Final Document

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SIX STOREY BUILDING AND ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of auto CAD
AutoCAD allows the designer to use and manage it on multiple

machines using network licensing. Being an easily available program,
teachers, architects, freelancers, engineers, fashion designers. Like other CAD
programs, AutoCAD also works on a database of geometric systems, including
points, lines, arcs, etc. The user works on the application through the
commands; or drawing is done from the inbuilt command line. AutoCAD is
issued free of cost to editing students, educators, and institutions. AutoCAD is
globally used by surveyors, designers, engineers, drafters. Globally, AutoCAD
has proven as an efficient and user-friendly program.
Commercial drafting and computer-aided design (CAD) software

applications are AutoCAD. AutoCAD software is recognized internationally
for its remarkable editing capabilities, which make it likely to digitally draw
building plans or recreate 3D images. This software was developed in the year
1982 by Autodesk.
1.1.1 Applications of AutoCAD
After learning the Introduction to AutoCAD, its components, and

Characteristics of AutoCAD, we will now learn the application of AutoCAD.
Digital literacy is not just a boon to students but a skill essential for career
growth. AutoCAD is a gigantic program that delivers desired outputs and is
used in many ways.
The students can use AutoCAD for:
 AutoCAD is compatible with other applications like 3D Max. The

designers can even import or export DWG & DXG Files to the
application. Also, these files can even be exported from AutoCAD to
other applications for creating more improved projects &
presentations.
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 3D printers use various file formats that are not supported by all the
CAD software. On the other hand, AutoCAD supports these file
formats that are preferred by most of the 3D printers.
 AutoCAD is adaptive to the CAD interface and its usage. AutoCAD

allows the professionals to check the workings of the framework
within the stage of designing itself. Designers can use this framework
for projects & presentations.
1.2 Introduction of STAAD.Pro Advanced Connect Edition
The project involves analysis and design of multi-storied [G + 5] and

Estimation using a very popular, designing software STAAD.Pro advanced
connect edition. I have chosen STAAD.Pro because of its following
Advantages
Easy to use interface,

Conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,
Versatile nature of solving any type of problem,
Accuracy of the solution.
STAAD.Pro advanced features a state-of-the-art user interface,

visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite
element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis
and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is the
professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum and cold-formed
steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants,
tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
STAAD.Pro consists of the following:
The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the

model, which can then be analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis
and design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results
graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose

calculation engine for structural Analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete,
Timber and Aluminum mathematics required to study and predicts the
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behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a

method to drive the engineering design process or prove the Soundness of a
design without a dependence on directly testing it.
To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine

such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to
criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis
may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behavior. The aim of
design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and
deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and
adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural
elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should
be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to
design for durability. Design, including design for durability, construction and
use in service should be considered as a whole. The realization of design
objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for materials,
production, workmanship and also maintenance and use of structure in service.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum

requirements as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum
requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered
by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for
dead loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be
required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this
code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings
which are being designed.
1.3 STAAD RCDC
RCDC is a RCC design, detailing, drawing and documentation

software. With RCDC we can design concrete design concrete elements, such
as beams, columns, and walls in an automated and interactive workflow as
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well as maintain full control of our designs by setting individual design

parameters. With this specialized application we can quickly produce detailed
design drawings for beam line elevations, column line elevations, automatic
cross section details, and bar termination geometry. We can create individual
beam bar bending schedules, column schedule tables and beam schedule
tables.
1.3.1 RCDC Capabilities/ Advantages

Comply with seismic requirements
Design and detail seismic force-resisting systems, generating seismic

loads according to the relevant building code. Consider these forces in the
design of elements and, where applicable, the design of frames and the larger
structural system. Enforce the ductility requirements of the selected design
code in element proportioning and detailing.
Design beams, columns and walls
Optimize or analyze beams, columns, and walls for gravity and lateral
loads to quickly obtain safe and economical designs. Confidently produce
designs in compliance with global design specifications and building codes.
Design non-traditional and custom shapes
Control concrete beam, wall, and column designs including L, T, and

C shapes. Create and check irregular bar layouts including stirrups and links
using a broad range of material and design properties. Account for continuity
in column stacks and beam lines when determining appropriate reinforcing
layout.
Design to international standards
Extend the reach of your business practice and take advantage of

global design opportunities by using a wide range of international standards
and specifications in our design products. Complete your designs with
confidence thanks to extensive support of international standards.
Model concrete floor-based structures
Model your floor-based structures including slabs, openings, beams,

and columns with the optional floor planner for efficient modelling.
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Produce comprehensive quantity takeoffs
Gain critical insight into concrete design alternatives with

comprehensive material takeoffs and cost estimation, organized by material,
size and shape. Estimate formwork area and costs upfront.
Produce concrete drawings and schedules
Produce comprehensive reinforcing drawings including automated

rebar labels, dimensions, and notes, as well as rebar placing drawings,
including sections, plans, and details from the 3D model. Customize all
drawings to adhere to your company's standards. Automatically update
drawings based on changes to the 3D model.
1.4 Microsoft Excel
Excel is typically used to organize data and perform calculation. It is

used across all civil calculation and at companies from small to large.
1.4.1. Advantages of Excel
 Organizing of data
 Streamline calculation
 Easy to use
 Can print reports easily
1.5 General Theory
Exposure Minimum Grade of Concrete of RCC
Mild M20
Moderate M25
Severe M30
Very Severe M35
Extreme M40
Table1.5.1: Minimum Grade of Concrete for different exposure conditions
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1.5.2 Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken in
to account in the design of reinforced concrete. But it is an important property
which affects the extent and width of cracks in the structure.
According to IS 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be

