Design of Single and Group Pile Foundations

CHARTER 4
DESIGN OF SINGLE PILE AND GROUP PILE FOUNDATION
4.1. Soil Properties

In the reference borehole, the upper crust of about 0 to 35ft depth is found to
be Reddish to Yellowish Brown, Silt and Clay. Below 35ft down to about 45ft, the
soil is mostly Yellowish Brown Sand, Sand mixed with some silt. Below 45ft down to
about 55ft depth is found to be Dark grayish colour , Silty-Clay. Below 55ft down to
about 65ft depth is found to be light Bluish colour, Sand. Below 65ft to 80ft depth is
found to be Dark grayish colour, Clay Silt .The water table is found below the ground
surface at 4 ft. The required soil properties for soil report are shown in Table 4.1.
4.2. Calculate the Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil

The allowable bearing capacity qa is the ultimate bearing capacity qu divided
by an appropriate factor of safety FS. The soil must be capable of carrying the load
from any engineered structure placed upon it without a shear failure and with the
resulting settlements being tolerable for that structure. The allowable bearing capacity
is calculated by three methods;
(a)Meyerhof Method
(b)Hansen Method
(c)SPT
Table4.1. Required Soil Parameters

Depth(ft) N qu(lb/ft2) γ(lb/ft3)
0-10 6 3885.39 53.05
10-25 35 12896.98 71.76
25-30 13 5049.37 49.3
30-35 14 7003.05 51.78
49
Table4.1. continued
Depth(ft) N qu(lb/ft2) γ(lb/ft3)
35-40 13 4073.16 58.02
40-45 16 4468.92 57.44
45-55 17 6272.87 45.55
55-65 33 11754.55 58.65
65-80 29 7948.77 44.34
Where,
γ = density of soil
qu= the unconfined compression strength
N= standard penetration number
4.2.1. Meyerhof’s Method

The influence of the shear strength of soil above the base of the foundation is
considered in this solution. Meyerhof's bearing capacity equation (for vertical load) is
expressed as follows;
qult = cNcscdc + q Nqsqdq + 0.5 γBNγsγdγ (4.1)

(For Ø = 0 condition, Nc = 5.14, Nq = 1, Nr = 0)
Where, c = cohesion of soil
q = effective stress at the bottom of the foundation = γ Df
γ = unit weight of soil
B = width of foundation
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factor
sc, sq, sγ = shape factor
dc, dq, dγ = depth factor
B
sc = 1 + 0.2 Kp L (for any Ø)
sq = sr = 1 (Ø >10˚)
sq = sr = 1 (Ø = 0)
D
√Kp B
dc = 1 + 0.2 (for any Ø)
D
√Kp B
dq = dr = 1 + 0.1 (Ø >10˚)
50
dγ = dr = 1 (Ø = 0)
Kp = tan2 (45 + Ø/2)
Depth,H = 0.5 B tan (45 + Ø/2)
H 1 c1 + H 2 c 2 +⋯+ H n cn
n
∑ Hi
cavg = i=1
4.2.2. Hansen’s Method

This method is also considered the shear strength of soil above the base of the
foundation. Hansen's bearing capacity equation (for vertical load) is express as
follows;
qult= cNcscdc + q Nqsqdq + 0.5 γBNγsγdγ (4.2)

When Ø = 0,
qult= 5.14 su(1 + sc + dc) + q (4.3)

Where,
Nc,Nq,Nr= bearing capacity factor
B
sc = 0.2 L (Ø = 0)
B
sq = 1+ L sin Ø (for all Ø)
B
≥
sγ = 1 – 0.4 L 0.6 (for all Ø)
dc = 0.4k (Ø = 0)
D D
≤1
k = B (for B ; k in radian)
D D
≥1
k = tan-1 B (for B ; k in radian)
dq = 1 + 2 tan-1Ø (1 – sin Ø)2 K (for all Ø)
dγ = 1 (for all Ø)
4.2.3. Bearing Capacity from SPT

51
The Equations of allowable bearing capacity (kip/ft 2) for SPT are

as follows;
( N 1 )60
qnet(all) = 4 (B<4 ft) (4.4)
2
( N 1 ) 60 ( B+1 )
qnet(all) = 4 [ ]
B (B>4.ft) (4.5)
Nη H η B η S η R
N60 = 60 (4.6)
Where,
(N1)60 = CNN60
CN = correction factor
= [1/ (σvo'/Pa)]0.5
N = penetration resistance
ηH = hammer efficiency (%) (0.45 for doughnut hammer)
ηB = correction for borehole diameter
= 0.75 (up to 4 m drill rod)
ηS = sample correction
= 0.8 (with liner: clay)
ηR = correction for rod length
= 1 (65-115 mm diameter)
σvo' = vertical effective stress in KN/m2 or lb/ft2
Pa = 100 KN/m2 or 2000 lb/ft2
By CQHP format, qa from SPT is needed to convert from net to gross pressure
as follows:
Dγ
qa(gross) = qa(net) + SF
(4.7)
The results of allowable bearing capacity for (Ø = 0) condition by using three

methods and using safety factor is taken as 2.5 and then the results are expressed in
table 4.2.
52
Table4.2. Result of allowable bearing capacity for (Ø = 0) condition (ton/ft2)

