Rotational stiffness at joint D and E
𝐾3+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +6.09𝑋105
∑(
𝐸𝐼𝑐
) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 𝛼𝐷 = 𝐾𝐿31+𝐾𝑅31 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 1.218
𝐿
𝛼= 𝛼𝑓𝐼𝑔 , 𝐾4+𝐾𝑐 6.09𝑋105 +0
∑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸 = 𝛼𝐸 = 𝐾𝐿41+𝐾𝑅41 = 3.91𝑋105 +5.17𝑋105 = 0.671
𝛼𝐷+𝛼𝐸 1.218+0.671
➢ 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.944
2 2
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
𝐿
0.771≥0.7………………………..OK!!
Forx-x direction
𝑚1 −1.8784
𝜆𝑥 − 𝑥 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( 12.2324 ) = 53.839
Fory-y direction
𝑚1 −0.1157
𝜆𝑦 − 𝑦 ≤ 50-25(𝑚2) = 50-25( ) = 50.468
6.183

For X-X direction
𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.944+0.8 = 0.771
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 3.4𝑚 = 0.771 , LeX-X = 2.621m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 2.621

𝜆𝑥_𝑥 = , i= = = 0.115, = = 22.692
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
x-x< 𝜆,22.692<53.839………………...short column
For y-y direction

𝐿𝐸 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.4 0.944+0.4
= 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛+0.8 ≥ 0.7 = 0.944+0.8 = 0.771
𝐿
𝐿𝐸 𝐿𝐸
= 0.762 = 4.5𝑚 = 0.771 , Ley-y = 3.470m
𝐿
𝐿𝐸𝑦_𝑦 ℎ 0.4 𝐿𝐸𝑥_𝑥 3.470

𝜆𝑦_𝑦 = , i= = = 0.1155, = = 30.039
𝑖 √12 √12 𝑖 0.1155
y-y< 𝜆,29.6888<50.468…………………..short column
For X-X direction.
( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
12.2324 −1.8784
0.6𝑥 114.7598 + 0.4 114.7598 = 0.057
ee=max{ 12.2324 , use 0.057 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 114.7598 = 0.043
20𝑚𝑚 2621
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑥−𝑥 = 300 = 8.737, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.057+0.02=0.077m
For Y-Y direction

( ) =( ) +( )+ ( ) but =0
0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 𝑚1 𝑚2
6.183 −0.1157
0.6𝑥 114.7598 + 0.4 114.7598 = 0.032
ee=max{ 6.183 , use 0.032 𝑚 }
0.4𝑥 114.7598 = 0.022
20𝑚𝑚 3470
ee=max{𝐿𝑒𝑦−𝑦 = 300 = 11.567, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 20𝑚𝑚}
300
=0.032+0.02=0.042m

Etotalx-x × p = 0.077m × 114.7598KN = 8.837KNm
Etotaly-y × p = 0.042m × 114.7598KN = 4.768KNm
➢ reinforcement
, h´=25+8+16/2 =41 ,h =400mm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 114.7598𝑥10^3
Vsd =𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝐴𝑐 = 11.33 𝑥400𝑥400 = 0.063
𝑚𝑑 8.83𝑥10^6
𝑚𝑑 4.768𝑥10^6
ω=0.2
Total area of steel
Asmin = 0.008Ac = 0.008*400*400 =1280mm²
Asmax = 0.08Ac = 0.08*400*400 =12800mm²

𝛚 𝐱 𝐟𝐜𝐝 𝐱𝐀𝐜 𝟎.𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟑 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Ascal= = = 1389.811mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
As = =2779.6mm²
𝟒 𝐱 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒 𝐱𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟗.𝟏𝟏
𝜋𝑑^2 803.84
4Ø16bar
2Ø12bar
6𝑚𝑚
4
12 × 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
Shear reinforcement for columns
The main functions of lateral or transverse reinforcements is to hold longitudinal bars in

position and prevent them from bucking outwards and also it helps in resistance of shear force.
According to EBCS-2, 1995 the diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6mm or one
fourth of the diameter of the longitudinal bars whichever is greater.
The center to center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed
12 times the minimum diameter of long bars
Least dimension of columns or
300mm, but it is better if the spacing is a multiple of 25 from construction point of
view
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete shear resistance of a section
Vrd, given below shall not be less than the applied force Vsd.
Vrd = 0.25 fcd bw d
For members subjected to significant axial compression According to EBCS-2/1995 Section
4.5.3.2:
𝑉𝑐=0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐𝑛 fctd = fctk/1.25 ; fctk = 0.21*(fck)^2/3

Where: 𝐾1=1+50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 , 𝜌=𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑑 fctd = 1.165
𝐾2 = 1.6−𝑑 ≥ 1 , 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑏𝑑
Vcn = 0.1𝐴𝑐 Nsd
Table shear reinforcement for representative column
Story D B K1 K2 fcd Nsd Vsd Vcn Vrd Vc