calculated from the compressive strength using the following relation
𝑓𝑐k = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete
1.5.3 Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for

computation of Deflections of structural concrete members. In the absence of
test data, the modulus of elasticity fck Steel concrete is related to compressive
strength by the following relation as per IS 456-2000𝑐 =
5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2Where Ec is the short-term static modules of elasticity in
N/mm2
1.5.4 Unit weight
The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and

number of voids. The unit weight as specified by the IS 456-2000 for plain
concrete and reinforced concrete are 24KN/m3 and 25 KN/m3 respectively
S.No Material Unit weight KN/m3
1 Plain concrete 24
2 Reinforced concrete 25
3 Brick masonry 20
4 Stone masonry 24
5 Wood 8
6 Steel 78.5
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7 Floor finish 0.6-1.2
Table 1.5.4.1: Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS 875 part 1)
1.6 Live loads
S.No Type of Floors Minimum Live Load

KN/m2
1 Floors in dwelling houses, tenements, 2.0

hospital wards, hostels and dormitories
2 Office floors other than entrance halls, 2.5-4.0 (2.5, when

floors of light separate storage work
rooms facility is
provided, other wise4.0)
3 Floors of banking halls, Office 3.0

entrance halls and
reading rooms
4 Shops, educational buildings, assembly 4.0

buildings, Restaurants
5 Office floors for storage, assembly 5.0

floor space without fixed seating,
public rooms in hotels, dance halls and
waiting halls
6 Ware houses. Workshops and factories
(a)light weight loads 5.0
(b)Medium weight loads 7.5
(c)Heavy weight loads 10.0
7 Stairs, landing, Balconies and 3.0
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corridors for floors
mentioned in 1, but not liable to over 5.0

crowding
stairs, landings and corridors for floors

mentioned in1, but liable to
overcrowding and for all other floors
8 Flat slabs, sloped roofs
(a)Access provided 1.5
(b)Access not provided 0.75
Table 1.6.1: Live loads on Floors (From IS 875 part 2)
1.7 Statement of the Project
Utility of building: residential apartment
Plotted area: 29.53x34.48m
Plinth area: 22.59x27.48m
No of storey’s: G+5
No. of staircase: 1
Type of construction: R.C.C framed structure
Types of walls: brick wall
Ground floor: 3m
Floor to floor height: 3m.
Walls: 230 mm thick brick masonry walls for external and100mm internal
wall
Materials
Concrete grade: M25
All steel grades: HYSD bars of Fe500 grade
Bearing capacity of soil (SBC): 200 KN/m2
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CHAPTER-2
PLANNING OF A SIX STOREY BUILDING

2.1 Plan of Building
It is grouping and arrangement of components of building in a

systematic manner so as to form a homogeneous body with a comprehensive
look out to meet its functional purpose
Planning of building depends on:
 Functional object & requirements
 Components parts, sizes and inter-relationship
 Topography and shape of plot
 Climatic condition
 Location and neighborhood
2.2 Ground Floor Plan Drawn Manually
Fig.2.2.1 Ground Floor Plan
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2.3 First Floor Plan Drawn Manually
Fig.2.3.1 First Floor Plan
2.4 Drawing plan in AUTO CAD
The plan which was drawn manually is drafted in AutoCAD by using

simple tools. The drafted drawing is as shown in below
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Fig .2.4.1 Ground Floor Plan Drawn by Auto Cad
2.5 First floor plan by using AUTO CAD
Fig.2.5.1 First Floor Plan
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2.6 Column and beam marking plan by using auto cad
Fig.2.6.1 Column Marking Plan
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Fig.2.6.2 Column Layout
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CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING

STAAD. PRO
3.1 Staad Structural Wizard

The dimensions and the elevation of the residential building is
calculated from the AutoCAD is imported to the structural bay and the nodes
are created.
Fig:3.1.1 Staad Structural Bay Model
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3.2 Assigning of Properties to Respective Element

The property of the elements such as beams, columns, slab are
assigned using assign command. After assigning of respective properties the
structural may look like this.
3.2.1 Slab Properties:0.13m
Fig: 3.2.1.1Slab Thickness Fig: 3.2.1.2 Slab Thickness After Assigning
3.3 Beam Properties
Types of beams used with size
o Beam sizes: (1)0.35 x 0.23m, longer span direction.

(2) 0.32×0.23m, shorter span direction.
o Cantilever beam: 0.3×0.23m, inner side corridors.
: 0.25×0.23m, outer side balcony.
o Square beam :0.13×0.13m
o Plinth beam:0.3×0.23m
 Go to properties, click Define and select Rectangle. Insert 0.35 meter
for YD and 0.23 meter for ZD. Add and Close
Fig.3.3.1 Property Window
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 Highlight the rectangle properties, and assign to all beam members.

