32

CHAPTER 3
DATA PREPARATION, MODELIN AND ANALYZING OF PROPOSED
BUILDING

3.1. General
Structural analysis is the determination of forces and deformations of the
structure due to applied loads. Structural design involves the arrangement and
proportion of structures and their components in such a way that the assembled
structure is capable of supporting the designed load within the allowable limit states.
An analytical model is an idealization of the actual structure. The structure model
should relate the actual behavior to material properties, structural details and loading
and boundary conditions are accurately practicable. Loading on high-rise buildings
differs from loading on low-rise buildings mainly in its accumulation over the height
to cause very large gravity forces and lateral forces within the structure. High-rise
buildings are designed primarily to serve the needs of intended occupancy whether
residential, commercial, or in some cases, a combination of the two. The proposed
building is irregular-shaped twelve-storeyed RC building. The proposed building is
composed of Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame, which is in seismic zone 2A.
Support type for proposed building is considered as fixed type support. The proposed
building is analyzed with static (equivalent) analysis and design checked ACI 318-99
specifications for seismic and wind load analysis by using ETABS software.

3.2. Structural Configuration and Modeling of Proposed Building

The strength of a structure depends on the strength of the materials from
which it is made. For this purpose, material strengths are specified in standardized
ways as a step to proceed the design of a structure. Then, floor plan and roof plan of
proposed building are shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2. Moreover, Elevation
views, 3D view, beam layout plan, column layout plan and architectural floor plan of
proposed building are also shown in Figure B1 to B10 of Appendix B. For this
proposed building, site location and structural system are described in this study.
 33

Location : Coastal area in seismic zone 2A

Type of structure : Twelve-storeyed reinforced concrete building
Type of occupancy : Residential
Plan dimension : Maximum length in X direction = 94 ft
Maximum length in Y direction = 60 ft
Height of structure : 132 ft
Typical story height : 10 ft
Bottom story height : 12 ft
Shape of structure : Irregular structure
Number of elevator : 2 numbers
Material properties of the structure are as follows:
Weight per unit volume = 150 pcf
Modulus of elasticity = 3.122 x 10-6 psi
Poisson’s ratio = 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 5.5 x 10-6 in/in per degree Fahrenheit
Reinforcing yield strength (fy) = 50000 psi
Shear reinforcement yield stress (fy) = 50000 psi
Concrete compressive strength (f′c) = 3000 psi

Figure 3.1.Floor Plan of Proposed Building

 34

Figure 3.2. Roof Plan of Proposed Building

3.3. Loading Considerations

Buildings are subjected to several types of loads. Two main classifications of
load are gravity load and lateral load. The applied loads are dead loads, superimposed
dead loads, live loads, seismic loads and wind load. Self-weights of all elements are
considered as dead loads. Floor finishing, ceiling, partitions, rain loads, earthquake
and wind loads are calculated according to UBC-97 and ASCE-7.

3.3.1. Gravity Load

All mass are attracted toward the center of the earth by the gravitational force.
Loads are defined as these attracting forces acting upon their corresponding masses.
There are two different gravity loads: (1) Dead loads and (2) Live loads.

3.3.1.1. Dead load

Dead load may be defined as the static forces caused by the weight of every
element within the structure. The forces resulting in dead load consist of the weight of
all material and fixed equipment incorporated into the building. They are defined as
gravity loads that will be accelerated laterally with the structural frame under
earthquake motion. Data for dead loads are as follow.
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
 35

9‫ ״‬thick brick wall weight = 100 psf

4 ½‫ ״‬thick brick wall weight = 55 psf
Weight of ceiling and finishing = 30 psf
Weight of lift = 3 tons

3.3.1.2. Live load

Live loads are gravity loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building and do not include dead loads, construction load, or environmental loads
such as wind and earthquake loads. They will not be accelerated laterally at the same
rate as the structural frame when the structural undergoes earthquake motion. Data for
live loads are as follows:
Live load on private area and roof = 40 psf
Live load on public area = 100 psf
Live load on lift and stair = 100 psf
Unit weight of water = 62.4 pcf