Foundation 350 400 1.4 1.2 13.6 259.88 47.09 22.73 476 91.23
Basement 400 330 1.4 1.2 13.6 191.56 38.76 15.84 451.1 80.43
Ground 400 330 1.4 1.2 13.6 180.46 69.43 14.88 451.1 79.47
1st floor 400 330 1.4 1.2 13.6 122.65 88.32 10.12 451.1 74.71
As it is seen from the above table Vrd >Vd for all columns. Therefore, no need of increasing
the cross-section.
As it is shown in the above table Vc>Vsd ; there for provide minimum area of reinforcement
The diameter of ties shall not be less than 6mm or one quarter of diameter of longitudinal
reinforcement
6mm
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≥ [ ]
( ¼) × 20 = 5mm
Use ∅ 6 bars for lateral reinforcement
The center to center spacing of the lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:
12 ∗ ∅minof lontidunal bars = 12 ∗ 20 = 240mm

{ least dimension of column (bmin) = 330mm }
300mm
Thus the provide ∅8 C/C 240mm. from footing to 1st floor

Lap length determination
For deformed bars, the design bond length is twice the value for plain bars.
i.e. fbd = 2fctd ------------- EBCS-2,1995 Art 7.1.5.1
fctd =1.165N/mm2 ; fbd=2*1.165=2.33N/mm2
The basic anchorage length lb for a bar of diameter, Ф is Lb= Ф/4 * fyd/fbd-----EBCS-2, 1995
Art 7.1.6.1
For Ф 20 Lb=20/4*260.87/2.33= 559mm
CHAPTER EIGHT
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Foundation
A foundation, often constructed from concrete, steel or wood, is a structure design to transfers
load from a supper structure to the soil underneath the supper structure. It always constructed
below the ground level so as to increase the lateral stability of the structure.
In general, foundations are categorized into two groups, namely, shallow and deep foundation.
Shallow foundation: are provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure, near the
ground level to distribute the structural loads over a considerable base area at the foundation
bed.
Shallow foundation further classified into the following type:
a) Spread or isolated footing
b) Combined footing
c) Cantilever footing
d) Continuous or wall footing
e) Raft or mat foundation.
Selection of footing type: foundation footing for structure is selected depending on the
following
criteria.
✓ Function of the structure
✓ Load it must carry
✓ Subsurface condition
Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost of the super structure.
For our purpose we select a square isolated footing for simplicity of analysis and use
rectangular
combined footing if the bearing failure mode of the two square footing overlaps.
Grouping of footings according to their load to support
Using sap analysis output we group our footing based on their axial load.
We follow the usual approach to design a shallow foundation design, Study the allowable
bearing strength of the soil, determine the minimum required foundation depth, Compute the
dimensions of the foundation based on the given loading and allowable bearing pressure.
Minimum depth requirement –As per EBCS-7: the minimum depth of footing should be
50cm.
We considered two load combinations to design foundation
For proportioning Serviceability limit state - Comb-1 (DL+LL).
For structural design maximum load combination – Envelope
Given SPT Data & corrected SPT in the form of table
Depth,Z(m) ₀’=Zγ CN N60 (N1)60

3 42 1.408451 20 28.16901
5 70 1.176471 19 22.35294
7.1 99.4 1.003009 25 25.07523
9 126 0.884956 24 21.23894
13 182 0.70922 28 19.85816
Depth,Z(m) ₀’=Zγ CN N60 (N1)60

3.5 49 1.342282 29 38.92617
5.5 77 1.129944 39 44.0678
8.3 116.2 0.925069 34 31.45236
11.6 162.4 0.762195 24 18.29268
14.7 205.8 0.654022 26 17.00458
17.75 248.5 0.573888 28 16.06887
19.5 273 0.536193 25 13.40483
Know we take weighted average i.e wt. ave.=∑(Ni)60*zi/∑zi