Other method, you can highlight the properties, then click Select (top-
menu), select Beams parallel to X, then repeat again to select Beam
Parallel to Z. Click Assign and Yes.
 Beam size: 0.35×0.23m
Finally, properties assigned
Fig.3.3.2 Beam Assigning Window Fig.3.3.3 Assigned Beams Longer Span

Again repeat the above procedure,remaining beams.
 BEAM SIZE : 0.32×0.23m
Fig.3.3.4 Assigned Beams in Shorter Span
 CANTILEVER BEAM SIZE :0.25×0.23m, balcony
Fig.3.3.5 Assigned Cantilever Beams in Balcony
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 CANTILEVER BEAM SIZE :0.3×0.23m, corridors
Fig.3.3.6 Assigned Cantilever Beams in Corridores
 SQUARE BEAM SIZE : 0.13×0.13m
Fig.3.3.7 Square Beams Assigned on Balcony Edges
3.4 Column Properties
 Types of columns used with size
o Rectangular columns: (1). 0.35x0.4m, (2). 0.4x0.35m.

o Square columns :( 1). 0.23x0.23m
 Go to properties, click Define and select Rectangle. Insert 0.4 meter for
YD and 0.4 meter for ZD. Add and Close
Fig.3.4.1 Property Window
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 Highlight the rectangle properties, and assign to all beam members.

Other method, you can highlight the properties, then click Select (top-
menu), select Beams parallel to Y, Click Assign and Yes.
Fig.3.4.2 Assigning Columns Window Fig.3.4.3 Rectangular Column:0.35x0.4
Fig.3.4.4Column Size: 0.4x0.35m Fig.3.4.5 Square Column 0.23x0.23m
3. 5 Loads Assigning on Slab
Fig.3.5.1 Dead Load Assigning Window
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3.5.2 List of loads acting on slab
• Floor load for top panel - 2KN/m2

• Floor load for bottom panel - 2KN/m2
• Floor load for left panel - 2KN/m2
• Floor load for right panel - 2KN/m2
• Corridor load for top panel - 3 KN/m2
• Corridor load for bottom panel - 3 KN/m2
• Corridor load for left panel - 3 KN/m2
• Corridor load for right panel - 3 KN/m2
• Glass door cantilever slab - 3 KN/m2
Now input the all above loads in Staad.pro, like as dead load.
Fig.3.5.2.1 Floor Load for Top Panel Fig.3.5.2.2 Floor Load for Bottom & Left Panel
Fig.3.5.2.3 Floor Load to Corridor Load Fig.3.5.2.4 Corridor Load to Glass Load
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Fig.3.5.2.5 After Assigning Dead Load on Slabs
3.6 Load Assigning Of Beams
List of loads acting on beams
 Dead loads:1.5KN/m2
 Self-weight of walls:12.32KN/m2
Fig.3.6.1 Dead Load Acting on Beam
Fig.3.6.2 Self-Weight of Wall Load Acting on Beam
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3.7 Loads Acting On Column
 Slab load
 Beam load
 Live load
 Self-weight on column
Fig.3.7.1 Self-Weight on Column
3.8 Shear Forces Diagram
Fig.3.8.1 Over all Structure shear forces
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3.9 Bending Moment Diagram
Fig.3.9.1 Over all structure bending moment
3.10 Deflection Diagram
Fig.3.10.1 Over all structure deflection
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3.11 Axial Force Diagram
Fig.3.11.1 Over all structure axial force
Fig: 3.11.2Top View Fig: 3.11.3 Front View
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Fig: 3.11.4Side View Fig: 3.11.5 Isometric View
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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF SLABS
4.1 Introduction
Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as

compared to its length and breadth. Slabs are most frequently used as roof
coverings and floors in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular,
triangular etc., in building. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads and
transfers them to the supports by bending action in one or more directions.
Beams or walls are the common supports for the slabs.
The bending moments at critical sections are to be found and the

corresponding reinforcements are designed. Instead of number of bars, spacing
of bars is to be found. 8mm or 10mm diameter bars are commonly used in
slabs.
4.2 Types of Slabs
a) Based on support conditions:
 Simple supported slab

 Cantilever slab
 Restrained slab (with fixed or continuous edges)
 Continuous slabs
 Flat slabs (slabs resting directly on columns)
b) Based on spanning in one direction
 One way slab - spanning in one direction

 Two-way slab –spanning in two directions
4.3 Design of Slab by Using RCDC
The analyzed Staad file is imported from the Staad to the RCDC
software.
4.3.1 Slab properties
Slab thickness: 130mm
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Number of slabs or plates: 79no
Materials used: M25, HYSD bars of Fe500 grade
4.4 Design setting of slab in RCDC
Fig:4.4.1Design Settings Of Slab Fig:4.4.2 Crack Width Settings
4.5 Beam legend
The beam present inside the slab is classified on basified on their sizes
Fig: 4.5.1 Beam Legend of a Slab
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4.6 Slab layout
Fig: 4.6.1Slab Layout
4.7 Reinforcement Details for Slabs
There is total 79 slab panel and the reinforcement details are shown for
single slab S13 at 6m level
Fig: 4.7.1 Slab Reinforcement for S13 Slab
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4.8 Reinforcement Details for Each Level
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CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.1. Theory
Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension.

Hence Plain concrete cannot be used in situations where considerable tensile
stresses develop. If flexural members like beams and slabs are made of plain
concrete their load carrying capacity is very low due to its low tensile strength.
Since steel is very strong in tension, steel bars are provided to resist tensile
stresses at a place where the maximum tensile stresses are developed
In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses are induced in

bottom layers because of positive bending moment (sagging bending moment)
and hence steel bars are provided near the bottom of the beam. In cantilever
beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist the tensile stress
developed in top layers due the negative bending moment (hogging bending
moment)
5.2 Types of Beams
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams
(A) Singly reinforced beams