3.3.2. Wind Load

Wind creates horizontal force on the wall as well as vertically upward forces
on a flat roof. The determination of wind design force on a structure is basically a
dynamic because gusts and other aerodynamic forces will continually affect a
building. Equivalent static approach based on UBC-97 is being used in design
procedure. According to UBC-97, there exist three types of exposure characteristics.
The wind pressure on a structure depends on the wind velocity, and height, exposure,
and dynamic response of the structure. The wind pressure is obtained by the formula:
P = CeCqqsIw (3.1)
where,
P = design wind pressure
Ce = a factor that combines the effect of height, exposure and gust factor
Cq = pressure coefficient which takes into consideration whether the
structural system such as the building bracing or portion of curtain wall
qs = wind stagnation pressure at a standard height of 33 ft
Iw = importance factor as set fourth
There are two methods for obtaining Cq:
 36

Method 1: Normal force method

Method 2: Project area method

Method 1shall be used for the design of gabled rigid frames and may be used
for any structure. The wind pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously normal to
all exterior surfaces. For pressure on roof and leeward walls, C c shall be evaluated at
the mean roof height. Method 2 may be used for any structures less than 200 ft in
height except those using gabled rigid frames. In this method, horizontal pressures
shall be assumed to act upon the vertical projected area of the structures, and vertical
pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected
area. Project area method is used [97UBC].
Required Data in designing for wind load are as follows:
Exposure type = Type D
Basic wind velocity = 95 mph
Effective height = 132 ft
Effective width = 94 ft
Method used = Project area method
Importance factor = 1 (From Table A.2)
Windward coefficient = 0.8 (From Table A.4)
Leeward coefficient = 0.5 (From Table A.4)

3.3.3. Earthquake Load

An “Earthquake” is the sudden vibration of the earth’s surface result from the
sudden movement of tectonic plates in the earth’s crust. The movement takes places at
fault lines, and the released energy is transmitted through the earth in the form of
waves that cause ground motion many miles from the epicenter. During an earthquake
seismic wave are generated which spread outwards in all directions from the focus.
Generally the effects of an earthquake consist of random horizontal and vertical
movements of the earth’s surface. Earthquake loads are inertial forces of the building
mass that result from the shaking of its foundation by a seismic disturbance. The
purpose of seismic design is to proportion the structures so that they can withstand the
displacements and forces induced by the ground motion. A structure must be safe
against collapse and serviceable in use.
 37

There are many designed codes in seismic design. In UBC, seismic zones range
1 through 4 (1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4) represent progressively higher severities of expected
seismic intensity. For structural design, the intensity of an earthquake is usually
described in terms of the ground acceleration as a fraction of the acceleration of
gravity; 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g and 0.4g. The UBC allows structures to be designed based on
their equivalent static lateral loads or a time history analysis of the dynamic response
of the structure [97UBC].

Required data for earthquake load are as follows:

Seismic zone = 2A
Seismic zone factor = 0.15 g (From Table A.5)
Soil profile type = SD
Seismic response coefficient, Ca = 0.22Na (From Table A.8)
Seismic response coefficient, Cv = 0.32Nv (From Table A.8)
Near source factor, Na = 1 (From Table A.9)
Near source factor, Nv = 1 (From Table A.9)
Framing system = IMRF
Response modification factor, R = 5.5 (From TableA.12)
Seismic Response factor, I = 1 (From Table A.6)
Numerical coefficient, Ct = 0.03
Analysis type = Static (equivalent ) analysis

3.4. Design Load Combinations

Design codes applied are ACI 318-99 and UBC 97. There are twenty-six
numbers of load combinations for static analysis. Load combinations for design are as
follows:
(a) 1.4D.L
(b) 1.4D.L + 1.7L.L
(c) 1.05D.L + 1.275L.L + 1.275WX
(d) 1.05D.L + 1.275L.L – 1.275WX
(e) 1.05D.L + 1.275L.L + 1.275WY
(f) 1.05D.L + 1.275L.L – 1.275WY
(g) 0.9D.L + 1.3WX
 38

(h) 0.9D.L – 1.3WX

(i) 0.9D.L + 1.3WY
(j) 0.9D.L – 1.3WY
(k) 1.05D.L + 1.28L.L + EX
(l) 1.05D.L + 1.28L.L – EX
(m) 1.05D.L + 1.28L.L + EY
(n) 1.05D.L + 1.28L.L – EY
(o) 0.9D.L + 1.02EX
(p) 0.9D.L – 1.02EX
(q) 0.9D.L + 1.02EY
(r) 0.9D.L – 1.02EY
(s) 1.16D.L + 1.28L.L + EX
(t) 1.16D.L + 1.28L.L – EX
(u) 1.16D.L + 1.28L.L + EY
(v) 1.16D.L + 1.28L.L – EY
(w) 0.79D.L + 1.02EX
(x) 0.79D.L – 1.02EX
(y) 0.79D.L + 1.02EY
(z) 0.79D.L – 1.02EY

3.5. Analysis of Hypothetical Model

After the proposed building is analyzed and designed by using ETABS
software under UBC-97 code load considerations and structural member are designed
according to ACI 318-99 specifications. The design results of the proposed model
with static analysis for basic wind speed of 95 mph are as follow.

