Mix Design Procedures and Test Results of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 4.1. General

47
CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN PROCEDURES AND TEST RESULTS OF
SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC)
4.1. General
The strengths of SCC are tested by making four different concrete mixtures
(identified as A, B, C, D and E ). Mix design procedures are calculated step by step
according to ACI method. And then, SCC are cast into cube mold of cast irons. All
specimens are submerged in a tank of fresh water for a period before testing. Finally,
they are tested for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days compressive strength.
4.2. Concrete Mixtures

The mixtures of A, B, C, D and E are prepared by mixing of Double Rhinos
cement, coarse aggregate from Ohm Gyaw, fine aggregate from Ayeyarwady river,
Fly Ash from Tigyit, Silica Fume, water and ViscoCrete -6100 (High performance
superplasticizer). Concrete mixtures are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1. Concrete Mixtures
Silica
No. Mixture Water/ cement ratio ViscoCrete -6100 Fly Ash
Fumes
1 A 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 10% 10%
2 B 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 20% 0%
3 C 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 10% 5%
4 D 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 5% 5%
5 E 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 5% 3%

50
4.2.1. Trial Mix Design of Mixture A

ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 %, Fly Ash 10%,Silica Fume 10%, by weight of cement
and water cement ratio 0.36 are used in mixture A. Mix design of mixture A is
calculated step by step according to ACI method.
Step 1 : Slump = 7 in (For Flowing Concrete)
Step 2 : Maximum aggregate size = 3/4" (20 mm)
Step 3 : According to Table A.1, the amount of water is 360 lb/yd³. But
this table is applicable for normal concrete mix design. For
SCC, the amount of water is reduced 18% according to the
result of trial mix design and properties of admixture.
Therefore, required g water = 360 - (360×0.18) = 295.2 lb/yd³.
Step 4 : Design strength is 6525 psi. Therefore, targeted compressive
strength is 7917 psi according to Table A.2.
Step 5 : Water cement ratio, w/c= 0.36 (from Table A.3)
295.2
Step 6 : Cement Content = = 820 lb/yd³
0.36
So, ViscoCrete -6100 = 820 ×0.014= 11.48 lb/yd³
80 ×820
Cement content(80 %by wt of cement)= =656 lb/yd³
100
10× 820
Fly ash content(10%by wt of cement)=
100
= 82 lb/yd³
10× 820
Silica Fume content (10%by wt of cement)=
100
= 82
lb/yd³
Step 7 : Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate = 2.02

Maximum aggregate size = 3/4" (20 mm)
By using absolute volume method,
295.2
Volume of water = = 4.9038 ft3/yd3
1× 62.4
656
Volume of cement= = 3.3695 ft3/yd3
3.12× 62.4
11.48
Volume of Viscocrete-6100 = = 0.1799 ft3/yd3
1.06× 62.4
51
Volume of air content = 0.02 × 27 = 0.54 ft3/yd3

82
Volume of Fly Ash = = 0.5946 ft3/yd3
2.21× 62.4
82
Volume of Silica Fume = = 0.1777 ft3/yd3
2.3× 62.4
Total Volume = 10.1263 ft3/yd3
Volume of aggregate = 27 – 10.1263 = 17.0202 ft3/yd3
Volume of coarse aggregate according to Table A.4 = 0.71
Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 17.0202 =
12.0843 /yd3 (2096.0963 lb/yd3)
Volume of fine aggregate = 17.0202-12.0843=4.9359
ft3/yd3(810.0340 lb/yd3)
Coarse aggregate are too much. Assume 26.419 % will be reduced according to the
recommendations of EFNARC to get better flowability.
Weight of coarse aggregate = 2096.0963 -(2096.0963 ×
0.2642)=1542.4758 lb/yd3(8.8918 ft3/yd3)
Volume of mortar = 27-8.8918)=18.1082 ft3/yd3
Assume 48% of sand in mortar volume,

Volume of fine aggregate = 18.1082 × 0.48 = 8.6919
ft3/yd3(1426.4522 lb/yd3)
Paste volume = 18.1082 - 8.6919 = 9.4163 ft3/yd3
Step 8: Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of

water,cement,ViscoCrete -6100,Fly Ash and Silica Fume.
Therefore,
0.36 C C 0.014 C 0.1 C 0.1C
+ + + +
62.4 3.12× 62.4 1.06× 62.4 2.21× 62.4 2.3× 62.4
= 9.4163
Where, C = volume of cement.