(B) Doubly reinforced beams, and
(C) Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.
5.3 Design of Slab using RCDC
The analyzed Staad file is imported from the Staad to the RCDC software
5.3.1 Curtailment Settings
Fig: 5.3.1.1 Curtailment Settings of Beam
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5.3.2 General and Reinforcement Settings
Fig: 5.3.2.1 General and Reinforcement Settings of Beam
5.3.3 Preferred Rebar Spacing
Fig: 5.3.3.1Preferred Rebar Spacing of Beam
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5.3.4 Beam Layout
Fig.5.3.4.1Beam layout
5.4 Plan And Elevation Details Of Beam
There are 182 beam at each level and the reinforcemnt details for one
group beam of B45, B46, B47, and B48 at 6m level is as follows
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Fig:5.4.1 Reinforcement of A Beam B47
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5.5 Reinforcement Details of Beam for level-6
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CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
6.1 Theory
Columns are usually considered as vertical structural elements, but

they can be positioned in any orientation (e.g., diagonal and horizontal
compression elements in a truss). Columns are used as major elements in
trusses, building frames, and sub-structure supports for bridges (e.g., piers).
 Columns support compressive loads from roofs, floors, or bridge

decks.
 Columns transmit the vertical forces to the foundations and into the
subsoil. The work of a column is simpler than the work of a beam.
 The loads applied to a column are only axial loads.
 Loads on columns are typically applied at the ends of the member,
producing axial compressive stresses.
 However, on occasion the loads acting on a column can include axial
forces, transverse forces, and bending moments (e.g., beam-columns).
Columns are defined by the length between support ends.
6.2 Types of Columns in Building Construction

Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include
1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

2. Based on Types of Loading
3. Based on Slenderness Ratio
4. Based on Shape
5. Based on Construction Material
6.2.1Based on Types of Reinforcement
1. Tied Column
This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced

concrete. Longitudinal reinforcement is confined within closely spaced tie
reinforcement. It is estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.
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Fig. 6.2.1.1 Tied Column
2. Spiral Column: Spiral column is also construction from reinforced

concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely
spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Spiral reinforcement
provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays axial load failure
(ductile).
Fig. 6.2.1.2 Spiral Column
3. Composite column: When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of

structural steel section or pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as
a composite column. This type of column has high strength with fairly small
cross section, in addition to exhibit good fire performance.
Fig. 6.2.1.3 Composite column
6.2.2 Based on Types of Loading
4. Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of

the column, then it is termed as axially loaded column. Axially loaded column
is rare in construction since coinciding vertical loads on the center of gravity
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of column cross section is not practical. Interior column of multi-storey

buildings with symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides is an example
of this type of column.
Fig. 6.2.2.1Axially loaded column
5. Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column

cross section, but rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column
cross section, then it is called uniaxially eccentric loading column. Column
with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in the case of columns rigidly
connected beam from one side only such as edge columns.
Fig. 6.2.2.2 Column with uniaxial eccentric loading
6. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of

column cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the
column is called biaxially eccentric loaded column. Columns with biaxial
loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly.
Fig. 6.2.2.3Column with biaxial eccentric Loading
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6.2.3. Based on Slenderness Ratio: Based on slenderness ratio, (effective

length/ least lateral dimension), columns are categorized as follow
6. Short Column: If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral
dimension is less than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short
column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).
7. Long Column: If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral
dimension exceeds 12, it is called as long column. A long column fails by
bending or buckling.
Fig 6.2.3.1 Short Column and Long Column Cross Section
6.2.4Based on Shape: Shape of Reinforced Concrete Column
8. Square or Rectangular Column: They are generally used in the

construction of buildings. It is much easier to construct and cast rectangular or
square columns than circular ones because of ease of shuttering and to support
it from collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still in flow able form.
Fig. 6.2.4.1Square Column
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9. Circular column: They are specially designed columns, which are mostly
used in piling and elevation of the buildings.
Fig. 6.2.4.2 Circular Column
10. L-Shape Column
Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized in the corners of the boundary

wall and has similar characteristics of a rectangular or square column.
Fig. 6.2.4.3. L-Shaped Column
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11. T-Shape column: It is utilized based on design requirements of a

structure. T-Shaped column is widely used in the construction of bridges.
Fig. 6.2.4.4 T-Shaped Column
12. Shape of Steel Column
There are different standard and built-up shape of steel columns which
are shown in Fig. and Fig. Common shapes of steel columns include I,
channel, equal angle, and T-shape.
Fig. 6.2.4.5Steel Column Cross Section Shape (Standard)
Fig. 6.2.4.5 Steel Column Cross Section Shape (Built Up)
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13. Shape of Composite Column
The usual shape of composite columns is shown in Fig.
Fig. 6.2.4.6 Composite Column Shape
6.2.5 Based on Construction Material
Types of columns based on construction materials include.
14.Reinforced Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick, and, Block Stone Column.
Fig. 6.2.5.1Types of Columns
6.3 Design of columns in RCDC
The analyzed Staad file is imported from the Staad to the Rcdc
software
6.3.1 Column properties
Square columns: 300 x 300 mm
Rectangle columns: 350 X 400 mm
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Number of columns: 58 Nos
Materials used: M25, HYSD bars of Fe500 grade
6.3.2 Design setting of column in RCDC
Fig: 6.3.2.1Designs Setting Of Column
Fig: 6.3.2.2 Reinforcement Settings Of Columns
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6.3.3 Column Layout
Fig:6.3.3.1 Column Layout
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6.4 Reinforcement Details of columns
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6.5 Plan and Elevation of a Column
Fig: 6.5.1 Plan and Elevation of Single Column C39
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CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF FOOTING
7.1 Introduction
Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to