3.5.1 Design Result for Columns

The whole structure consists of 620 numbers of columns. Each floor level
consists of 47 numbers of columns except for roof, 9 numbers. The minimum column
size of proposed building is 12ʹʹ × 12ʹʹ because its reinforcing requirement are within
maximum allowable limit and steel ratio 2% to 3%. The suitable design sections
for column of each floor level with basic wind speed 95 mph are describe in Table 3.1
and the layout plan of columns is also shown in Figure B.9 of Appendix B.
 39

Table 3.1. Design Sections for Columns

Column Size
Column Name Storey Level
(in × in)

Ground Floor to Second Floor 18 × 18

Third Floor to Fifth Floor 16 × 16
C1
Sixth Floor to Eighth Floor 14 × 14

Ninth Floor to Twelfth Floor 12 × 12

Ground Floor to Second Floor 18 × 18

Third Floor to Fifth Floor 16 × 16
C2
Sixth Floor to Eighth Floor 14 × 14

Ninth Floor to Roof 12 × 12

Ground Floor 20 × 20
First Floor to Second Floor 18 × 18
C3 Third Floor to Fifth Floor 16 × 16
Sixth Floor to Eighth Floor 14 × 14
Ninth Floor to Roof 12 × 12

3.5.2. Design Result for Beam

The whole structure consists of 1029 numbers of beams. Each floor level
consists of 79 numbers of beams except for roof, 12 numbers. Minimum beam
section of this building is 10ʹʹ × 18ʹʹ. Reinforcing requirement of minimum section is
within allowable limits. Design sections for beams of the structure are shown in Table
3.2 and beam layout plan for proposed building is shown in Figure B 8 of Appendix B

Table 3.2. Design Sections for Beams

Beam Size
Beam Name Storey Level
(in × in)
B1 All storey 10 × 18

B2 All storey 12 × 14

B3 All storey 12 × 16
Table 3.2.(Continued)
 40

Beam Size
Beam Name Storey Level
(in × in)

Ground Floor to Eleventh Floor 12 × 14

B4
Twelfth Floor 12 × 16

Ground Floor to First Floor 12 × 18

B5
Second Floor to Twelfth Floor 12 × 16

Ground Floor to First Floor 16 × 18

B6 Second Floor to Third Floor 14 × 16

Fourth Floor to Twelfth Floor 12 × 16

Ground Floor to Twelfth Floor 12 × 16

B7
Roof 12 × 14
SB1 All storey 12 × 14

SB2 Twelfth Floor 12 × 16

3.6. Checking for Structural Stability of Design Basic Wind Speed 95 mph
The increasing height and greater structural efficiency of tall building have led
to their having smaller reserves of stiffness and consequently stability. Checking for
structural stability has become an important part of the building design process.
The superstructure should be checked in the following cases in order to know
the structural stability of the proposed building with basic wind speed of 95 mph.
(a) Resisting to Sliding
(b) Overturning Moment
(c) Storey Drift
(d) Torsional Irregularity
(e) P-∆ Effect
3.6.1. Checking for Sliding
Checking for sliding for both directions are as follow:
Allowable safety factor = 1.5
For X direction,
Frictional coefficient,  = 0.25
 41

Total dead weight = 6672.86 kips

Base shear (Sliding force) = 426.3 kips
Resistance due to friction = 0.25 × 0.9 × Total dead weight
= 0.25 × 0.9 × 6672.86
= 1501.3935 kips
Resisting due to friction
Factor of safety =
Sliding force
1501. 3935
= 426 . 3
= 3.522 > 1.5  Satisfied

For Y direction,
Base shear (Sliding force) = 656.66 kips
Resisting due to friction
Factor of safety =
Sliding force
1501. 3935
= 656 .66
= 2.286 > 1.5  Satisfied

There is no sliding occur in both directions.