Sovling the equation,
Volume of water = 4.3323 ft³/yd³ (270.3403 lb/yd3)
Volume of Cement = 3.8571 ft3/yd3 (750.9454 lb/yd3)

52
Volume of ViscoCrete-6100 = 0.1589 ft3/yd3 (10.5132 lb/yd3)
Volume of Fly Ash = 0.5445 ft³/yd³ (75.0945 lb/yd3)
Volume of Silica Fume = 0.5232 ft³/yd³( 75.0945 lb/yd3)
Volume of coarse aggregate = 8.8918 ft³/yd³( 1542.4757 lb/yd3)
Volume fine aggregate = 8.6919 ft³/yd³( 1426.4521 lb/yd3)
Total volume of above materials = 27 ft³/yd³ ( Ok )
For one-cubic-yard of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

Water = 270.3403 lb
Cement = 750.9454 lb
Fly Ash =75.0945 lb
Silica Fume =75.0945 lb
Coarse aggregate = 1542.4757 lb (50% of 20 mm and 50%
of 10 mm)
Fine aggregate = 1426.4521 lb
ViscoCrete-6100 = 10.5132 lb
For one-cubic-metre of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

Water = 160.378 kg
Cement = 445.496 kg
Fly Ash =44.55 kg
Silica Fume =44.55 kg
Coarse aggregate = 915.07 kg (50% of 20 mm and 50%
of 10 mm)
Fine aggregate = 846.239 kg
ViscoCrete-6100 = 6.237 kg
4.2.2. Trial Mix Design of Mixture B

ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 % by weight of cement, Fly Ash 20 % , Silica Fume 0
% and water cement ratio 0.36 are used in mixture B. Mix design of mixture B is
53
Therefore, required g water = 360 - (360×0.18) = 295.2 lb/yd³.
295.2
0.36
80 ×820
Cement content(80 %by wt of cement)= =656 lb/yd³
100
20× 840
100
= 164 lb/yd³

295.2
1× 62.4
656
3.12× 62.4
11.48
1.06× 62.4
164
2.21× 62.4
54
Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 16.9969 =

12.0678 ft3/yd3 (2093.4306 lb/yd3)
Volume of fine aggregate = 16.9969 -12.0678 =4.9291
ft3/yd3(808.9267 lb/yd3)
Weight of coarse aggregate = 2093.4306 -(2093.4306 ×
0.269)= 1530.7582 lb/yd3(8.8242 ft3/yd3)
Volume of mortar = 27-8.8242)= 18.1758 ft3/yd3

ft3/yd3(1431.7730 lb/yd3)
Step 8: Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of water,cement,

ViscoCrete -6100,Fly Ash and Silica Fume.
Therefore,
0.36 C C 0.014 C 0.2 C
+ + + = 9.4514
62.4 3.12× 62.4 1.06× 62.4 2.21× 62.4
Where, C = volume of cement.,
Volume of Cement 3.8628 ft3/yd3 (752.044 lb/yd3)

Water = 270.736 lb
55
Cement = 752.044 lb
Fly Ash =150.4089 lb
Coarse aggregate = 1530.758 lb (50% of 20 mm and 50% of
10 mm)

Water = 160.614 kg
Cement = 446.149 kg
Fly Ash =89.230 kg
of 10 mm)
4.2.3. Trial Mix Design of Mixture C
ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 % by weight of cement, Fly Ash 10 % , Silica Fume 5

% and water cement ratio 0.36 are used in mixture C. Mix design of mixture C is
SCC, the amount of water is reduced 17.5% according to the
Therefore, required g water = 360 - (360×0.175) = 297 lb/yd³.
56

297
0.36
85 ×825
Cement content(85%by wt of cement)= =701.25
100
lb/yd³
10× 825
100
= 82 lb/yd³
5× 825
100
= 41.25
lb/yd³

297
1× 62.4
701.25
3.12× 62.4
11.55
1.06× 62.4
82
2.21× 62.4
41.25
2.3× 62.4
Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 17.0382=12.0971
ft3/yd3 (2098.510 lb/yd3)
Volume of fine aggregate = 17.0382-12.0971=4.941
ft3/yd3(810.88 lb/yd3)
57
Weight of coarse aggregate = 2098.510 -(2098.510 × 0.272)=
1528.408 lb/yd3(8.81 ft3/yd3)
Volume of mortar = 27-8.810 =18.189 ft3/yd3