Methods Bearing capacity
Meyerhof 0.287
Hansen 0.263
SPT(Braja M Das ) 0.088
The average Allowable Bearing Capacity= (0.287+0.263+0.088)/3= 0.21 ton/ft2

The average Allowable Pressure =0.42 ksf
The total unfactored gravity loads from Table (3.1) = 17466.14 kips
Available foundation area of proposed building = 70 × 90 = 6300 ft2
17466.14
Bearing pressure =
6300
=2.77 ksf > 0.42 ksf
Bearing pressure is greater than the allowable bearing capacity of mat
foundation. Therefore, mat foundation is not suitable for the proposed building. So,
pile foundation is used for proposed structure.
4.3 Design of Pile Foundation and Pile Cap for Case (1)
The design of pile, pile cap and settlement of group piles and single piles are
calculated and then other three cases are also calculated. The material properties, f c’ is
3000psi and fy is 40000psi are also used.
4.3.1. Design of Group Pile Foundation under Axial Load

Pile Group (1) is designed for unfactored load on point 2, 4, 6, 38, 39, 40, 41.
The critical unfactored load is 344.78 kips and so higher full value of 345 kips is used.
These unfactored column loads have been presented in Table (3.3).
4.3.1.1. Pile dimension and allowable bearing capacity

The required soil data are obtained from soil report and factor of safety is
taken as2.5 for groups in deep foundation. Consider 65ft long, 1.5ft diameter straight-
sided shaft-cast-in-place concrete pile.
The average undrained shear strength,
cu(avg)=1/9[(3885.39+12898.98+5049.37+7003.05+4073.16+4468.92+6272.87
+11754.55+ 7948.77)/2]
=3519.73 lb/ft2
From equation 2.12.the ultimate bearing capacity for a pile is,
53
L = Le
(Qu )ult = A p c u N c + p ∑ c a ΔL
L=0
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (1 .5 )2 = 1 .76 ft 2
4 4
2
c u( base) = 7948. 77 /2=3947 .385 lb/ft
D f 65
= = 43 .33> 4
Bb 1.5
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9
From Table 3.1, for Bb
From Table 3.2, for Bb = 1.5ft, Nc= 9

p =πBs =π× 1.5= 4.71 ft
From Table 3.3, for straight-sided shafts drilled concrete pile installed dry or
by the slurry displacement method, if c u(avg) for silt-clay along pile shaft is
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6.The depth of seasonal variation is 3ft to 5ft.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4, Effective pile length
Le = L – (depth of seasonal variation)
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = 1.76 × 3947.385×9 =62.526 kips
Qf = 4.71 × 2111.84 × 60= 596.806 kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 659.33 kips
(Qu )ult 659 . 33
= = 263 .73 kips
(Qu) all= FS 2. 5
4.3.1.2 Number of pile and their arrangement

The number piles required to support 345 kips column load will be
n=QuG/Qu(all)=345/263.73=1.31
Try a group of 2 piles arranged in a rectangular pattern with on each side. And
place the pile at 4.5 ft center-to-center spacing with 7 ft x 6.5ft x 2.5ft thick concrete
pile cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in fig 4.1.
54
Figure 4.1 Pile Group Arrangement (2-piles)
The allowable bearing capacity of this pile group can be calculated by the
following two methods.
(a) Block failure of pile group , by using equation ( 2.13 )
(QuG)ult= cuNc( b̄ 2
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/5.5=11.82> 4, Nc =9
From Table (2.2) Bb =1.5ft, Nc =9
Value cu and Le were obtained above,
55
(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 9 x 5.52 + 4 x 3519.73 x 5.5 x 60

= 5720.72 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult /SF=5720.72/2.5= 2288.29 kips
(b) Sum of ultimate loads of single pile, by using Equation (2.15b)

(QuG)ult= Ge ¿ n ¿ (Qu)ult
S/B = 4.5/1.5=3
From Table (2.5), group efficiency, Ge =0.7
The number of pile = 2 piles
(QuG)ult = 0.7 x 2 x 659.69 = 923.57 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult / SF =932.57/2.5 =369.43 kips(control)
Total load on pile group = unfactored column load + Pile cap weight
= 345+ (7x6.5 x 2.5 x0.15)
= 362.1 kips < (QuG)all =369.43 kips
Therefore, it is acceptable from a bearing capacity point of view.
4.3.1.3 .Pile reinforcement

For piles, a minimum amount of vertical steel reinforcement is 1% of the cross
sectional area of pile and the required longitudinal steel is No.5 bars are used.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (1.5)2 x144
= 2.545in2
Number of bars = As / area of no.5 bar
= 2.545/ 0.31
= 8.29 say 9 nos
Perimeter with 3” clear cover = 2 π r
= 2 x 3.14 x (9-3)
= 37.7 in2
Spacing between bars = (Perimeter with 3” clear cover)/(number of
bars)
=37.7/9
= 4.19 in say 4 in
Use 9 # 5 longitudinal bars with 4” c/c spacing in piles.