For the first data wt. ave.=28*3+22*5 +….+20*13/(3+5+….+13)
=22.1159 =22
For the second data wt .ave=39*3.5+44*5.5+…..+13*19.5/ (3.9+5.5+….+19.5)
=20.2882 =20
Therefore (N1)60 ave. =22 is govern
Know qall =12.5*(N1)60 ave =12.5*22 =275kn/m2 =275kpa
Allowable bearing capacity of the soil 275kpa
At the center
P = 226.2588KN Mx= 60.4594KNm, My=3.8232KNm
Square footing: L= 1.1B
Material:
C-30
S-300
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
Area proportioning
depth of footing
Design constant
C-30
fcu= 30 Mpa fck= fcu/1.25=30/1.25=24Mpa
fcd= 0.85*fck/1.5= 13.6 Mpa fctk= 0.21*fck2/3= 1.747Mpa
fctd= fctk/1.5= 1.196
S- 300
fyk= 300Mpa fyd= fyk/1.15= 260.87Mpa
Determine the total axial load since footing load and over burden pressure 10% of axial load
(pd)
Total axial load (Pt) = Pd+0.1*pd = 226.3+0.1*226.3 = 248.93KN
Calculate the eccentricity along both axis
ex = my/p=3.82/248.93=0.015
ey =mx/p=-60.46/248.93=-0.0243
calculate stress distribution
δmax/min= P/A(1 + 6ex/L + 6ey/B) δ1= P/A (1 - 6ex/L + 6ey/B) δ2= P/A(1 + 6ex/L + 6ey/B)
δ3= P/A(1 - 6ex/L - 6ey/B) δ4= P/A(1 + 6ex/L - 6ey/B)
δmax= P/A(1 +6ex/L - 6ey/B)
Given that L=1.1B & δmax =δall
248.93/1.1B2(1+ 6*(0.015)/1.1B - 6*(-0.0243)/B) = 275……… rearrange the equation
302.5B2 =248.93B +419.65
B =1.36m………using trial and error
B= 1.36m ≈ 1.4m and L=1.1*1.4m=1.54m ≈1.6m
Dimension of footing become LXB = 1.6x1.4
Stress distribution along each corner becomes:
δ1= 248.93/1.4*1.6(1 – 6*(-0.015)/1.6+ 6*(-0.0243)/1.4) =105.81KN/m2
δ2= 248.93/1.4*1.6(1 + 6*(-0.015)/1.6+ 6*(-0.0243)/1.4) = 93.30KN/m2
δ3=248.93/1.4*1.6(1 - 6e*(-0.015)/1.6– 6*(-0.0243)/1.4) = 128.96 KN/m2
δ4= 248.93/1.4*1.6(1 + 6e*(-0.015)/1.6 – 6*(- 0.0243)/1.4) =116.45 KN/m2
δmax=128.96KN/m2
δmin=93.30KN/m2
δall= 275 KN/m2
Check δmax= 128.96 KN/m2 <δall = 275 KN/m2.. …..safe δmin= 93.30 KN/m2 >0…….
ok
L=1.6m
Calculation of depth for footing
Since the stress distribution at each corner of footing is vary take the average value for depth
calculation:
δavg= (105.81+93.30+128.96+116.45)/4 = 111.13 KN/m2
Wide beam shear requirement
Along width
The critical section is at d distance from the face of the column
Wide beam shear resistance (VRD)= 0.25*fctd*k1k2*B*d
Wide beam shear developed (VWD)=δavg*Aw , but Aw = (( L-C)/2 –d)*B
VRD = 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085*1(1.6-d)*1.4*d
= 726.69d – 454.18d2...........eq 1
VWD = 111.13*((1.6-0.4)/2 – d)*1.4= 93.35 – 155.58*d…………… eq 2
Equating eq 1and 2:
726.69d – 454.18d2= 93.35 – 155.58*d
d2-1.943d+0.21 = 0…………………..using trial and error d=0.15 ≈ 0.2m
Along length
VRD = 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085*(1.6-d)*1.6*d
= 830.5d – 519.1d2...........eq 1
VWD = 111.13*((1.6-0.2)/2 – d)*1.6
= 124.5- 177.81*d…………… eq 2
B=1.4
Equating eq 1and2,
830.5d – 519.1d2= 124.5- 177.81*d =d2- 1.943d+0.24 = 0………..using trial and error
d= 0.17 ≈0.2m
Now compare the depth at width and length respectively @ width = 0.2m, d @ length=
0.2m
Take governing d=0.2m since its minimum, take d= 0.4
Punching shear requirement
The critical section occurs at 1.5d distance from the face of column
Check for d = 0.4m
Perimeter of punching (u) = (2*(3*0.4+c) + 2*(3*0.4+c)) = (2*(3*0.4+0.3) + 2*(3*0.4+0.4))=