the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these
loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity, to prevent
excessive settlement of the structure to a tolerable limit, to minimize
differential settlement, and to prevent sliding and overturning. The settlement
depends upon the intensity of the load, type of soil, and foundation level.
Where possibility of differential settlement occurs, the different footings
should be designed in such a way to settle independently of each other.
Foundation design involves a soil study to establish the most appropriate type
of foundation and a structural design to determine footing dimensions and
required amount of reinforcement. Because compressive strength of the soil is
generally much weaker than that of the concrete, the contact area between the
soil and the footing is much larger than that of the columns and walls.
7.2 Types of Footing
1. Wall Footing
For light structures or temporary structures, simple footings are

provided that have a solid base under the walls with no steps on the wall.In the
case of load-bearing structures, the wall area is stretched step by step until the
level of the foundation is reached with a layer of concrete 15 cm to 20 cm
thick also provided under the wall, this footing is two types i.e., simple and
step wall footing.
A) Simple Wall Footing: When a certain load carried by a column supported

on a subsoil whose bearing strength is estimated at some definite figure.
B) Stepped Wall Footing or Spanning Wall Footing: The area of the wall is
increased so as to transmit the load over a large area of soil. The footing depth
is limited to 1 meter but in the case of black cotton soil, the footing should be
moved below the area without cracks. The simple footing is used under
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 47

compound walls and light structures, while stepping footing is used under
load-bearing structures.
2. Column Footing or Isolated Footings or Pad Footings
This column footing is used to support individual columns, they can

either of phased type or approximate on a solid foundation. Generally, 15 cm
offset is provided on all sides of the concrete bed used to support individual
columns. In frame structures, it is customary to have separate legs for each
column they can be square, rectangular, circular, or sloping depending on the
distribution of load required. Isolated sloped column footing is used in RCC
buildings.
3. Combined Footing
Sometimes two columns are located very close to each other in a

structure, therefore, it is necessary to provide a combined footing made
of reinforced concrete. If separate footings are provided under these columns,
they may interfere with each other. The essential condition in these types of
footing is the center of gravity of the column load and the centric of the
footing should match.
Types Of Combined Footing
Rectangular footings: These rectangular footings are provided under two

columns where the column is equal load.
Trapezoidal footings: These trapezoidal footings are provided when the two
columns are unevenly loaded.
4. Inverted Arch Footing
This inverted arch footing is old foundation suitable for building

bridges, tanks, underground sewers and reservoirs. It can be used for structures
where loads are concentrated on columns or where a load is distributed over a
large area or where the bearing capacity of the soil is poor. These types of
footing is constructed below the columns, the rise of the arch is from 1 / 10th
to 115th of the period.
5. Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing: This cantilever footing is also called

strap footing, used when a column is near the plot boundary and column
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 48

footing is not allowed to extend beyond the plot boundary. In these types of
footing, the load of the column near the boundary is supported on the strap
beam, it originates from a column that is in the interior of the plot.
6. Grillage Foundation
Grillage foundations are used to convey heavy loads from steel

columns to low bearing capacity soils. These types of footing consist of steel
beams in one or two levels are lighter and economical as they avoid deep
digging. Beams in each tier are held in place by spacer bars with a diameter of
20 to 25 mm, the space between the beams is filled with concrete to protect the
steel beam from corrosion.
7. Raft or Mat Foundation
The raft footings consist of thick reinforced concrete slabs that cover
the entire area below the structure on sub-soil. The slabs are reinforced with
right-sided straps at each other and the stiffness of the slab bridges over loose
patches in the soil. These types of footing are suitable where the ground is
soft, soils or marshes with low bearing capacity, and sub-water conditions are
undetermined.
Fig.7.2.1Types of Footings
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 49

7.3 Footing Analysis and Design of Rcdc Advance Software
7.3.1 Footing Analysis and Design Process in Rcdc
• First select the Staad file and go to advance concrete design, the Rcdc
design window as display.
• Click on settings, the general and reinforcement details window as
display on screen.
• Choose all design properties and materials, after finishing all details
click on ok.
Fig: 7.3.1.1General Settings Window
Fig: 7.3.1.2Reinforcement Settings Window
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 50

Fig:7.3.1.3 Crack Width Settings
Fig.7.3.1.4 Footing Layout
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 51

Fig.7.3.1.5 Footing Position in 3D
7.3.2Footing properties
 Type of footing: combined, isolated in pad

 Number of footings:FC1 to FC58
 SBC of soil:200KN/m2
7.4 Isolated Footing Reinforcement Details
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 52

7.4.1 Plan and Elevation of Isolated Footing Reinforcement Details
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 53

Fig.7.3.2 Isolated Footing Cross Section and Longitudinal Section
7.4.2 Combined Footing Reinforcement Details
Fig:7.4.2.1Section of Combined Footing for Footing No.6
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 54

Fig.7.4.2 .2Section of Combined Footing for Footing No.6
Fig.7.4.3 Depth of Footing of Bending Moment Consideration
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 55

Fig.7.4.2.3 Footing bending moment and shear force diagrams
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 56

Fig.7.4.2.4 Footing Cross Section and Longitudinal Section
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 57