56
Spirals shall consists of a continuous bar or wire not less than (3/8)’’ diameter
and the clear spacing between turns of the spiral must not exceed 3 in nor be less than
1 in. Therefore, (3/8)”ф spiral steel3” c/c is used throughout the length of pile as
shown in figure4.2.
9#5@ 4"c/c
9#5 longitudinal steel
3/8"pile
18" spiral @3"c/c @ 4" c/c
3" cover
65' 3/8"spiral@3"/3"c/c
3'' cover
18"
Figure4.2. Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section
Check for structure pile group capacity

The allowable stress of steel and concrete is taken as 4% of the yield strength
and cylinder strength of concrete.
Structural pile capacity, Qu = (Ags-As)fc+Asfs
fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = (254.5-2.545)1200 + 2.545x16000 = 343 kips/pile
Structure pile group capacity, (QuG) = n x Qu
= 2 x 343
=686 .1 kip > 369.43 kips
Structural pile group capacity > allowable bearing capacity of pile
So, Structural pile group capacity is satisfactory.
4.3.2. Design of Pile Cap

From the proposed building, column size, unfactored load,factored load and
material properties are taken as follow;
Square column size = 26” x 26”
57
Unfactored column load = 345 kips

Factored column load = 749 kips
28-day concrete strength, fc’ = 3 ksi
Yield strength for steel, fy = 40 ksi
Assume effective depth, d = 21.5 in
For pile group (1), choose the 7ft x6.5ft rectangular shape concrete cap to
cover the pile group arrangement.
Effective allowable bearing capacity of pile group,Re =(allowable bearing capacity of

group)-(pile cap weight)
= 369.43-17.0625
= 352.378 kips
Average load factor = factored load/unfactored load
=749/345
=2.17
Pile reaction for strength design, Ru =Re x average load factor
= 352.378 x 2.17
= 764.64 kips
Ultimate bearing pressure for strength design, qu =Ru / selected area
= 764.64 / (7 x 6.5)
= 16.81 ksf
4.3.2.1. Punching shear check

The two-way shear is shown in the lower left quadrant of section. Let us
assume that the necessary depth has been found by trial and error procedure and a
check with effective depth d=21.5in. The circular punching shear section is at a
distance d/2 from column face which is 10.75 in around the column. The first term is
four piles on the outside of punching shear section, with the diameter of pile being
18” and the length of pile that lies outside the critical section being 10.75 in as shown
in figure4.3.
Assume d= 21.5 in
LAB = 7 ft x 6.5 ft
= 45.5 ft2
58
Lab = 26” +21.5”

= 47.5 in
b0 = 4 (26” +21.5”)
= 190 in
A 7′ B
18in-pile
a 4.5′
b
6.5′
Two-way area
c d
(10.75in around
column)
C D
Figure4.3. Critical Depth of Punching Shear
Punching shear, Vul =ultimate bearing pressure x punching area
= qu x [(LAB - (Lab)2]
=16.81 x [(7 x6.5)-(47.5/12)2]
=501.47 kips
Norminal punching shear strength, ΦVc= Φ4 √ fc ' bo d
= (0.85 x 4 x √ 3000) x190x21.5)/1000
= 760.732 kips >Vul (Satisfactory)
So, the depth d=21.5 in is adequate for punching shear.
4.3.2.2 One way shear or Beam shear check

One-way shear section is in the left area of section as shown in Figure 4.4. In
this section, one pile is entirely in the critical section.
For X- direction
LAB = 7 ft
59
y = [3.5 – (13/12)-(21.5/12)]=0.625 ft
L = 3.5- (13/12) =2.42 ft
One way shear, Vu2 = bearing capacity x one way shear area
= qu x LAC x y
= 16.81x 6.5 x 0.625
= 68.29 kips
Norminal one way shear strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √ fc ' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x 6.5 x12 x 21.5)/1000
= 156.15 kips >Vu2 (Satisfactory)
7′
A B
x
6.5′
d L
C D
Figure4.4. Critical Section of Beam Shear for X-direction
For Y direction
LAC = 6.5 ft
y = [3.25-(13/12)-(21.5/12)]
= 0.375 ft
L = 3.25-(13/12)
= 2.17
One way shear, Vu2 =bearing capacity x one way shear area
= qu x LAB x y
= 16.81 x 7 x 0.375
60
= 44.13kips
Norminal one way strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2√ fc ' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x7x 12 x 21.5)/1000
= 168.16 kips > Vu2 (Satisfactory)
So, the depth d = 21.5 in is adequate for beam shear.
7′
A B
L
6.5′
d
y
C D
Figure4.5. Critical Section of Beam Shear for Y-direction
4.3.2.3. Flexural design