Volume of fine aggregate = 18.189 × 0.48 = 8.730 ft3/yd3
(1432.840 lb/yd3)

Therefore,
0.36 C C 0.014 C 0.1 C 0.05 C
+ + + + = 9.458
62.4 3.12× 62.4 1.06× 62.4 2.21× 62.4 2.3× 62.4


Water = 279.311lb
Cement = 775.864 lb
Fly Ash =77.5864 lb

58
Silica Fume =38.7932lb
of 10 mm)

Water = 165.770 kg
Cement = 460.280 kg
Fly Ash =46.028 kg
of 10 mm)
4.2.4. Trial Mix Design of Mixture D

ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 % by weight of cement, Fly Ash 5 % , Silica Fume 5 %
and water cement ratio 0.36 are used in mixture D. Mix design of mixture D is
59
306
0.36
90 ×850
Cement content(90%by wt of cement)= =765 lb/yd³
100
5× 850
100
= 42.5 lb/yd³
5× 850
100
= 42.25
lb/yd³

306
1× 62.4
765
3.12× 62.4
11.9
1.06× 62.4
42.5
2.21× 62.4
42.5
2.3× 62.4
Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 16.8426 = 11.9582
ft3/yd3 (2074.41 lb/yd3)
ft3/yd3(801.5796 lb/yd3)
60
1523.721458 lb/yd3(8.783 ft3/yd3)

ft3/yd3(1434.968 lb/yd3)

ViscoCrete
-6100,Fly Ash and Silica Fume.
Therefore,
0.36 C C 0.014 C 0.05 C 0.05 C
+ + + + = 9.472
62.4 3.12× 62.4 1.06× 62.4 2.21× 62.4 2.3× 62.4


Water = 288.3005 lb
Cement = 800.83487 lb
Fly Ash =40.041743 lb

61
of 10 mm)
Fine aggregate= 1434.96 lb

Water = 171.034 kg
Cement = 475.093 kg
Fly Ash =23.755 kg
of 10 mm)
4.2.5. Trial Mix Design of Mixture E

ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 % by weight of cement, Fly Ash 5 % , Silica Fume 3 %
and water cement ratio 0.36 are used in mixture E. Mix design of mixture E is
62
306
0.36
92× 850
Cement content(92%by wt of cement)= =782 lb/yd³
100
5× 850
100
= 42.5 lb/yd³
3× 850
100
= 25.5
lb/yd³

306
1× 62.4
765
3.12× 62.4
11.9
1.06× 62.4
42.5
2.21× 62.4
42.5
2.3× 62.4
Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 16.8426 = 11.9582
ft3/yd3 (2074.41 lb/yd3)
ft3/yd3(801.5796 lb/yd3)
63
1523.721458 lb/yd3(8.783 ft3/yd3)

ft3/yd3(1434.968 lb/yd3)
Step 8 : Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of water,cement,

Therefore,
0.36 C C 0.014 C 0.05 C 0.03 C
+ + + +
62.4 3.12× 62.4 1.06× 62.4 2.21× 62.4 2.3× 62.4
= 9.486


Water = 292.1683 lb
Cement = 811.578712 lb
Fly Ash =40.5789 lb
of 10 mm)
64

Water = 173.328 kg
Cement = 481.467 kg
Fly Ash =24.073 kg
of 10 mm)
4.2.6. Summary of Batch Weight per Cubic-Yard of Fresh Concrete
The summary of the mix proportion for one Cubic yard of fresh concrete are
shown in Table 4.2 and the unit weight of fresh SCC for all mix design is in average
152 lb/ft³.
Table 4.2 Summary of Fresh Concrete for Batch Weight per Cubic Yard (lb/yd³)
No. Item Mix A Mix B Mix C Mix D Mix E
Water /
1. Cement 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
Ratio
Water
2. 270.34 270.74 279.31 288.30 292.17
(lb/yd³)
Cement
3. 750.95 752.04 775.86 800.83 811.58
(lb/yd³)
Coarse
Aggregate
(lb/yd³)
4.
(For both
1542.48 1530.76 1528.41 1528.41 1519.06
20mm and
10mm
aggregate
sizes)
5. Fine 1426.45 1431.77 1432.84 1434.97 1437.09
65
Aggregate
(lb/yd³)
ViscoCrete
6. 10.51 10.53 10.86 11.21 11.36
-6100 (lb)
4.2.7. Comparison between Research Mixtures and Recommendation of EFNARC