6.2m
A= ((3d+c) *(3d+c)) = ((3*0.4+0.3) *(3*0.4+0.4)) = 2.4m2
Punching shear requirement (VPR) = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*u*d
Punching shear requirement (VRD) = Pt- δavg * Ap
VPR= 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085*(1.6-0.4)*6.2*0.4 =965.46KN
VRD= 248.93 – 111.13*2.4=330.73KN
Since VRD(330.73) < VPR(965.46)……………0k
Now use Ø16, CC= 50mm D=0.4 + 16/2 * 0.001+ 0.05 = 0.458 ≈ 0.5
D=500, dnew= 500-8-50= 442mm Take d=442mm for structural design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Reinforcement calculation: however the footing is square but the column face in two
Perpendicular direction is different. So it is necessary to calculate the moment in each
direction.
Md1-1= 0.125*δavg*(L-0.4)2 *B=0.125*111.13*(1.6-0.4)2* 1.4=28.0KN m
Md2-2 = 0.125*δavg *(B-0.3)2 *L=0.125*111.13*(1.4-0.3)2* 1.6 = 26.89KN
Reinforcement in width direction (B)
As1-1=Md1-1 /fyd*ɣ*d t, ɣ=0.5*(1+(1-2x)1/2) ,
X= Md1-1/fcd*Bd2=(28*106 )/13.6*1400*4422
X=0.01
ɣ = 0.5*(1+(1-2(0.01))1/2)=0.75
As1-1=(28*106 )/260.87*0.75*442= 323.8mm2
Asmin= min*Bd=(0.5/300)*1400*442 =1031.33mm2
Provide, As1-1= Asmin =1031.33mm2 use Ø 16mm, as=200.96mm2
no bars= As/as= 1031.33/200.96= 5.312 ≈ 6 bars
Spacing =L-2cc/n-1 =(1600-2*50)/(6-1)= 300mm
Reinforcement in length direction (L)
Reinforcement in the width provide on lower side
Reinforcement in the length provide on upper side
Therefore d2=d1- 16mm = 442 -16 = 426mm
As2-2=Md1-1 /fyd*ɣ*d t, ɣ=0.5*(1+(1-2x)1/2) ,
X= Md2-2/fcd*Bd2=(26.89*106)/13.6*1400*4262
X=0.01
ɣ = 0.5*(1+(1-2(0.01))1/2)=0.75
A2-2=(26.89*106 )/260.87*0.75*426= 322.62mm2
Asmin= min*Bd=(0.5/300)*1400*426 =994mm2
Provide, Asuse= Asmin =994mm2 use Ø 16mm, ; as=200.96mm2 ; use Ø 14mm
no bars= As/as= 994/153.86= 6.46 ≈ 7 bars
Spacing = 800/6= 133
2d
Smax min 𝑜𝑓 [350 ]
130
Smax=130
Development length
The reinforcement bar must extend a sufficient distance into a concrete to develop proper
anchorage this distance is called development length.
Section 1-1
Basic anchorage length (Lb) == Ø*fyd/4*(2fctd) = 16*260.87/(4*2*1.196) = 436.24mm
Required anchorage length (Lb net)
(Lb net)= a* Lb*(As calculated/As provided)= 1*436.24*(1031.33/6*200.96)=373.mm ≈
375mm
Section 2-2
(Lb net)= a* Lb*(As calculated/As provided)= 1*436.24*(994/8*153.86)=352.28mm ≈
353mm
Minimum anchorage length Lbmin=200
Lb net 1-1= 375mm > 200mm…… ok
Lb net 1-1= 353mm > 200mm………ok
But both Lb net 1-1 and Lb net 1-1 >d take d for anchorage
Length of reinforcement
Section 1-1
L=(B-2*cc)+2*( D-2*cc) =(1400-2*50)+2*(500-2*50) =2300mm
Section 2-2
L=(B-2*cc)+2*( D-2*cc) =(1400-2*50)+2*(500-2*50) =2500mm
Detailing
Figure Footing detailing
At the corner
P=183.0412KN , Mx=4.3247KNm , My=4.1273KNm
Qall=bearing capacity of soil = 275 KN/m2 from SPT DATA Calculated above
Square footing: L= 1.1B
Material:
C-30
S-300
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
area proportioning
depth of footing
Design constant
C-30
fcu= 30 mpa fck= fcu/1.25=30/1.25=24mpa
fcd= 0.85*fck/1.5= 13.6mpa fctk= 0.21*fck2/3= 1.747mpa
fctd= fctk/1.5= 1.165 S-300 fyk= 300mpa fyd= fyk/1.15= 260.87mpa
Determine the total axial load since footing load and over burden pressure 10% of axial load
(pd)
Total axial load (Pt) = Pd+0.1*pd = 183.0412+0.1*183.0412 = 201.35KN
Calculate the eccentricity along both axis ey= mx/pt= 4.3247/201.35
= 0.021 ex= my/pt= -4.1273/201.35 = - 0.021
Calculate stress distribution
δmax/min= P/A(1 + 6ex/L + 6ey/B) δ1= P/A (1 - 6ex/L + 6ey/B) δ2= P/A(1 + 6ex/L + 6ey/B)
δ3= P/A(1 6ex/L - 6ey/B) δ4= P/A(1 + 6ex/L - 6ey/B)
δmax= P/A(1 - 6ex/L - 6ey/B)
Given that L=1.1B and δmax=δall
A= LXB =1.1B2
δmax =δall
201.35/1.1B2(1- 6*(-0.021)/1.1B - 6*(-0.021)/B) = 275……… rearrange the equation
=B2- 1.6656B- 0.26………using trial and error
B= 1.2m and L=1.1*1.2m=1.36m ≈1.4m
Dimension of footing become LXB = 1.4x1.2
Stress distribution along each corner becomes:
δ1= 201.35/1.2*1.4(1 – 6*(-0.021)/1.4+ 6*(-0.021)/1.2) =118.1 KN/m2
δ2= 201.35/1.2*1.4(1 + 6*(-0.021)/1.4+ 6*(-0.021)/1.2) = 96.48KN/m2
δ3= 201.35/1.2*1.4(1 - 6*(-0.021)/1.4– 6*(-0.021)/1.2) = 143.22KN/m2
δ4= 201.35/1.2*1.4(1 + 6e*(-0.021)/1.4 – 6*(- 0.021)/1.2) =121.65 KN/m2
δmax=143.22KN/m2 & δmin=96.48KN/m2
δall= 275 KN/m2
Check δmax= 143.22 kn/m2 <δall = 275KN/m2 …….. safe δmin= 96.48KN/m2 >0……. ok
L=1.4m
Calculation of depth for footing
Since the stress distribution at each corner of footing is vary take the average value for depth
calculation:
δavg= (118.1+96.48+143.22+121.65)/4 = 119.86KN/m2
Wide beam shear requirement
Along width
The critical section is at d distance from the face of the column
Wide beam shear resistance (VRD)= 0.25*fctd*k1k2*B*d
Wide beam shear developed (VWD)=δavg*Aw , but Aw = (( L-C)/2 –d)*B
VRD = 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085(1.6-d)*1.2*d = 622.88d – 389.30d2...........eq 1
VWD = 119.86*((1.4-0.4)/2 – d)*1.2 = 71.92 – 143.83*d…………… eq 2
Equating eq 1and 2:
622.88d – 389.30d2= 71.92 – 143.83*d = d2-2.25d+0.46 = 0…………………..using trial and
error d=0.175 ≈ 0.2m
Along length
VRD = 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085*(1.6-d)*1.4*d = 726.69d – 454.18d2...........eq 1
VWD = 119.86*((1.4-0.3)/2 – d)*1.4 = 92.29- 167.8*d…………… eq 2
B=1.2
Equating eq 1and2,
726.69d – 454.18d2= 92.29- 167.8*d = d2- 2.26d+0.42 = 0………..using trial and error
d= 0.156 ≈0.2m
Now compare the depth at width and length respectively @ width = 0.2m, d @ length= 0.2m
Take governing d=0.2m since its minimum, take d= 0.4
Punching shear requirement
The critical section occurs at 1.5d distance from the face of column
Check for d = 0.4m
Perimeter of punching (u) = (2*(3*0.4+c) + 2*(3*0.4+c)) = (2*(3*0.4+0.3) + 2*(3*0.4+0.4)) =
6.2m
A= ((3d+c) *(3d+c)) = ((3*0.4+0.3) *(3*0.4+0.4)) = 2.4m2
Punching shear requirement (VPR) = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*u*d
Punching shear requirement (VRD) = Pt- δavg * Ap
VPR= 0.25*1.196*1000*1.085*(1.6-0.4)*6.2*0.4 =965.46KN
VRD= 201.35 – 119.86*2.4=195.58KN
Since VRD(195.58) < VPR(965.46)……………0k
Now use Ø16, CC= 50mm D=0.4 + 16/2 * 0.001+ 0.05 = 0.458 ≈ 0.5
D=500, dnew= 500-8-50= 442mm
Take d=442mm for structural design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Reinforcement calculation: however the footing is square but the column face in two
perpendicular direction is different. So it is necessary to calculate the moment in each
direction.
Md1-1= 0.125*δavg*(L-0.4)2 *B =0.125*119.86*(1.4-0.4)2 * 1.2=17.98KN m
Md2-2 = 0.125*δavg *(B-0.3)2 *L=0.125*119.86*(1.2-0.3)2 * 1.4= 16.99KN m
Reinforcement in width direction (B)
As1-1=Md1-1 /fyd*ɣ*d t, ɣ=0.5*(1+(1-2x)1/2) , X= Md1-1/fcd*Bd2=(17.98*106
)/13.6*1200*4422
X=0.0056
ɣ = 0.5*(1+(1-2(0.0056))1/2)=0.50
As1-1=(17.98*106 )/260.87*0.50*442= 311.87mm2
Asmin= min*Bd=(0.5/300)*1200*442 =884mm2
Provide, As1-1= Asmin =884mm2 use Ø 16mm, as=200.96mm2
no bars= As/as= 884/200.96= 4.4 ≈ 5 bars
Spacing = L-2cc/(n-1) =(1400-2*50)/(5-1) = 325mm
Reinforcement in length direction (L)
Reinforcement in the width provide on lower side
Reinforcement in the length provide on upper side
Therefore d2=d1- 16mm = 442 -16 = 426mm
As2-2=Md1-1 /fyd*ɣ*d t, ɣ=0.5*(1+(1-2x)1/2) , X= Md2-2/fcd*Bd2=(16.99*106
)/13.6*1200*4262
X=0.057
ɣ = 0.5*(1+(1-2(0.0057))1/2)=0.50
A2-2=(16.99*106 )/260.87*0.50*426= 305.77mm2
Asmin= ƍmin*Bd=(0.5/300)*1200*426 =852mm2
Provide, Asuse= Asmin =852mm2 use Ø 16mm, as=200.96mm2
use Ø 14mm
no bars= As/as= 852/153.93= 5.53 ≈ 6bars
Spacing = 800/6= 133
Smax 2d
350 take Smax=130
130
Development length
The reinforcement bar must extend a sufficient distance into a concrete to develop proper
anchorage this distance is called development length.
Section 1-1
385mm
Section 2-2
Basic anchorage length (Lb) == Ø*fyd/4*(2fctd) = 16*260.87/(4*2*1.196) =436.24 mm
403mm
Minimum anchorage length Lbmin=200
Lb net 1-1= 385mm > 200mm…… ok
Lb net 2-2= 403mm > 200mm………ok
But both Lb net 1-1 and Lb net 1-1 >d take d for anchorage
Length of reinforcement
Section 1-1
L=(B-2*cc)+2*( D-2*cc) =(1200-2*50)+2*(500-2*50) =1900mm
Section 2-2
L=(B-2*cc)+2*( D-2*cc) =(1400-2*50)+2*(500-2*50) =2100mm
Analysis and design of retaining wall