CHAPTER 8
STAIRCASE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

8.1 Introduction
Stairs, a stairway, a staircase, a stairwell, or a flight of stairs is a

construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into
smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may
consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles. Special types of
stairs include escalators and ladders. Some alternatives to stairs
are elevators (also called lifts), stair lifts, inclined moving walkways, and
ramps.
8.2 Types of Stairs
Following are different stairs types used in building,
1. Straight flight stairs
2. Quarter turn stairs
3. Dog-Legged Stairs
4. Open Newel Stairs or Open Well Staircase
5. Three quarter turn stairs
6. Circular stairs
7. Spiral stairs
8. Bifurcated stairs
1. Straight flight stair case: These are continuous stairs along which there is
no change in direction on any flight between two successive floors. The stair
may consist of either one single flight or more than one flight (usually two)
with a landing. These types of staircase sometimes have only 1 flight of stairs.
2. Quarter turn stairs case: When the direction of the flight is changed at
right angles either to the left or to the right, quarter-turn stairs are used. The
change in direction can be affected by either introducing a quarter space
landing or providing winders at the junction of two flights.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 58

Half turn stairs: Half turn stair is the one that has its direction reversed
or turned through 180° by introducing a half-space landing or winders. This
type of stairs is commonly used in residential buildings and public buildings.
These may be of two types: a) Dog-legged stairs b) Open newel stairs or Open
well stairs.
3. Dog-Legged Stairs case: This name is given because of its appearance in

sectional elevation. A dog-legged stair is called from its being bent or crooked
suddenly round in fancied resemblance to dog’s hind leg.
4. Open Newel Stairs or Open Well Staircase case: Open newel staircase is
very similar to a doglegged stair. There is a well opening between the flights
and it may be used to accommodate a lift. The width of the stair would
therefore be twice the width of the stair plus the width of the good hole or
opening (1500 mm to 10,000 mm). Open newel stairs require more space than
a dog-legged stair.
5. Quarter turn staircase type of stairs changes their directions 3 times i.e.,
through 270° with its upper flight crossing the bottom one, In general, in this
type of construction, a bigger open well is formed.
6. Circular stairs: In these stairs, all the steps radiate from a central point of a
semi-circle (in plan) in the form of winders. The circular stair is commonly
provided at the entrance of a building for a better architectural appearance.
These are commonly constructed in R.C.C. and brick.
7. Spiral stair case: These stairs consist of same-sized winders provided at a

constant deflecting angle to offer a continuous change in direction along
within elevation. They radiate around a central newel post and occupy the
least space.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 59

Fig. 8.2.1Types of Staircases
8.3 Analysis and Design of Staircase by Using STAAD.Pro
8.3.1Staircase properties
• Type of staircase: open well staircase

• Rise:0.15m
• Tread :0.25m
• Step width:1.5m
• Number of flights each floor:2
• Number of steps for each floor:27
• Material: M25concrete, FE500steel
• Waist slab thickness:0.35m
• Staircase top slab thickness:0.13m
• Lift slab thickness:0.4m
• Beam size :0.35x0.23m, cantilever beam:0.3x0.23m,
• Column size:0.35x0.35m
8.3.2 Analysis and Design Process inStaad. Pro
• Built-up the structure by using nodes cursor and beam cursor,
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 60

Fig.8.3.2.1Plan of Staircase Fig.8.3.2.2 Elevation of Staircase
And next assigning all properties of structure.
Fig.8.3.2.3 Waist Slab Assigned Fig.8.3.2.4 Staircase Top Slab Assigned
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 61

Fig.8.3.2.5 Lift Slab Assigned Fig.8.3.2.6 Rectangular Beams Assigned
Fig.8.3.2..7 Cantilever Beams Assigned Fig.8.3.2.8 Columns Assigned
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 62

Select the fixed supports, and assigned the bottom columns.
Fig.8.3.2.9 Fixed Support Assigned
8.4 Load Case Details

• Dead load
o Self-weight of structure-1factor, its take self-weight hole
structure assign to view.
o Unit weight of brick load acting on beams:13.8KN/m
o Floor finishing load:0.9KN/m2
o Lift weight acting on slab:5.867KN/m2
• Live load:3KN/m2
Fig.8.4.1 Self-Weight of Structure Fig.8.4.2 Unit Weight of Brick Load on Beam
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 63

Fig.8.4.3 Floor Finishing Fig.8.4.4 Lift Weight Acting on Slab
Fig.8.4.5 Live Load on all Slabs
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 64

8.5 Shear Force Diagram
Fig.8.5.1 staircase over all structure shear force
8.6 Bending Moment Diagram
Fig.8.6.1 Staircase over all structure bending moment
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 65

8.7 Deflection Diagram
Fig .8.7.1 Staircase over all structure deflection
8.8 Axial Force Diagram
Fig .8.8.1 Staircase over all structure axial force
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 66

Fig.8.8.2 Isometric View Fig.8.8.3 Side View
Fig. 8.8.4 Top View
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 67

8.9 Stair Case beam Reinforcement Details
Fig.8.9.1 Longitudinal Section @B1, B2 and B3
Fig.8.9.2 Cross Section @ B1 Fig.8.9.3 Cross Section @B2
Fig.8.9.4 Cross Section @B3
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 68

8.10 Staircase Column Reinforcement Details
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 69

Fig.8.10.1 Longitudinal Section and Cross Section
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 70

The staircase top slab reinforcement details same as waist slab.
Fig.8.10.2 Waist Slab Reinforcement Details in Short Span
Fig.8.10.3 Waist Slab Reinforcement Details In Long Span
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 71

8.11 staircase footing reinforcement details
Fig .8.11.1 Plan and Section of Staircase Combined Footing
Fig .8.11.2Depth of Footing from Bending Moment Consideration
Fig.8.11.3 Combined Footing 3D View
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 72

Fig.8.11.4 Combined Footing Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams
COMBINED FOUNDATION DESING (IS 456-2000)
Footing Left Right Length Width Thickness