In designing the mix it is most useful to consider the relative proportions of
the key components by volume rather than by mass. According to recommendation of
EFNARC, indicative typical ranges of proportions and quantities in order to obtain
self-compactability are shown in Table 4.3, where coarse aggregate content is content
percent by volume of the mix and fine aggregate content is content percent by volume
of the mix. But, fine aggregate content may vary for many requirement reasons such
as workability, compressive strength and content of mineral admixtures, etc. Coarse
aggregate content, fine aggregate content, water content and water/powder ratio of
research mixtures are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3.Comparison between Research Mixtures and Recommendation of

EFNARC for SCC Mix Design
EFNARC Mixtures
Items
recommendations A B C D E
Coarse Aggregate
content of the 750 – 1000 915.07 908.1 906.7 903.9 901.1
mix(kg/m3)
Total powder
380 – 600 kg/m3
content 534.60 535.3 529.3 522.6 519.9
Fine Aggregate
content of the > 40% 48.05 48.33 48.39 48.5 48.6
mortar
171.0
Water content (kg) 150-210 160.38 160.6 165.7 173.3
Water/powder ratio
0.80 – 1.10 0.88 0.87 0.93 0.99 1.01
by volume
According to the result data obtained from the measurements and the tests
conducted in ITC (Mandalay),all the trial mixtures in proportions which are in
conformity with the recommendations of EFNARC for SCC mix design.
66
4.3. Properties of SCC in Fresh State

The three main properties of SCC in fresh store are filling ability (excellent
deformability), passing ability (ability to pass reinforcement without blocking) and
high resistance to segregation.
4.3.1. Filling Ability

Self-Compacting concrete must be able to flow into all the spaces within the
formwork under its own weight. This is related to workability, as measured by slump.
The filling ability or flowability is the property that characterizes the ability of the
SCC of flowing into formwork and filling all space under its own weight,
guaranteeing total covering of the reinforcement.
4.3.2. Passing Ability

Self-Compacting concrete must flow through tight openings such as spaces
between steel reinforcing bars under its own weight. The mix must not ‘block’ during
placement. The passing ability is the property that characterizes the ability of the SCC
to pass between obstacles- gaps between reinforcement without blocking .The
mechanisms that govern this property are the viscosity and cohesion of the mixture.
4.3.3. High Resistance to Segregation

Self-Compacting concrete must meet the requirements of filing and passing
ability while its original composition remains uniform. Latest developments in
accordance with the objectives of the European SCC project aim to limit the
admixtures used for general purpose SCCs to only one by using new types and
combinations of polymers. Experience has shown that such an admixture may have to
add to generate and maintain compacting concrete using less liable materials.
4.3.4. Slump Flow Test

The slump flow is used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the
absence of obstructions. It was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of
underwater concrete. The test method is based on the test method for determining the
slump. The diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the
concrete. It can be used on site, though the size of the base plate is somewhat
unwieldy and level ground is essential. It is most commonly used test, and gives a
good assessment of filling ability.
67
4.3.4.1. Equipment
The apparatus is shown in figure(4.1).. Mould is in the shape of a truncated
cone with the internal dimensions 200mm at the base, 100mm diameter at the top and
a height of 300mm.Base plate of a stiff non-absorbing material, at least 700mm
square, marked with a circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a
further concentric circle of 500mm diameter. The apparatus usually required for this
test are as trowel, scoop, ruler and stopwatch.
Figure 4.1. Slump Flow Test
4.3.4.2. Procedure
(a) About six liters of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.
(b) Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone. Place base plate on
level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and
hold down firmly.
(c) Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete
level with the top of the cone with trowel.
(d) Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
(e) Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
68
(f) Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the
concrete to reach the 500mm spread circle. (This is T50 time).
(g) Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular
directions.
(h) Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is slump
flow in mm).
4.3.5. L Box Test