3.6.2. Checking for Overturning Moment

Checking for overturning moment for both directions are as follows:
For X direction,
Overturning moment = 399659.872 kip-in
Total dead weight = 6672.86 kips
Center of mass in X direction, XCCM = 624 in
Resisting moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × XCCM
= 0.9 × 6672.86 × 624

= 3747478.176 kip-in

Resisting moment
Factor of safety =
Overturning moment
 42

3747478. 176
= 399659. 872
= 9.377 > 1.5  Satisfied

For Y direction,

Overturning moment = 610677.295 kip-in

Center of mass in Y direction, YCCM = 417.737 in
Resisting moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × YCCM
= 0.9 × 6672.86 × 417.737
= 2508750.466 kip-in

Resisting moment
Factor of safety =
Overturning moment

2508750. 466
= 610677 .295
= 4.108 > 1.5  Satisfied

The structure is capable of resisting overturning effect.

3.6.3. Checking for Storey Drift

Calculations of the maximum inelastic response displacements are illustrated
in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4.
T = Cth3/4
Ct = 0.03
H = 132 ft.
T = 0.03 × (132)3/4
= 1.17 sec ≥ 0.7 sec

The storey drift shall not exceed 0.020 times the storey height for structures
with T greater than or equal to 0.7 seconds.
∆ limit = 0.02h = 0.02× 10 × 12 = 2.40 in.
∆ limit = 0.02h = 0.02 × 12 × 12 = 2.88 in.
∆max; = 0.7 R ∆s
R = 5.5
 43

Table 3.3. Checking for Storey Drift in X Direction

Drift Ratio
Storey Height (in) ∆Sx (in) ∆Mx (in) ∆Limit
(X)
ROOF 120 0.000561 0.06732 0.259182 2.4
12F 120 0.000526 0.06312 0.243012 2.4
11F 120 0.000706 0.08472 0.326172 2.4
10F 120 0.000886 0.10632 0.409332 2.4
9F 120 0.001007 0.12084 0.465234 2.4
8F 120 0.000951 0.11412 0.439362 2.4
7F 120 0.001083 0.12996 0.500346 2.4
6F 120 0.001225 0.147 0.56595 2.4
5F 120 0.001128 0.13536 0.521136 2.4
4F 120 0.001231 0.14772 0.568722 2.4
3F 120 0.001325 0.159 0.61215 2.4
2F 120 0.001262 0.15144 0.583044 2.4
1F 144 0.001672 0.240768 0.9269568 2.88
GF 144 0.00124 0.17856 0.687456 2.88

Table 3.4. Checking for Storey Drift in Y Direction

Drift Ratio
Storey Height (in) ∆Sy (in) ∆My (in) ∆Limit
(Y)
ROOF 120 0.000618 0.07416 0.285516 2.4
12F 120 0.000979 0.11748 0.452298 2.4
11F 120 0.001368 0.16416 0.632016 2.4
10F 120 0.001758 0.21096 0.812196 2.4
9F 120 0.002091 0.25092 0.966042 2.4
8F 120 0.002019 0.24228 0.932778 2.4
7F 120 0.002356 0.28272 1.088472 2.4
6F 120 0.002687 0.32244 1.241394 2.4
5F 120 0.002557 0.30684 1.181334 2.4
4F 120 0.002806 0.33672 1.296372 2.4
Table 3.4. (Continued)
 44

Drift Ratio
Storey Height (in) ∆Sy (in) ∆My (in) ∆Limit
(Y)
3F 120 0.003059 0.36708 1.413258 2.4

2F 120 0.00303 0.3636 1.39986 2.4

1F 144 0.00366 0.52704 2.029104 2.88

GF 144 0.002403 0.346032 1.3322232 2.88

As all storey drifts are within the storey drift limitation, the structure is satisfied for
storey drift.

3.6.4. Checking for Torsional Irregularity

Where diaphragms are rigid, provisions must be made for the increased
horizontal forces induced on vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system
resulting from torsion due to eccentricity between the center of application of the
lateral forces and the center of rigidity of the seismic force-resisting system. Forces
are not to be increased due to torsion effects.
Point 4 and Point 41 are selected to check the torsional irregularity. These two
points are located at the lines passing across the diagonal of the building. So, these
points are the control points for the whole building. If it is checked, the building will
be safe for torsional irregularity. Location of selected points for torsional irregularity
checking is shown in Figure 3.3.

Point 4

Point 41
Figure 3.3. Selected Points of Torsional Irregularity Checking
 45

Displacement results for point 4 and point 41 in both directions are illustrated
in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6.