No Overhang Overhang (m)
(m) (m)
(m) (m)
1 0.31 0.31 5.21 0.78 0.23
2 0.30 0.30 5.19 0.76 0.21
3 0.34 0.34 1.16 0.84 0.15
4 0.31 0.31 1.06 0.78 0.15
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 73

Fig.8.11.5 Combined footing c/s and longitudinal section
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 74

CHAPTER 9
ESTIMATION
9.1 Introduction
Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge Estimation requires a

thorough Knowledge of the construction procedures and cost off the
construction procedures and cost of materials. It is totally different from
calculation of the it is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after
completion of the project. Exact cost after completion of the project.
Estimation is the scientific way of Estimation is the scientific way of working
out the approximate cost of working out the approximate cost of an
engineering project before an engineering project before execution of the work
execution of the work & labor in addition to the skill, materials & labor in
addition to the skill, experience, foresight and good judgment. Experience,
foresight and good judgment.
9.2 Need for Estimation
 It helps to work out the approximate cost of their help to work out the
approximate cost of the project in order to decide its feasibility with
project in order to decide its feasibility with respect to the cost and to
ensure the financial respect to the cost and to ensure the financial
resources, if the proposal is approved. Resources, if the proposal is
approved.
 Requirements of controlled materials, such as requirements of
controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be estimated for
making cement and steel can be estimated for making applications to
the controlling authorities. Applications to the controlling authorities.
 It is used for framing the tenders for the worksite is used for framing
the tenders for the works and to check contractor’s work during and
after and to check contractor’s work during and after the its execution
for the purpose of making the its execution for the purpose of making
payments to the contractor. Payments to the contractor.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 75

 From quantities of different items of work from quantities of different

items of work calculated in detailed estimation, resources are
calculated in detailed estimation, resources are allocated to different
activities of the project and allocated to different activities of the
project and ultimately their durations and whole planning and
ultimately their durations and whole planning and scheduling of the
project is carried out. Scheduling of the project is carried out.
9.3 Types of Estimation
A cost estimate is predicted expenditure of a project which is generally

prepared before the project is taken up. It is prepared in different types based
on the requirement of project. The construction cost estimates can be prepared
either in a detailed manner by taking into consideration item by item or can be
calculated approximately without going much into the details.
Based on these criteria’s, there are mainly 8 cost estimates followed in

construction
1. Preliminary Cost Estimate
2. Plinth Area Cost Estimate
3. Cube Rate Cost Estimate
4. Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate
5. Detailed Cost Estimate
6. Revised Cost Estimate
7. Supplementary Cost Estimate
8. Annual Repair Cost Estimate
1. Preliminary Cost Estimate
The preliminary cost estimate is also called an abstract cost estimate or

approximate cost estimate or budget estimate. This estimate is generally
prepared in initial stages to know the approximate cost of the project. By this
estimate, the competent sanctioning authority can decide the financial position
and policy for the administration section.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 76

Preliminary estimates are prepared with reference to the cost of similar

type projects in a practical manner. In this estimate, the approximate cost of
each important item of work is displayed individually to know the necessity
and utility of each item of work. The items of work include the cost of lands,
cost of roads, electrification, water supply costs, cost of each building, etc.
2. Plinth Area Cost Estimate
Plinth area cost estimate is prepared on the basis of plinth area of

building which is the area covered by external dimensions of building at the
floor level and plinth area rate of building which is the cost of similar building
with specifications in that locality.
Plinth area estimate is obtained by multiplying plinth area of building

with plinth area rate. For example, if we require plinth area estimate of 100
sq.m in a particular locality and plinth area rate of a building in same locality
is 2000 per sq.m then plinth area estimate is 100 X 2000 = 200000.
Open areas, courtyards, etc. are not included in the plinth area. If the
building is multi-storied, the plinth area estimate is prepared separately for
each floor level.
3. Cube Rate Cost Estimate
Cube rate cost estimate of a building is obtained by multiplying plinth

area with the height of building. Height of building should be considered from
floor level to the top of the roof level. It is more suitable for multi storied
buildings.
This method of estimation is accurate than plinth area method. The

rate per cubic meter is taken into consideration based on the costs of similar
type of buildings situated in that location. Foundation, plinth and parapet
above the roof level are not considered in this type of estimate.
4. Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate
In approximate quantity method cost estimate, the total wall length of

the structure is measured and this length is multiplied by the rate per running
meter which gives the cost of the building. The rate per running meter is
calculated separately for the foundation and superstructure.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 77

In case of foundation, rate per running meter is decided by considering

quantities such as excavation cost, brick work cost up to plinth. While in case
of superstructure quantities like brickwork for wall, wood works, floor
finishing etc. are considered for deciding rate per running meter.
5. Detailed Cost Estimate
Detailed cost estimate is prepared when competent administrative

authority approved the preliminary estimates. This is very accurate type of
estimate. Quantities of items of work are measured and the cost of each item
of work is calculated separately.
The rates of different items are provided according to the current

workable rates and total estimated cost is calculated. 3 to 5 % of estimated
cost is added to this for contingencies as miscellaneous expenditure.
The detailed Estimated should consist following details and

documents.
 Report
 General Specifications
 Detailed Specifications
 Drawings/plans – layout plans, elevation, sectional views, detailed

drawings etc.
 Designs and calculations – In case of buildings design of foundations,

beams, slab etc.
 Schedule of rates
6. Revised Cost Estimate
Revised cost estimate is a detailed estimate and it is prepared when the

original sanctioned estimate value is exceeded by 5% or more.
The increase may be due to sudden increase in cost of materials, cost

of transportation etc. The reason behind the revision of estimate should be
mentioned on the last page of revised estimate.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 78