The apparatus consists of a rectangular section box in the shape of an ‘L’, with
a vertical and horizontal section, separated by a moveable gate, in front of which
vertical lengths of reinforcement bars are fitted. The vertical section is filled with
concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the concrete flow into the horizontal section.
When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete at the end of the horizontal
section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the vertical section (H2/H1 in
the diagram). It indicates the slope of the concrete when at rest. This is an indication
passing ability, or the degree to which the passage of concrete through the bars is
restricted.
4.3.5.1. Equipment
The apparatus usually required for this test are as trowel, scoop, ruler.
69
Figure 4.2. L-box Test
4.3.5.2. Procedure
(a) About fourteen liters of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.
(b) Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can
open freely and close it.
(c) Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water.
(d) Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
(e) Leave it to stand for one minute.
(f) Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal
section.
(g) When the concrete stops flowing, the distance “H1” and “H2” are
measured.
(h) Calculate H2/H1, the Blocking Ratio.
(i) The whole test has to be performed within five minutes.
4.3.6. V Funnel Test and V Funnel at T 5 mins Test

The test was developed in Japan. The equipment consists of V-shaped
tunnel, shown in figure. High flow time can also be associated with low deformability
due to high paste viscosity, and with high inter-particle friction. While the apparatus
is simple, the effect of the angle of the funnel and the wall effect on the flow of
concrete are not clear.
4.3.6.1. Equipment
The apparatus usually required for this test are as V-funnel, bucket (+/- 12
liter), trowel, scoop and stopwatch.
4.3.6.2. Procedure of flow time

(a) About twelve liters of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.
(b) Set the V-funnel on firm ground
(c) Moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel.
70
(d) Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
(e) Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
(f) Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or
tamping; simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
(g) Open within ten seconds after filling the trap door and allow the concrete
to flow out under gravity.
(h) Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for
the discharge to complete (the flow time). This is taken to be when light
is seen from above through the funnel.
(i) The whole test has to be performed within five minutes.
4.3.6.3. Procedure of flow time at T 5 mins

(a) Do not clean or moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel again.
(b) Close the trap door and refill the V-funnel immediately after measuring
the flow time.
(c) Place a bucket underneath.
(d) Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping,
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
(e) Open the trap door five minutes after the second fill of the funnel and
allow the concrete to flow out under gravity.
(f) Simultaneously start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and
record the time for the discharge to complete (the flow time T5minutes).
(g) This is taken to be when light is seen from above through the funnel.
71
Figure 4.3. V-Funnel Test
4.3.7. Summary Test Results of SCC in Fresh State

The properties of SCC are tested with slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests
according to EFNARC for mixtures A, B, C , D and E. Slump flow, L-box and V-
funnel tests are described with figure 4.4 to 4.6. The summary test results of SCC are
shown in Table 4.4 with the recommendation limits of EFNARC.
72
Figure 4.4.Testing of Slump Flow Test
Figure 4.5. Testing of L-box Test

73
Figure 4.6. Testing V-funnel at T 5 mins Test

Table 4.4. Comparison of Test Results of SCC in Fresh State and EFNARC
Recommendations Limits
Mix Mix Mix Mix EFNARC

No Test Unit Mix
A B C D
E Min Max
mm 721
1 Flow 708 710 705 715 650 800
2 T 50 sec 4 3 3 4 2 3 5
H1
L– - 0.9
3 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.87 0.82 1
box
V– sec 9
4 11 10 9 10 6 12
funnel
5 At sec 12
T 5 mins 13 14 12 13 11 15
According to the result data obtained from the specific tests which are
conducted at ITC(Mandalay),all the trial mixtures are in conformity with the
recommendations of EFNARC as the result data are within the limits.
74
4.4. Compressive Strength Test Results of SCC

Compressive strength is a measure of the maximum resistance, a concrete
specimen can maintain against axial loading. It is one of the primary parameters for
concrete quality control testing. Compressive strength of concrete is mainly affected
by water-cement ratio.. In this research, the cube test for SCC is used. The average
compressive strength of each mix design is tested at 7days, 14days and 28 days
respectively. Figure 4.7 shows the SCC cube concrete specimen.
Figure 4.7. SCC Cube Concrete Specimen
4.4.1. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture A

The compressive strength test results of mixture A is shown in Table 4.5 and
these are plotted in Figure 4.8. The average compressive strength of mixture A are
achieved 5398 psi (or) 37.21MPa at 7 days, 7571 psi (or) 52.2 MPa at 14 days and
8052 psi (or) 55.52 MPa at 28 days respectively. Mixture A reaches design strength at
17 days.
75
Table 4.5. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture A