Table 3.5. Checking for Torsional Irregularity at X Direction

Displacement in X for (in)

Storey Δxmax Δxavg S.F
Point 4 Point 41

12F 1.3486 1.7256 1.7256 1.5371 1.122633531

11F 1.31 1.6795 1.6795 1.49475 1.123599264
10F 1.2513 1.6082 1.6082 1.42975 1.12481203
9F 1.1732 1.5124 1.5124 1.3428 1.126303247
8F 1.0752 1.3916 1.3916 1.2334 1.128263337
7F 0.9864 1.2796 1.2796 1.133 1.129390997
6F 0.8838 1.1496 1.1496 1.0167 1.130717026
5F 0.768 1.0026 1.0026 0.8853 1.132497458
4F 0.6631 0.8673 0.8673 0.7652 1.133429169
3F 0.549 0.7196 0.7196 0.6343 1.134478953
2F 0.4264 0.5606 0.5606 0.4935 1.135967579
1F 0.3113 0.4092 0.4092 0.36025 1.135877863
GF 0.1277 0.1687 0.1687 0.1482 1.138326586

Table 3.6. Checking for Torsional Irregularity at Y Direction

Displacement in Y for (in)

Storey Δymax Δyavg S.F
Point 4 Point 41

12F 3.7611 2.5547 3.7611 3.1579 1.191013015

11F 3.678 2.4919 3.678 3.08495 1.192239745

10F 3.5397 2.3941 3.5397 2.9669 1.193063467
9F 3.3452 2.2605 3.3452 2.80285 1.193499474

8F 3.0943 2.0911 3.0943 2.5927 1.193466271

7F 2.8521 1.9276 2.8521 2.38985 1.193422181

6F 2.5693 1.7379 2.5693 2.1536 1.193025632

Table 3.6. (Continued)
 46

Displacement in Y for (in)

Storey Δymax Δyavg S.F
Point 4 Point 41

5F 2.2469 1.5226 2.2469 1.88475 1.1921475

4F 1.94 1.3183 1.94 1.62915 1.190805021
3F 1.6033 1.0945 1.6033 1.3489 1.188598117
2F 1.2363 0.8506 1.2363 1.04345 1.184819589
1F 0.8727 0.6079 0.8727 0.7403 1.178846414
GF 0.3456 0.2447 0.3456 0.29515 1.170930036

For point 4, Δx4 = 1.3486 in, Δ y4 = 3.7611 in (From Table 3.5)

For point 41, Δ x41.= 1.7256 in, Δ y41 = 2.5547 in (From Table 3.6)
For X direction:
For proposed structure, the maximum displacement is
Δxmax = 1.7256 in
The average of maximum displacement of two points is
1 . 3486+1. 7256
Δxavg = 2
= 1.5371 in
Δ x max 1 . 7256
Δ x avg = 1. 5371
= 1.123 < 1.2  Satisfied

For Y direction:
For proposed structure, the maximum displacement is
Δymax = 3.7611 in
The average of maximum displacement of two points is

3 . 7611+2 .5547
Δyavg = 2
= 3.1579 in
Δ y max 3 .7611
Δ y avg = 3 . 1579
= 1.191 < 1.2  Satisfied

Therefore, torsional irregularity does not exist in this building.

 47

3.6.5. Checking for P- Effect

P-Δ effects need not be considered in the analysis of the entire structure when
the ratio of secondary moment to primary moment in any storey is equal to or less
than 0.1. Checking P-Δ effects for X and Y directions are shown in Table 3.7.
p x s x
θ
= vx h x (2.16)
x

where,
θx = stability coefficient for storey x
px = total vertical load (un-factored) on all columns in storey x
Dsx = storey drift due to design base shear
vx = design shear in storey x [97UBC]

Table 3.7. Checking for P-∆ Effect in X direction

Heigh Drift Ratio

Storey P (kips) Dsx vx θx Limit
t (in) X (in)