Retaining wall is defined as a structure whose primary purpose is to provide lateral support for
soil or rock. In some cases, the retaining wall may also support vertical loads in certain types of
bridge abutment. The most common type of walls includes:
Gravity, Semi gravity, Cantilever and Anchored
In our case we use Cantilever walls of reinforced concrete which are common in urban areas
because they are less susceptible to vandalism &often do not require select backfill.
They are also used widely for basement walls and similar in buildings.
The forces acting in:
1. Active earth pressure, which is exerted on the backside of the wall
2. Passive earth pressure, which acts on the front of the retaining wall footing and
3. Bearing pressure, which acts on the bottom of the retaining wall footing
proportioning of retaining walls
In designing retaining walls, an engineer must assume some of their dimensions, which allow
the engineer to check trial sections of the walls for stability.
Note -The top of stem of any retaining walls should not be less than 0.3m
-The depth, D, to the bottom of the base slab should be a minimum of 0.6m.
Assumptions- GWT is well below foundation; unit weight of concrete is 25kN/m3
Force we consider
1. Earth pressure; - Active and passive
2. Dead weight; - weight of the wall & portion of soil mass
3. Surcharge; - Live load of on back fill & Live load of parking on basement
4. Contact pressure under the base
Loading
Assumption; - β=0
𝛾t=20 kN/m2
ϕ’=33
𝛾c=25 kN/m3
δ = 2/3ϕ’=22 ; α=90° wall inclined
From EBCS-1 live load of cinema =3kN/m2
Adding slab and hard core self-weight with LL let us take 10kN/m as surcharge load.
Loads calculation
W1 = 5.1*0.3*25 = 38.25
W2 = ½*5.1*0.2*25 = 12.75
W3 = 0.5*3*25 = 37.5
W4 = ½*5.1*0.2*25 = 12.75
W5 = 5.1*1.5*25 = 191.25
W6 = 1*1*25 = 25
VHCB = 5.6*0.3*14 = 23.52
Calculation of lateral earth pressure