The critical sections for flexure are indicated in the lower right quadrant.
Bending moment at the face of the column,
Mu = ωuL2/2
For X-direction
ωu = qu x LAB = 16.81 x 6.5 =109.33 kips/ft
Mu = 109.33 x 12 x (2.42)2/2 = 3841.68 kips-in
To determine the required steel area,
Assume a=1.02 in
As = Mu / Φfy (d-a/2)
= 3841.68/[0.9 x40 x(21.5 -1.02/2)]
= 5.08 in2
Check
61
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 5.08 x 40 / (0.85 x 3 x 6.5 x12)
= 1.02 in (Satisfactory)
Checking the minimum steel ratio,
As(min) =3 √ fc ' bd/fy ≥ 200bd√ f y
= (3 x √ 3000 x 6.5 x12 x21.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 6.5x 12 x 21.5)/40000
= 6.89 in2 ≥ 8.39 in2
Therefore As(min) = 8.39 in2
The controlling value of 8.39 in2 is larger than 5.08 in2 calculated for bending.
For Y-direction
ωu = qu x LAC = 16.81 x 7 =117.67 kips/ft
Mu = 117.67 x 12 x (2.17)2/2 = 3324.58 kips-in
Assume a = 0.81 in
= 3324.58/ (0.9 x 40 x (21.5 – 0.81/2))
= 4.38 in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 4.38x40/(0.85 x 3 x7x12)
As (min) =3 √ fc ' bd/fy ≥ 200bd/fy
= (3 x √ 3000 x 7x12 x21.5)/40000 ≥ (200x7x 12 x 21.5)/40000
= 7.42in2 ≥ 9.03in2
Therefore,
62
As(min) =9.03 in2
The controlling value of 9.03 in2 is larger than the 5.08in2 calculated for
bending.
So, choose 11#8 bars with 8” c/c in pile cap for X-direction, furnish 8.64 in2 and 12#8
bars with 7” c/c in pile cap for Y-direction, furnish 9.43 in2.
4.3.2.4 Bearing check
All axial forces and bending moment that act at the bottom section of column
must be transferred to the footing at the bearing surface by compression in the
concrete and by reinforcement.
Pile reaction for strength design =Pu = 764.64 kips
The loaded area, A1 = 26” x26”
Design bearing strength, ΦPn = Φ0.85fc’A1√ A 2/ A 1) ≤ Φ 0.85 fc’2 A1
A2 =the area of the base of the largest frustum of pyramid
ΦPn = 0.7 x 0.85 x 3000 x26 x 26x √ 7 x 6.5 x 144 / 26 x 26 ≤ 0.7 x 0.85 x 3000 x 2 x 26
x 26
= 3756.63 kips ≤ 2413.32 kips
So, Design strength = 2413.32 kips > pile reaction = 764.64 kips (Satisfactory)
Determine the temperature and shrinkage steel
For reinforcing yield strength fy = 40000psi, the temp;&shrinkage ratio ρ= 0.002
At&s =ρbh
= 0.002 x 12 x 30= 0.72 in2/ft
Select #4 bars on 3” center, furnish As= 0.78 in2/ft
4.3.2.5 Dowel bars

63
For different concrete compressive strength, the required steel are used no.6
bars in column.
Dowel area = 0.005 x gross area of column
= 0.005 x 26 x 26
= 3.38 in2
From table A-2, use 8#6 bars, furnishing3.35 in2 is adequate.
Required development length for compression steel
Ldb = 0.02 db fy / √ fc ' ≥ 0.0003 dbfy
= (0.02 x 0.75 x 40000) / √ 3000≥ 0.0003 x 0.75 x 40000
= 10.95in ≥ 9in
From above the larger of Ldb = 10.95 in say 11in
Allowable length of dowel bars = 21.5 in > Ldb (Satisfactory )
The minimum lap splice = 0.0005 dbfy
= 0.0005 x 0.75 x 40000
= 15 in > minimum splice length = 8 in
Required total dowel length = 11 +15 = 26 in
Take =2.17 ft
For concrete in contact with ground, a minimum cover 3 in is required for

corrosion protection. With d= 21.5 in, measured from the top of the pile cap to the
center of the upper layer of bars, the total thickness of the pile cap that is required in
order to provide 7 in cover for the lowest steel layer.
Total depth of pile cap, h= 21.5+0.5+1+7=30in =2.5 ft

64
Design result for pile cap (1)
Length of pile cap = 7 ft
Width of pile cap = 6.5 ft
Depth of pile cap = 2.5 ft
Clear rebar cover = 3 in
Pile head inset = 4 in
Number of pile =2
Spacing of piles = 4.5 ft
Edge distance = 6 in (for x direction)
Edge distance = 2.5 ft(for y direction )
11#8 for X-direction