ROOF 120 0.000561 44.65 0.06732 6.67 0.004 0.1

12F 120 0.000526 525.56 0.06312 31.55 0.009 0.1

11F 120 0.000706 1008.56 0.08472 67.95 0.010 0.1

10F 120 0.000886 1491.57 0.10632 103.36 0.013 0.1

9F 120 0.001007 1974.58 0.12084 138.76 0.014 0.1

8F 120 0.000951 2483.05 0.11412 173.61 0.014 0.1

7F 120 0.001083 2991.51 0.12996 208.46 0.016 0.1

6F 120 0.001225 3499.98 0.147 242.53 0.018 0.1

5F 120 0.001128 4037.82 0.13536 276.61 0.016 0.1

4F 120 0.001231 4575.66 0.14772 309.8 0.018 0.1

3F 120 0.001325 5113.96 0.159 342.98 0.020 0.1

2F 120 0.001262 5686.96 0.15144 374.95 0.019 0.1

Table 3.7. (Continued)
 48

Heigh Drift Ratio

Storey P (kips) Dsx vx θx Limit
t (in) X (in)
1F 144 0.001672 6297.13 0.240768 408.65 0.026 0.1
GF 144 0.00124 6672.86 0.17856 426.3 0.019 0.1

Table 3.8. Checking for P-∆ Effect in Y direction

Heigh Drift Ratio

Storey P (kips) Dsy vy θy Limit
t (in) Y(in)
ROOF 120 0.000618 44.65 0.07416 4.85 0.006 0.1
12F 120 0.000979 525.56 0.11748 38.22 0.013 0.1
11F 120 0.001368 1008.56 0.16416 95.25 0.014 0.1
10F 120 0.001758 1491.57 0.21096 150.72 0.017 0.1
9F 120 0.002091 1974.58 0.25092 206.19 0.020 0.1
8F 120 0.002019 2483.05 0.24228 260.79 0.019 0.1
7F 120 0.002356 2991.51 0.28272 315.38 0.022 0.1
6F 120 0.002687 3499.98 0.32244 368.77 0.026 0.1
5F 120 0.002557 4037.82 0.30684 422.15 0.024 0.1
4F 120 0.002806 4575.66 0.33672 474.14 0.027 0.1
3F 120 0.003059 5113.96 0.36708 526.13 0.030 0.1
2F 120 0.00303 5686.96 0.3636 576.22 0.030 0.1
1F 144 0.00366 6297.13 0.52704 629.01 0.037 0.1

GF 144 0.002403 6672.86 0.346032 656.66 0.024 0.1

There is no need to consider P-Δ effect in X and Y directions.

3.7. Checking for Slab Thickness

Slab thickness is chosen 4 inches for the whole structure. The thickness of
slab is 4 inches resulting from the total perimeter of slab divided by 180 for two way
slabs. Since one way slab is both end continuous, thickness of slab is 4 inches
resulting from short length divided by 28. Location of slabs is presented in Figure 3.4
and plan of slab, S2 and plan of slab, S1 are also described in figure 3.5 and 3.6
 49

S2

S1

Figure 3.4. Slab Layout Plan

Checking of two way slab, S2 is as follows and figure 3.5 shows the plan of two way
slab
Material strength, fy = 50000 psi
'
Concrete cylinder strength
f c = 3000 psi
Live load on slab = 40 psf
Super dead load on slab = 30 psf
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
14'
B 12x16
B 12x16

B 12x14

14' S2

B 12x16
Figure 3.5. Plan of Slab, S2

Width of beam = 1'

Length of long clear span, lb = 14' – 1'= 13'
Length of short clear span, la = 14' – 1' =13'
 50

Since :
Lb
≤2} {¿ , the slab is two way slab.
La
The structure has been modeled with 5 inches thick slab. Check whether the
slab is convenient with minimum required slab thickness.

Assume cover 1 in.

Minimum required slab thickness,
Factored dead load
h = total perimeter divided by 180
= 2(13+13) × 12 ÷ 180
= 3.47 in < applied h = 4 in (OK)
= 1.4 × 4 × 150 + 1.4 × 30
12

= 112 psf
Factored live load = 1.7 × 40
= 68 psf
Total factored load = 112 +68
= 180 psf
Since the slab is interior panel, the moment coefficient is case (4).