Average
No Curing Period Water/Cement Compressive
Compressive
. (Days) Ratio Strength (psi)
Strength (psi)
5398
1 7 0.36 5402.02
2 7 0.36 5398.76
3 7 0.36 5393.37
4 14 0.36 7565.35
5 14 0.36 7581.01 7571
6 14 0.36 7565.77
7 28 0.36 8042.60
8 28 0.36 8053.40 8052
9 28 0.36 8058.63
9000
8000
7000
Compressive strength (psi)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Days
Figure 4.8. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture A

76
4.4.2. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture B

The compressive strength test results of mixture B is shown in Table 4.6 and
these are plotted in Figure 4.9. The average compressive strength of mixture B are
achieved 5018 psi (or) 34.6MPa at 7 days, 7068 psi (or) 48.73MPa at 14 days and
7600 psi (or) 52.4 MPa at 28 days respectively. Mixture B reaches design strength at
28 days.
Table 4.6. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture B
Compressive Average
Curing Period Water Cement
No Strength Compressive
(Days) Ratio
(psi) Strength (psi)
1 7 0.36 5019.50
2 7 0.36 5022.32 5018
3 7 0.36 5012.78
4 14 0.36 7070.44
5 14 0.36 7065.99 7068
6 14 0.36 7068.71
7 28 0.36 7599.15
8 28 0.36 7603.91 7600
9 28 0.36 7595.69
77
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Days
Figure 4.9. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture B
4.4.3. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture C

The compressive strength test results of mixture C is shown in Table 4.7 and
these are plotted in Figure 4.10. The average compressive strength of mixture C are
achieved 4993 psi (or) 34.4 MPa at 7 days, 7010 psi (or) 48.3 MPa at 14 days and
7459 psi (or) 51.4 MPa respectively. Mixture C reaches design strength at 28 days.
Table 4.7 . Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture C

Average
Curing Compressive
Water Cement Compressive
No Period Strength
Ratio Strength
(Days) (psi)
(psi)
1 7 0.36 4997.45
2 7 0.36 4987.92 4993
3 7 0.36 4992.75
4 14 0.36 7019.36
5 14 0.36 7003.53 7010
6 14 0.36 7007.86
7 28 0.36 7462.25
8 28 0.36 7456.18 7459
9 28 0.36 7457.49
sive strength (psi)
78
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Days
Figure 4 .10. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture C
4.4.4. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture D
The compressive strength test results of mixture D is shown in Table 4.8 and
these are plotted in Figure 4.11. The average compressive strength of mixture D are
achieved 4562 psi (or)31.5MPa at 7 days, 6421 psi (or) 44.3 MPa at 14 days and
6911psi (or) 47.7MPa respectively. Mixture D reaches design strength at 28 days.
Table 4.8. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture D

Curing Water Compressive
Average Compressive
No Period Cement Strength
Strength (psi)
(Days) Ratio (psi)
1 7 0.36 4564.43
2 7 0.36 4560.29 4562
3 7 0.36 4562.33
4 14 0.36 6421.76
5 14 0.36 6419.63 6421
6 14 0.36 6420.46
7 28 0.36 6906.23
8 28 0.36 6911.49 6911
9 28 0.36 6914.21
79
8000
7000
Compressive strength (psi) 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Days
Figure 4 .11. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture D

4.4.5. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture E
The compressive strength test results of mixture E is shown in Table 4.9 and
these are plotted in Figure 4.12. The average compressive strength of mixture E are
achieved 4481 psi (or)30.9MPa at 7 days, 6431 psi (or) 44.3 MPaat 14 days and
6845psi (or) 47.2MPa respectively. Mixture E reaches design strength at 28 days.
Table 4.9. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture E

Curing Water Compressive
Average Compressive
No Period Cement Strength
Strength (psi)
(Days) Ratio (psi)
1 7 0.36 4479.13
2 7 0.36 4484.66 4481
3 7 0.36 4478.84
4 14 0.36 6432.90
5 14 0.36 6430.72 6431
6 14 0.36 6428.43
7 28 0.36 6847.04
8 28 0.36 6848.23 6845
9 28 0.36 6838.74
80
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Days
Figure 4.12. Compressive Strength Test Results of Mixture E
4.5. Summary of Compressive Strength Test Results