26"x26"
12#8 for Y-direction
(a) Plan
8#6 dowel 2.17′long
3"cover
4"pile head
(b) Section
Figure4.6. Pile Cap(1) Reinforcement

65
4.3.3. Settlement of Pile Group

The settlement of piles in cohesive soil primarily consist of the sum of the
short-term settlement occurring as the load is applied and long-term consolidation
settlement occurring gradually as the excess pore pressures generated by loads are
dissipated.
4.3.3.1. Short-term settlement
Short term settlement can be estimated by semiempirial and empirial methods.
(1) Semiempirial method

By using Equation (2.16)
St = Ss + Sp + Sps
St =(Qpa + αsQfa) L / (Ap Ep)+ CpQpa / (B qp)+ CsQfa / (Dfqp)
Total load on pile group = 362.1 kips
The load per pile = 362.1/ 2
= 181.05 kips
From section 4.3.1.1
Qp =62.881 kips
Qp(all) =62.881/2.5
= 25.11 kips
Qf = 596.806 kips
Qf(all) = 596.806/2.5
= 238.84 kips
Total allowable load = Qp(all) + Qf(all)
=25.11 + 238.84
= 263.96 kips
When the actual load on each pile is 181.05 kips.
Qp(actual) = 25.11(181.05/263.96 ) = 17.22 kips

66
Qf(actual) = 238.84(181.05/263.96) = 163.81 kips

αs = 0.5 for uniform distribution of skin friction
L = 65 ft
Ap = 1.76 ft2
Ep = 3.12x106 psi for concrete
From Table 2.6,Cp = 0.03 for pile in clay
qp = Qp/Abase = 62.881/ 1.76
= 35.73 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/1.5] 0.03
= 0.059
Substituting above values in the expression for St;
From equation 2.17,
Ss = ((17.22+0.5x163.81)65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)) =0.097 in
From equation 2.18,
Sp = (0.03x17.22x144)/(1.5x12x35.73) = 0.116 in
From equation 2.19,
Sps = ((0.059x163.81x144)/(65x12x35.73)) =0.05 in
From equation 2.16,
St =0.097+0.1163+0.05 = 0.263 in
(2) Empirical method

St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 18/100 + (181.05x65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)
= 0.36 in
The higher of the above two methods estimated by the semiempirical and
empirical method is 0.36 in.
Settlement of pile group can be calculated by the equation (2.22)
S
G = St √( b̄/ B )
67
=036
√(6.5/ 1.5 )
= 0.75 in
4.3.3.2. Long term settlement
Unit weight of soil is taken from layer 2 of soil report data to calculate the
effective stress of soil. The water table is found below the ground surface at 4ft.
σ'(at length L)
=(53.03x10+71.76x15+49.3x5+51.78x5+58.02x5+57.44x5+45.55x10+
58.65x10+44.34x15)/1000
=4.397 kip/ft2
=2.20 ton/ft2
Moisture content,ω = 22.68%
PL = 24.69%
LL = 43.7%
Liquidity Index = (ω-PL)/(LL-PL)
= (22.68-24.69)/(43.7-24.69)
=-0.11
From figure 2.5, Ṕc = 20 ton/ft2
Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR), = Ṕc/ σ'
=20/2.20
= 9.10 >4
OCR is greater than 4, therefore the clay soil is highly overconsolidation. So,
the consolidation settlement due to loads on pile foundations would not occur. And
then other layers are also overconsolidation.
The calculated settlement of pile group is 0.75 in. This is less than the
allowable settlement of 1 in. Therefore the design pile diameter, length and group
arrangement is acceptable.
4.3.4. Design of Single Pile Foundation under Axial Load

The design of pile and settlement of single pile is calculated by the following;
68
4.3.4.1. Pile Dimension and Allowable bearing Capacity

Consider 65ft long, 3ft diameter straight-sided shaft cast-in-place concrete
pile. From section 4.3.1.1.The average undrained shear strength
cu(avg) =3519.73 lb/ft2
2
c u( base) =3947 .385 lb/ ft
From Equation 2.12

L = Le
∑
( Qu )ult = Ap cu Nc + p L=o ca ΔL
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (3 )2 = 7 . 065 ft 2
4 4
Df 65
= = 21. 67> 4
Bb 3
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9
From Table 2.2, for Bb = 3ft, Nc=7

The lower of these two values is 7
p =πBs=π× 3= 9.42 ft
by the slurry displacement method, if c u(avg) for silty-clay along pile shaft is
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6.The safety factor 2.5 is used.
ca = 0.6 cu (avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4,
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = (7.065x3947.385x7)/1000 =195.36 kips
Qf = (9.42× 2111.84 × 60)/1000= 1193.61 kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 1388.83 kips
69
(Qu )ult 1193. 61

= = 555 .53 kips
(Qu) all = FS 2.5
(Qu) all = 555.53kips is greater than 345 kips. Therefore, it is acceptable from a
bearing capacity point of view.
4.3.4.2 Pile reinforcement

For piles, a minimum amount of vertical steel reinforcement is 1 % of the
cross sectional area of pile. The required longitudinal steel in piles are used no.9 bars.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (3)2 x 144 =10.1736 in2
= 10.1736/ 1
= 10.1736 say 11 nos
= 2 x 3.14 x (18-3)
= 94.2 in
bars)
= 94.2/11
= 8.564 in say 9 in
shown in fig(4.7).
70
(a) Plan
(b)Section
Figure4.7. Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section
Check structure single pile capacity.