To calculate the lateral earth pressure, first find active and passive pressure coefficient by using
Coulomb’s theory which takes wall friction into consideration
δ= 1/2 𝛾𝑡h2ka
Ka = 0.314
Kp = 1/ka = 1/0.314 = 3.1847
Fig. Lateral earth pressure on retaining wall

Pa1 = ½*Ka*𝛾1*H12 = ½*0.314*20*5.62 = 98.47 KN
Pa2 = Ka*q*h = 0.314*10*5.6 = 17.58 KN
PP1 = 1/2*KP𝛾1h2 = ½*3.18*20*1.5 = 71.5 KN
PP2 = KPqh2 = 3.18*10*1.52 = 71.5 KN
Table 8.1 moment about the toe
Item Force(KN) Moment arm from Moment about the

the toe(m) toe(m) (Fi*Mi)
W1 38.25 1.15 43.98
W2 12.75 1.36 17.34
W3 37.5 1.5 56.25
W4 12.75 1.43 18.23
W5 191.25 2.25 430.31
W6 25 0.5 -12.5
Pa1 98.47 1.6 -157.55
Pa2 17.58 2.4 -42.19
PP1 71.5 0.5 35.75
PP2 71.5 0.75 53.62
Vhcb 23.52 1.15 27.05
∈ 𝑘v = 341.02 ∈ 𝑘 h = 26.95 ∈ 𝑣𝑚 = 580.66 ∈ ℎ𝑚 =

110.37
stablity analysis
Stability against over turning :

The minimum factors of safety for the stability of the wall are:
Factor of safety against sliding =1.5
Factor of safety against overturning = 2.0
Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure = 3.0
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 580.66
FS =𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (ΣMR /Mo) = 110.37 = 5.26 ≥ 2
Stability against sliding

𝑭𝑹 𝑭𝒇+𝑷𝒑 𝝁𝑵+𝑪𝒂𝑩
Fs = 𝑭𝑶 = 𝑷𝒂−𝑷𝒑 = 𝑷𝒂−𝑷𝒃
Note: - Ca=0 ( the soil is cohesion less)

Fs =μtanδ/Pa-Pp
341.02 tan 22
Fs = = 5.1 ≥ 1.5 ,,,,,,,ok!
26.95
Stability against bearing capacity

∈𝑃𝑣 6𝑒
δmax = ∗ (1 ± ) , but ex = B/2 – e
𝐵 𝐵
∈𝑀𝑟 ∈𝑀𝑟− ∈𝑀𝑜 580.66−110.37
Then e = = = = 1.37
∈𝑉 ∈𝑉 341.02
𝐵 3
ex = 2 – e = – 1.37 = 0.13
2
341.02 0.13
δmax = ∗ (1 + 6 ∗ )
3 3
275𝐾𝑁
= 143.23KN/m < 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( ) 𝑡𝑜𝑒 … 𝑜𝑘!
𝑚
341.02 0.13
δmin = ∗ (1 − 6 ∗ )
3 3
= 84.1KN/m > 0 (ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙) ….ok!
structural design of retaining wall using EBCS