7. Supplementary Cost Estimate
Supplementary cost estimate is a detailed estimate and it is prepared

freshly when there is a requirement of additional works during the progress of
original work. The estimate sheet should consist of cost of original estimate as
well as the total cost of work including supplementary cost of work for which
sanction is required.
8. Annual Repair Cost Estimate
The annual repair cost estimate is also called as annual maintenance

estimate which is prepared to know the maintenance costs of the building
which will keep the structure in safe condition. Whitewashing, painting, minor
repairs, etc. are taken into consideration while preparing annual repair estimate
for a building.
9.4ESTIMATION OF ALL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Calculation Summary
Concrete Summary
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 79

Steel summary
Cost of Steel and Concrete
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 80

CONCLUSION
This project includes the layout of G+5 residential building planning
using Bhavikatti and AutoCAD. Analysis here we using STAAD Pro and
design we using RCDC advance concrete software. Concludes with the cost
estimate for the entire project.
The layout of the proposed G+5 residential building is based on a plot

of size 29.53x34.48m.Located at Madanapalli Chittoor District AP, we
planned a multi-storied residential building. The ground floor of the building
will be used as parking while the remaining 5 floors will be divided into 6 flats
each having an area of 779.21sq m. Each flat is of 2BHK the area of
187.045sq.m and 1BHK the area of 60.623sq.m configuration. Staircase was
completely independent on over all structure has been completed using RCDC
advance soft ware, the waist slab using manually.
All the draft by manually. Also these drawings made on AutoCAD

also served as a base for transfer of the structure for analysis into STAAD Pro.
The design of the entire structure has been completed using RCDC advance
software. The results include the various forces acting on various members,
also using the software we got the concrete take-off as well as the weight of
the various reinforcement bars thus easing the load of cost estimation.
The foundation has been designed as an isolated footing and combined

footing using soil condition as medium. The foundation design values were
calculated using RCDC advance concrete designed soft ware. After design has
completion we take all design results like bar bending schedules tables. This
tables also helps the cost estimate for the project has been calculated using in
Microsoft Excel. For the Abstract cost CPWD Schedule of rates has been
followed and a total cost of 1,60,08,236 has been calculated.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 81

REFERENCES
1. IS: 875 (Plain and reinforced concrete code).
2. IS 875-part-1(1987) code of practice for design loads (dead load).
3. IS 875-part-2(1987) code of practice for design loads (live load).
4. IS 875-part-3 “wind loads on building and structures”.
5. IS 875-part-5 code of practice for design loads (special loads and

combination).
6. STAAD Pro. CONNECT EDITION.
7. Auto CAD 2020version.
8. RCDC advance concrete design soft ware.
9. EXCEL2016 FOR ESTIMATION.
10. B.N Dutta, “Estimation and Casting in Engineering” USB.
11. BHAVIKATTI, “Engineering Building Drawing and Planning”.
12. Dr.M.R. DHEERENDRA BABU, “Design and Detailing of R.C

Elements”.
ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 82

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SIX STOREY BUILDING AND ESTIMATION

AutoCAD allows the designer to use and manage it on multiple

Commercial drafting and computer-aided design (CAD) software

1.1.1 Applications of AutoCAD

After learning the Introduction to AutoCAD, its components, and

The students can use AutoCAD for:

 AutoCAD is compatible with other applications like 3D Max. The

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 1

 AutoCAD is adaptive to the CAD interface and its usage. AutoCAD

1.2 Introduction of STAAD.Pro Advanced Connect Edition

The project involves analysis and design of multi-storied [G + 5] and

Easy to use interface,

STAAD.Pro advanced features a state-of-the-art user interface,

STAAD.Pro consists of the following:

The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the

The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 2

behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a

To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine

The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum

1.3 STAAD RCDC

RCDC is a RCC design, detailing, drawing and documentation

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 3

well as maintain full control of our designs by setting individual design

1.3.1 RCDC Capabilities/ Advantages

Design and detail seismic force-resisting systems, generating seismic

Design beams, columns and walls

Design non-traditional and custom shapes

Control concrete beam, wall, and column designs including L, T, and

Design to international standards

Extend the reach of your business practice and take advantage of

Model concrete floor-based structures

Model your floor-based structures including slabs, openings, beams,

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 4

Produce comprehensive quantity takeoffs

Gain critical insight into concrete design alternatives with

Produce concrete drawings and schedules

Produce comprehensive reinforcing drawings including automated

1.4 Microsoft Excel

Excel is typically used to organize data and perform calculation. It is

1.4.1. Advantages of Excel

1.5 General Theory

Exposure Minimum Grade of Concrete of RCC

Very Severe M35

Table1.5.1: Minimum Grade of Concrete for different exposure conditions

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 5

1.5.2 Tensile Strength

According to IS 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be

Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete

1.5.3 Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for

1.5.4 Unit weight

The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and

S.No Material Unit weight KN/m3

ACEM, CE-(2020-2021) Page 6

7 Floor finish 0.6-1.2

1.6 Live loads

S.No Type of Floors Minimum Live Load

1 Floors in dwelling houses, tenements, 2.0

2 Office floors other than entrance halls, 2.5-4.0 (2.5, when

3 Floors of banking halls, Office 3.0

4 Shops, educational buildings, assembly 4.0

5 Office floors for storage, assembly 5.0