71

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = ((1017.36-10.1736)1200 + 10.1736x16000)/1000 =1371.4 kips >345 kips
Structural strength of single pile capacity > allowable bearing capacity of pile
So, Structural design is satisfactory.
4.3.5. Settlement of Single Pile

dissipated.Short term settlement can be estimated by semiempirial and empirial
methods.
(1) Semiempirial method

St = Ss + Sp + Sps
St =(Qpa +αs Qfa) L / (Ap Ep)+ CpQpa / (B qp)+ CsQfa / (Dfqp)
Total load on pile group = 345 kips
Qp =195.36 kips
Qp(all) =195.36/2.5
= 78.144 kips
Qf = 1193.61 kips
Qf(all) = 1193.61/2.5
= 477.44 kips
=78.144 + 477.44
= 555.59 kips when the actual load on each pile is 345 kips
Qp(actual) = 78.144(345/555.59 ) = 48.52 kips

72
Qf(actual) = 477.44(345/555.59) = 296.475 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 7.07 ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 195.36/ 7.07
= 27.65 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/3] 0.03
= 0.050

From equation 2.17,
Ss= ((48.52+0.5x296.475)65x12x103)/(7.07x144x3.12x106))
=0.04835in
From equation 2.18,
Sp= (0.03x48.52x144)/(3x12x27.65) = 0.2105 in
From equation 2.19,
Sps= ((0.050x296.475x144)/(65x12x27.65)) =0.09897 in
From equation 2.16,
St=0.04835+0.2105+0.09897 = 0.3579 in
(2) Empirical method

St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 36/100 + (345x65x12x103)/ (7.07x144x3.12x106)
= 0.4448 in
The higher of the above two values estimated by the semiempirical and
73
The calculated settlement of single pile is 0.4448 in. This is less than the
allowable settlement of 2 in. Therefore, the designed pile diameter and length is
acceptable.
4.4 Design of Pile foundation and Pile Cap for Case (2)
The design of pile, pile cap and settlement of pile group is calculated by the
following;
4.4.1. Design of Group Pile Foundation under Axial Load

Pile Group (2) is designed for unfactored load on point3, 5, 19, 27, 28, 29, 32,
34, 35, 37. The critical unfactored load is 420.64kips and so higher full value of 421
kips is used. These unfactored column loads have been presented in Table 3.3.

cu(avg)=1/9[(3885.39+12898.98+5049.37+7003.05+4073.16+4468.92+6272.87
+11754.55+ 7948.77)/2]
=3519.73 lb/ft2
From equation2.12.the ultimate bearing capacity for a pile is,
L = Le
L=0
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (1 .5 )2 = 1 .76 ft 2
4 4
2
c u( base) = 7948. 77 /2=3947 .385 lb/ft
D f 65
= = 43 .33> 4
Bb 1.5
74
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9

p =πBs =π× 1.5 = 4.71 ft
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6.The depth of seasonal variation is 3ft to 5ft.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = 1.76 × 3947.385 =62.526 kips
Qf = 4.71 × 2111.84 × 60= 597.33 kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 659.33 kips
(Qu )ult 659 . 33
= = 263 .73 kips
(Qu) all= FS 2. 5

n=QuG/Qu(all)=421/263.96=1.59
place the pile at 4.5ft center-to-center spacing with 7ft x 6.5ft x 3ft thick concrete pile
cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in figure 4.8.
75
3′
Figure 4.8.Pile group Arrangement (2-piles)
(a)Block failure of pile group, by using equation (2.13)
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/1.5=43.33> 4,Nc =9
From Table (2.2) Bb = 1.5ft, Nc =9

(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 9 x 5.52 + 4 x 3519.73 x 5.5 x 60
= 5720.72 kips
(b)Sum of ultimate loads of single pile, by using Equation (2.15b)

S/B = 4.5/1.5=3
From Table (2.5) , Ge =0.7
(QuG)ult = 0.7 x 2 x 659.69 = 923.85 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult / SF =932.57/2.5 =369.54 kips
76
Lower of QuG)all is 369.54 kips.