The summary of test results of compressive strength is shown in Table 4.10
and these are plotted in Figure 4.13.
Table 4.10. Summary of Compressive Test Results
Compressive Strength (psi)
Mixture
7 days 14 days 28 days
A 5398 7571 8052
B 5018 7068 7600
C 4993 7010 7459
D 4562 6421 6911
E 4481 6431 6845

81
Compressive Strength(psi)
9000
8000
7000
6000
A
5000 B
4000 C
D
3000 E
2000
1000
0
7 days 14 days 28 days
Figure 4.13. Summary of Compressive Strength Test Results

Duration(Days)
The 28 days compressive strength results for SCC mixtures are 8052 psi,
7600psi, 7459 psi and 6911 psi and 6845 psi for mixtures A, B, C and D and E
respectively. In all mixtures, the mixture A has the highest compressive strength at 28
days and required strength according to ACI, achieved 8052 psi (or) 55.5 MPa.
Moreover, the mixture A has the highest percentage increase in all concrete
mixtures . In mixture A, water cement ratio 0.36 and ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4% by
weight of cement are used. And then, water and coarse aggregate are reduced 18 %
and 26.4 % respectively in mix design according to EFNARC recommendations. In
this research, design strength is 6525 psi (or) 45 MPa. According to ACI Committee
Report, required target strength is 7919 psi (or) 54.6 at 28 days. Required target
strength is achieved in mixture A with 28 days compressive strength of 8052 psi (or)
55.52MPa.
4.6. Economics of Concrete Mix Design
There are factors that cannot be easily quantified in money amount but
nonetheless the benefits of SCC cannot be overlooked. A material and cost difference
exists from one location to another. As noted earlier, chemical admixtures must be
used to achieve these SCC properties. Admixture costs can vary depending on dosage
and effectiveness. Use of pozzolanic materials such as fly ash and Silica fume to
replace a part of cement in the mixture can result in significant cost savings. The costs
82
per cubic meter information are calculated using research mixtures with ACI mix
design, but using costs for materials are taken from construction market.
Table 4.11. Costs Comparison of One Cubic-meter SCC Mixtures and Normal
Concrete Mixture (W/C = 0.36)
Cost per unit mix(Kyats)
Normal
SCC mix
mix
Ingredients
A B C D E
(Double
49000 49070 50630 52260 52960 81850
Rhinos)
Water
Sand 2270 2280 2280 2280 2290 1100
Chipping
2030 2010 2010 2010 2000 2360
(20 mm)
B Aggregate
2030 2010 2010 2010 2000 2360
(10 mm)
ViscoCrete- 26470 26510 27350 28230 28610 0

6100
Fly Ash 1780 3560 1840 950 960 0
Silica Fume 5790 0 2990 3080 1870 0
Total 89390 85480 89130 90840 90710 87670
Table 4.12. List of Materials Costs

Items Number Unit Cost (kyats)
Cement (Double Rhinos) 1 bag 5500
Sand (Ayeyarwaddy river sand) 1 sud 20000
Chipping (20 mm) 1 sud 35000
B Aggregate 1 sud 35000

(10 mm)
ViscoCrete-6100 1 liter 4500
Fly Ash 1 bag 2000
Silica Fume 1 bag 3250

83
The cost of SCC mixture A (Viscocrete-6100, 1.4%, fly ash 10%,silica fume
10% and water cement ratio 0.36) for one cubic meter is 89390 kyats, 1715 kyats
more than normal concrete. Similarly, the cost of SCC mixture B (Viscocrete-6100,
1.4%, fly ash 20%,silica fume 0% and water cement ratio 0.36)for one cubic meter is
85480 kyats, more cost effective than normal concrete. Moreover, the cost of SCC
mixture C (Viscocrete-6100, 1.4%, fly ash 10%,silica fume 5% and water cement
ratio 0.36) for one cubic meter is 89130 kyats, less cost-effective than normal concrete.
Similarly, the cost of SCC mixture D (Viscocrete-6100, 1.4%, fly ash 5%,silica fume
5% and water cement ratio 0.36) for one cubic meter is 90840 kyats less cost effective
than normal concrete. Similarly, the cost of SCC mixture E(Viscocrete-6100, 1.4%,
fly ash 5%,silica fume 3% and water cement ratio 0.36) for one cubic meter is 90710
kyats ,less cost effective than normal concrete.