Design of the stem
The stem is design as cantilever for the active earth pressure loading. The thickness of the stem
should be checked for shear. Reinforcement should be provided using bending moment at
different levels. The reinforcement bars for bending moments in the stem back require 70mm
clear cover, on the front face requiring a clear cover of 50mm.
Section A-A
Figure 8.3 section of stem

0.314∗20∗2.55^3
∈ 𝑀𝐴 = 0.314*10*0.52 + 6
= 18.13KN.m
Section B-B
Figure 8.4 sectional view of stem

𝐾𝑎∗𝛾∗ℎ2 ℎ2 0.314∗20∗5.1^2 0.314∗10∗5.1^2
Mb = + 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝑞 ∗ = + = 68.05KN.m
6 2 6 2
Design of constant
C-30, S-300 𝑀=18.13

Design @sec-A
d= 350mm Assume ϕ=12, C/C= 75
d=350-75-12/2 =269mm
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
M = 0.8∗𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 23.8 ; c1= 2.5/M = 0.10503 c2 = 0.32*fcd*M2 = 2483.27
0.8∗13.7
4 ∗ 𝑀𝑑
𝜌 = 1/2(𝑐1 − √𝑐12 − )
𝐶2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
Take 𝜌min= 0.5/fyk = 0.001667 ……since 𝜌 < 𝜌min
Depth for flexure ;
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑≤[√0.8∗103∗𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥(1−0.4∗0.441)] ,
18.13∗10^6
𝑑≤(√0.8∗103∗13.67∗0.441(1−0.4∗0.441) = 67.56𝑚𝑚
hence 269>75.2….ok!
1 4∗18.13∗10^6
𝜌= ⌊𝑐1 − √𝑐12 − 2483.37∗2692 ∗1000⌋= 0.00105 𝜌 < 𝜌 min(0.001667) so that use
2
𝜌 min = 0,00167
𝐴𝑠𝑡=𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛∗𝑏∗𝑑=0.001667∗10³∗269=449.23𝑚𝑚²
Use, Ø12. as=113mm^2
No of bars, n=𝐴𝑠/𝑎𝑠= 449.23/113=3.97≅4
Spacing s=(113∗10³/449.23)=251.7𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 4 Ø 12 c/c 250mm
Design @sec-B
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑≤[√0.8∗103∗𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥(1−0.4∗0.441)
68.05∗10^6
𝑑≤(√0.8∗103∗13.67∗0.441(1−0.4∗0.441) = 130.89mm
Hence 269mm > 130.89𝑚𝑚 … . .0𝑘!
1 4∗68.05∗10^6
𝜌= ⌊𝑐1 − √𝑐12 − 2483.37∗2692 ∗1000⌋= 0.00382 0.00382> 𝜌min (0.001667)
2
Know use 𝜌 = 0.00382

𝐴𝑠𝑡=𝜌∗𝑏∗𝑑=0.00382∗10³∗269=1027.58𝑚𝑚²
Use, Ø12. as=113mm^2
No of bars, n=𝐴𝑠/𝑎𝑠= 1027.58/113=9.10≅10
Spacing s=(113∗10³/1027.58)=109.96𝑚𝑚

design of hill
The heel has designed as cantilever, it subjected to upward and down ward forces. However,
the net pressure is usually acting down ward. Its depth should be checked for shear and
reinforcement should be presided using the bending moment at critical section.
The heel is treated like continuous
fig. section of heel
Ma = 84.1*1.52/2 +29.9*0.5*1.5*1.5/3 - 153*1.5/2-18.8*1.5/2-0.5*1.5*25*1.5/2
Ma = 37.2KN.m
Va = 84.1*1.5+29.9*1.5/2-(153+18.8+0.5*1.5*25)= 42.0KN
8.4 design of toe
In design of the toe the weight of the soil acting on it usually neglected. The net load acting on
it the upward contact pressure and it designed to this load as cantilever. The thickness again
cheeked for shear and reinforcement provided using moment at critical sections.
The toe is treated like cantilever
Fig. 8.4 section of toe
Mb = 113.6*1/2 +29.6*0.5*1*2/3-(20*1/2 +10*1/2+0.5*1*25*1/2)
= 45.5KN.m
Va = 113.6*1 + 29.6*1/2 – (20-10-0.5*1*25)
= 85.9KN
Reinforcement Design
For heel Ma = 37.2KN.m d= 475 – 75 -12/2 = 319mm
(37.2∗106 )
d≥ √(0.8∗103∗13.6∗0.441(1−0.4∗0.441)) = 97.02mm
𝑑 ≥ =97.02𝑚𝑚
319mm > 97.02mm……..ok
1 4∗37.2∗10^6
𝜌=2[0.10503−√(0.105032 − 2483.27∗1000∗269^2)]=0.00105 𝜌<𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑡=𝜌min𝑏𝑑= 0.00167*1000*319 = 532.73mm2
113∗1000
Spacing s= =212.11𝑚𝑚
532.73
Reinforcement for Toe
MA= 45.5KNm, d=319
45.5∗10^6
𝑑≥[√0.8∗103∗13.67∗0.441(1−0.4∗0.441)]=107.03𝑚𝑚
319mm > 107mm……..ok
1 4∗45.5∗10^6
𝜌=2[0.10503 − √(0.10503)2 − 2483.37∗1000∗319^2]=0.00182
𝜌>𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛……so use 𝜌=0.00182
𝐴𝑠𝑡=𝜌𝑏𝑑= 0.00182*1000*319 = 580.68mm2
113∗1000
Spacing s= = 194.6𝑚𝑚
580.68