= 421+( 7x6.5 x 3 x0.15)
= 441.5 kips > (QuG)all =369.54 kips
Therefore, it is not acceptable from a bearing capacity point of view and a
greater number of piles should use.
Try a group of 3 piles. And place the piles at 4.5ft center-to-center spacing
with 7ftx6.5ftx3ft thick concrete cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in figure
4.9.
S=4.5′
S=4.5′
(a)Plan
4.5′
(b)Section A-A
Figuren4.9. Pile Group Arrangement for Pile Group (2)
77
The allowable bearing capacity of pile group can be calculated by the following
two methods.
(a) Block failure of pile group , by using equation ( 2.13 )
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/1.5=43.33> 4, Nc =9
From Table (2.2) Bb = 1.5ft, Nc =6
(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 6 x 5.52 + 4 x 3519.73 x 5.5 x 60
= 5362.49 kips
(b) Sum of ultimate loads of single pile, by using Equation (2.15b)

S/B = 4.5/1.5=3
(QuG)ult = 0.7 x 3 x 659.69 = 1385.77 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult / SF =1385.77/2.5 =554.31kips(control)
= 421+ (7x6.5 x 3 x0.15)
= 441.5 kips < (QuG)all =554.31 kips
The group capacity is 554.31 kips, which is greater than the actual load
441.5kips on the group. Therefore, it is acceptable from a bearing capacity point of
view.

sectional area of pile and the required longitudinal steel is no.5 bars are used.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (1.5)2 x 144 =2.545 in2
Number of bars =As / area of no.5 bar
= 2.545/ 0.31
78
= 8.29 say 9 nos

= 2 x 3.14 x (9-3)
= 37.7 in2
Spacing between bars = (Perimeter with 3” clear cover)/ (number of
bars)
=37.7/9
= 4.19 in say 4 in
Use 9 # 5 longitudinal-bar with 4” c/c spacing in piles.
1 in. Therefore, (3/8)”ф spiral steel 3” c/c is used throughout the length of pile as
shown in figure 4.10.
9#5@ 4"c/c
18"pile
3/8" spiral @3"c/c @ 4" c/c
3" cover
65' 3/8"spiral @ 3"c/c
3'' cover
18"
Figure 4.10.Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section
Check for structure pile group efficiency

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = (254.5-2.545)1200 + 2.545x16000 = 343 kips/pile
= 3 x 343
79
=1029.1 kip > 369.43 kips


From the proposed building, column size, unfactored load, factored load and
Factored column load = 937 kips
For pile group (2), choose the 7ft x6.5ftx3ft rectangular pattern concrete cap to
Effective allowable bearing capacity of pile group, Re =(allowable bearing
capacity of
group)-(pile cap
weight)
= 554.3-20.475
= 533.83 kips
=937/421
=2.23
= 533.83 x 2.23
= 1188.13 kips
Ultimate bearing pressure for strength design, qu =Ru/ selected area
= 1188.13/ (7 x 6.5)
= 26.11 ksf

80
in figure 4.11.
Assume d= 22.5 in
LAB = 7 ft x 6.5 ft
= 45.5 in2
Lab = 26” +22.5”
= 48.5 in
b0 = 4 (26” +22.5”)
= 194 in
7"
18"-pile A B
a b
d 4.5"
c
Two-way area
(11.25in around
C D
column)
Figure4.11.Critical Depth of Punching Shear
= 26.11 x [(7 x6.5)-(48.5/12)2]
=761.57 kips
Norminal punching shear strength, ΦVul= Φ4 √ fc ' bo d
= (0.85 x 4 x √ 3000x194
81
x22.5)/1000
= 812.875kips >Vu1 (Satisfactory)
4.4.2.2. One way shear or Beam shear check
One –way shear section is in the left area of section as shown in figure 4.12. In
For X- direction
LAB = 7 ft
y = [3.5 – (13/12)-(22.5/12)]=0.51467ft
L = 3.5- (13/12) =2.42 ft
One way shear, Vu2 = bearing capacity x one way shear
= qu x LAB x y
= 26.11x 7 x 0.5146
= 99.01 kips
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000x 7 x12x22.5)/1000

7′
A B
26"x26
"
x
6.5′
d
L
C D
Figure4.12. Critical Section of Beam Shear for X-direction

82
For Y direction
LAC = 6.5ft
y = [3.25-(13/12)-(22.5/12)]
= 0.29167ft
L = 3.25-(13/12)
= 2.17ft
7′
A B
L
26"x26"
6.5′
4.5"
d
y
C D
Figure4.13.Critical Section of Beam Shear for Y-direction
= qu x LAC x y
= 26.11 x 6.5 x 0.29167
= 49.51 kips
Norminal one way strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √ fc ' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x6. 5 x 12 x
22.5)/1000