Mix Design Procedures and Test Results of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 4.1. General

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Mix Design Procedures and Test Results of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 4.1. General

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47

4.2. Concrete Mixtures

Table 4.1. Concrete Mixtures

2 B 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 20% 0%

3 C 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 10% 5%

4 D 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 5% 5%

5 E 0.36 1.4% by wt of cement 5% 3%

4.2.1. Trial Mix Design of Mixture A

Step 1 : Slump = 7 in (For Flowing Concrete)

Step 2 : Maximum aggregate size = 3/4" (20 mm)

Step 7 : Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate = 2.02

Volume of air content = 0.02 × 27 = 0.54 ft3/yd3

Assume 48% of sand in mortar volume,

Step 8: Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of

Where, C = volume of cement.

Volume of water = 4.3323 ft³/yd³ (270.3403 lb/yd3)

Volume of Cement = 3.8571 ft3/yd3 (750.9454 lb/yd3)

Volume of ViscoCrete-6100 = 0.1589 ft3/yd3 (10.5132 lb/yd3)

Volume of Fly Ash = 0.5445 ft³/yd³ (75.0945 lb/yd3)

Volume of Silica Fume = 0.5232 ft³/yd³( 75.0945 lb/yd3)

Volume of coarse aggregate = 8.8918 ft³/yd³( 1542.4757 lb/yd3)

Volume fine aggregate = 8.6919 ft³/yd³( 1426.4521 lb/yd3)

Total volume of above materials = 27 ft³/yd³ ( Ok )

For one-cubic-yard of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

For one-cubic-metre of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

4.2.2. Trial Mix Design of Mixture B

Step 1 : Slump = 7 in (For Flowing Concrete)

Step 2 : Maximum aggregate size = 3/4" (20 mm)

Step 7 : Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate = 2.02

Volume of coarse aggregate in SSD = 0.71 × 16.9969 =

0.269)= 1530.7582 lb/yd3(8.8242 ft3/yd3)

Volume of mortar = 27-8.8242)= 18.1758 ft3/yd3

Assume 48% of sand in mortar volume,

Paste volume = 1431.773 - 8.7244 = 9.4514 ft3/yd3

Step 8: Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of water,cement,

Volume of water = 4.3387 ft³/yd³ (270.736 lb/yd3)

Volume of Cement 3.8628 ft3/yd3 (752.044 lb/yd3)

Volume of ViscoCrete-6100 = 0.1591 ft3/yd3 (10.5286 lb/yd3)

Volume of Fly Ash = 1.0906 ft³/yd³ (150.40 lb/yd3)

Volume of coarse aggregate = 8.8242 ft³/yd³( 1530.758 lb/yd3)

Volume fine aggregate = 8.7244 ft³/yd³( 1431.77 lb/yd3)

Total volume of above materials = 27 ft³/yd³ ( Ok )

For one-cubic-yard of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

Fly Ash =150.4089 lb

Coarse aggregate = 1530.758 lb (50% of 20 mm and 50% of

Fine aggregate = 1431.7730 lb

For one-cubic-metre of concrete batch, required weights of constituent materials are:

4.2.3. Trial Mix Design of Mixture C

ViscoCrete -6100, 1.4 % by weight of cement, Fly Ash 10 % , Silica Fume 5

Step 1 : Slump = 7 in (For Flowing Concrete)

Step 2 : Maximum aggregate size = 3/4" (20 mm)

Step 5 : Water cement ratio, w/c= 0.36 (from Table A.3)

Step 7 : Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate = 2.02

ft3/yd3 (2098.510 lb/yd3)

Volume of fine aggregate = 17.0382-12.0971=4.941

1528.408 lb/yd3(8.81 ft3/yd3)

Volume of mortar = 27-8.810 =18.189 ft3/yd3

Assume 48% of sand in mortar volume,

Paste volume = 18.189 - 8.730 = 9.4584 ft3/yd3

Step 8: Paste Volume is comprised of the volumes of water,cement,

Where, C = volume of cement.,

Volume of water = 4.47614 ft³/yd³ (279.311 lb/yd3)

Volume of Cement = 3.9851 ft3/yd3 (775.864 lb/yd3)