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1. Back ground of the project

1.3.Objective of the project

The design follows the following steps.

ST50 with 3mm thickens for horizontals member.

Category Flat roof 0.5KN/m2 1KN

So uniform live load=0.25KN/m2 and concentrated live load=1KN

ΣMR2=R1*0.85 – (0.0494KN/m*0.85*0.425) = R2=R1=0.021KN

Table, Analysis of roof and load on purlin

Critical combination for reaction is combination1-B R =0.191KN

Analysis of Lattice purlin

Table 2: analysis of purlin for different load combinations

Here, d = h-2*t =50-2*3 =44mm

0.8486 KN /36.7KN = 0.023< 0.5................................... ok !

Check pure bending resistance moment

Msd<MRd, where Msd, is maximum bending design moment which is 0.412KN-m

MRd, is the design bending resistance given by

Mc,Rd=Wpl*fy/𝛾mo for class 1&2 sections

M Rd = ( (9.39) ∗ 10 − 3) ∗ 235 ∗ 103⁄1.0=2.3475 KN/m > Msd =0.412KN/………OK!

Check for deflection

Conditions Limits 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛿2

So we denote the angles as β.

figure 4. 1 roof zoning when =0

e=b or 2h whichever is smaller

Area(m2) 7.744 15.664 124.678 607.099

Wind Load (on Duo pitch roofs)

Recommended Cpe value; for=15

Area(m2) 7.744 15.664 124.678 607.099

Cpe -1.4 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5

F. Internal wind pressure coefficient, Cpi

Therefore Cpi = -0.05

ST50 with 3mm thickens for horizontals member.

Category Flat roof 0.5KN/m2 1KN

SO uniform live load=0.25KN/m2 and concentrated live load=1KN

truss member force result from etabs out put

Check for adequacy of truss members

SOLID SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Store Cement screed 15 6

Dormitary PVC 20mm 16 2

Ba values from EBCS

For panel 3-mid

Ba value for interior span with span ratio 2:1 = 35

overall depth, D by assuming ∅=0.012m and concrete cover = 0.015m

d’ =0.0695 + ∅/2 = 0.021m

D = 0.0695 +0.021 = 0.0905m

Panel N Ly( Lx( Sp Type Ba d=0.85(Lx/ D=d+0. Che

P1,left 2 4.5 3.4 1.3 ext. 36. 0.0785 0.0995

P1,mi 7 4.5 3.4 1.3 interio 41. 0.0691 0.0901

P1,rig 1 4.5 3.4 1.3 Ext. 36. 0.0785 0.0995

P2,left 2 3.4 1.8 1.8 interio 31. 0.049 0.0702

P2,mid 8 3.4 1.8 1.8 interio 36. 0.0424 0.0634

P3,left 1 4.5 3.4 1.3 ext. 36. 0.079 0.1700

P3,mid 8 4.5 3.4 1.3 int. 41. 0.0695 0.0905

P5 1 6.3 3.4 1.8 ext. 31. 0.0923 0.1133

Po,left 3 3.4 0.9 3.7 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

P0,mid 6 3.4 0.9 3.7 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

P0,right 1 3.1 0.9 3.4 Cant. 12 0.0638 0.0848

P2,right 1 3.1 1.8 1.7 ext. 32. 0.0466 0.0676

P3,right 1 4.5 3.1 1.4 ext. 35. 0.0746 0.051

Therefore, total depth is governed by the maximum that is 0.17m.

d = 0.180 – 0.015-0.006 = 0.159m.

Design dead load & live load for each panel

ΣMR2=R10.85 – (0.0494KN/m0.85*0.425) = R2=R1=0.021KN

Here, d = h-2t =50-23 =44mm

Mx = qb2/8 = 4.72 3.42/8 = 6.82 KN.m

Mxs = 1/3Mx = 1/36.82 = 2.27 KN .m

Mxf = 2/3MX = 2/3 6.82 = 4.54 KN.m

Mxf = 𝛼xf pd Lx2…..= 0.039 4.72 11.56 = 2.13 KN.m

Mys = 𝛼ys pd Lx2…..= 0.039 4.72 11.56 = 2.13 KN.m

D.L of cement screed=tsc𝛾sc=0.0223 KN/m3=0.46 KN/m

No of riser (hcstcsγsc) 11(0.16m0.02m23KN/m3