Ratio of panel sides, m = La = 13 = 1.0

Lb 13
Coefficient for negative moment in slab, Ca = 0.05
Cb = 0.05
Coefficient for positive moment in slab, dead load Ca = 0.027
Cb = 0.027
Coefficient for positive moment in slab, live load Ca = 0.032
Cb = 0.032

Negative moment at continuous edge,

Ma = Ca ω La² = 0.05 × 180× (13)² = 1521 lb-ft

Mb = Cb ω Lb² = 0.05 × 180 × (13)² = 1521 lb-ft

Positive moment at mid span,

For short direction,

Ma (DL) = Ca ω La² = 0.027 × 112 × (13)² = 511.056 lb-ft
Ma (LL) = Ca ω La² = 0.032 × 68 × (13)² = 367.744 lb-ft
Total positive moment = 878.8 lb-ft
 51

For long direction,

Mb (DL) = Cb ω Lb² = 0.027 × 112 × (13)² = 511.056 lb-ft
Mb (LL) = Cb ω Lb² = 0.032 × 68 × (13)² = 367.744 lb-ft
Total positive moment = 878.8 lb-ft
Negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third the positive moment in
the span.
Ma = 1/3 (+Ma) = 1/3 (878.8 ) = 292.93 lb-ft

Mb = 1/3 (+Mb) = 1/3 (878.8 ) = 292.93 lb-ft

Check for slab thickness,

Maximum moment = 1521 lb-ft
ρmax = 0.75 ρb = 0.0206 (from Table A.14)
fy
Mu = ∅ fy ρ bd2 (1-0.59 ρ )
f 'c
1521×12 = 0.9×50000×0.0206×12×d2 (1- 0.59 × 0.0206 × 50 )
3
d = 1.43
h = 1.43+1= 2.43 in < 4 in (OK)
Use h = 4 in

Checking of one way slab, S1 is as follows and figure 3.6 shows the plan of one way
slab
Material strength, fy = 5000 psi
Concrete cylinder strength, fcʹ = 3000 psi
Live load on slab = 40 psf
Super dead load on slab = 30 psf
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
14'
B 12x14
B 12x16
B 12x16

7' S1

B12x16
Figure 3.6. Plan of Slab, S1
 52

Width of beam = 1'

Length of long clear span, lb = 14' – 1' = 13'
Length of short clear span, la = 7' – 1' = 6'
Lb
Since: >2} {¿, the slab is one way slab.
La
The structure has been modeled with 4 inches thick slab. Check whether the
slab is convenient with minimum required slab thickness.
Assume cover 1 in. Both-end continuous -
L
Minimum required slab thickness, h = 28 (from Table A.13)
6×12
= 28
= 2.571 in < applied h = 4 in (OK)

4
Factored dead load = 1.4 × 12 × 150 + 1.4 × 30
= 112 psf
Factored live load = 1.7 × 40
= 68 psf
Total factored load = 112 +68
= 180 psf

For shorter direction,

At mid span, (+M) = 1 × 180 × (6)² = 405 lb-ft

16
At continuous edge (–M) = 1 × 180 × (6)² = 540 lb-ft
12
Check for slab thickness,
Maximum moment = 540 lb-ft

ρmax = 0.75 ρb = 0.0206 (from Table A.14)

Mu = ∅fy ρ bd2 (1-0.59 ρ fy )

fc' 50
540 × 12 = 0.9 × 50000× 0.0206 × 12 × d2 (1- 0.59 × 0.0206 × )
3
d = 0.86 in

h = 0.86 + 1

= 1.86 in < 4 in (OK) Use h = 4ʹʹ

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3.8. Summary
In this study, twelve-storey reinforced concrete building with irregular-shaped
in plan is selected as a proposed building. The building is analyzed and designed
according to ETABS software, UBC-97, ACI 318-99 specification. The proposed
building is analyzed with basic wind speed 95 mph in the case of static analysis and
the structure is checked for the stability of the proposed building. The UBC-97 states
that the P-∆ effect needs not be considered in the analysis of the entire structure when
the ratio of secondary moment to primary moment in any storey is equal to or less
than 0.1 in seismic zone 2A. In checking for sliding, when the ratio of resistance due
to friction to sliding force, (V) is greater than or equal to 1.5, the design is safety.
Checking for P-∆ effect and sliding are within the limit. In checking for overturning,
the ratio of resisting moment to overturning moment of the building is greater than
1.5. So, the overturning moment checking is safety. In checking for storey drift, it is
found that storey drift for all stories do not exceed limit. In proposed building, the
maximum drift at one end of the structure transverse to its axis is not more than 1.2
times the average storey drift of both ends. Therefore the effect of torsional
irregularity can be neglected. Therefore, the proposed building is satisfied for all
stability checks. In this study, the building is composed of 1029 beams and 620
columns. The maximum frame sizes are B 16ʹʹ×18ʹʹ for beams and C 20ʹʹ× 20ʹʹ for
column and slab is 4ʹʹ thickness.