83
Mu = ωuL2/2
For X-direction
ωu = qu x LAB = 26.11 x 6.5 =169.72 kips/ft
Mu = 169.72 x 12 x (2.42)2/2 = 5963.51 kips-in
Assume a=1.53 in
= 5963.51/[0.9 x40 x (22.5 -1.53/2)]
= 7.62 in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 7.62 x 40 / (0.85 x 3 x 6.5 x12)
As(min) =3 √ f c ’ bd/fy ≥ 200bd/fy
= (3 x√ 3000 x 6.5 x12 x22.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 6.5x 12 x 22.5)/40000
= 7.2 in2 ≥ 8.78 in2
The controlling value of 8.78 in2 is larger than 7.62 in2 calculated for bending.
For Y-direction

84
Mu = 182.77 x 12 x (2.17)2/2 = 5163.87 kips-in
Assume a = 1.22 in
= 5163.87/(0.9 x 40 x (22.5 – 1.22/2))
= 6.55 in2
Check
a = Asfy/(0.85 fc’b)
= 6.55x40/(0.85 x 3 x7x12 )
= 1.22in (Satisfactory)
= (3 x √ 3000 x 7 x12 x22.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 7x 12 x

22.5)/40000
= 7.76in2 ≥ 9.45in2
Therefore,
As(min) = 9.45 in2
bending.
So, choose 12#8 bars with 7” c/c in pile cap for X-direction, furnish 9.43 in 2 and 13#8
bars with 8” c/c in pile cap for Y-direction, furnish 10.218 in2.
4.4.2.4. Bearing check
85
Design bearing strength, ΦPn = Φ0.85fc’A1√ ( A 2/ A 1) ≤ Φ 0.85 fc’2 A1
ΦPn = 0.7 x 0.85 x 3000 x26 x 26x √ (7 x 6.5 x 144 /26 x 26)≤ 0.7 x 0.85 x
3000 x 2 x 26 x 26
= 3756.63 kips ≤ 2413.32 kips
Determine the temperature and shrinkage of steel.
For reinforcing yield strength fy = 40000psi, the temp:& shrinkage ratio, ρ= 0.002
At&s =ρbh
= 0.002 x 12 x 30
= 0.72 in2/ft
Select #4 bars on 3” center, furnish As = 0.78 in2/ft
4.4.2.5. Dowel bars
For different concrete compressive strength, the required steel is used no.6
bars in column.
= 0.005 x 26 x 26
= 3.38 in2
Ldb = 0.02 db fy / √ f c ’ ≥ 0.0003 dbfy
= (0.02 x 0.75 x 40000) /√ 3000 ≥ 0.0003 x 0.75 x 40000
= 10.95in ≥ 9in
86
Allowable length of dowel bars = 22.5 in > Ldb (Satisfactory)
= 0.0005 x 0.75 x 40000
Take =2.17 ft

Length of pile cap = 7 ft
Width of pile cap = 6.5 ft
Depth of pile cap = 3 ft
Number of pile =3
Edge distance = 6 in

26"x26"
(a)Plan
87
8#6 dowel 2.17′ long

3" cover
4" pile head
(b)Section
Figure4.14.Pile Cap (2) Reinforcement

dissipated.
(1)Semiempirial method

St = Ss + Sp + Sps
= 147.16 kips
From section 4.4.1.1,
Qp =62.8 kips
Qp(all) =62.8/2.5
= 25.11 kips
Qf = 597.11 kips
88
Qf(all) = 597.11/2.5
= 238.84 kips
=25.11 + 238.84
= 263.96 kips
When the actual load on each pile is 147.16 kips
Qp(actual) = 25.11(147.16/263.96 ) = 14.00 kips
Qf(actual) = 238.84(147.16/236.96) = 133.16 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 1.77 ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 62.8/ 1.77
= 35.53 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/1.5] 0.03
=0.059
From equation 2.17,
Ss = ((14.00+0.5x133.16)65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)) =0.079 in
From equation 2.18,
Sp = (0.03x14.00x144)/(1.5x12x35.53) = 0.0946 in
From equation 2.19,
Sps = ((0.059x133.16x144)/(65x12x35.53)) =0.0408 in
From equation 2.16,
St =0.079+0.0946+0.0408 = 0.215 in
(2)Empirical method
89
St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)

Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 18/100 + (147.16x65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)
= 0.32 in
S
G = St √( b̄/ B )
= 0.32√ (5.5/1.5)
= 0.621 in
'(at length L)
σ
=(53.03x10+71.76x15+49.3x5+51.78x5+58.02x5+57.44x5+45.
55x10+58.65x10+44.34x15)/1000
=4.397 kip/ft2
=2.20 ton/ft2
Moisture content, ω = 22.68%
PL = 24.69%
LL = 43.7%
= (22.68-24.69)/(43.7-24.69)
=-0.11
From figure 2.5, Ṕc = 20ton/ft2
=20/2.20
90
= 9.10 >4


pile.
From section 4.4.1.1.The average undrained shear strength
cu(avg) =3519.73 lb/ft2
2
c u( base) =3947 .385 lb/ ft
From Equation 2.12

L = Le
∑
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (3 )2 = 7 . 065 ft 2
4 4
Df 65
= = 21. 67> 4
Bb 3
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9

p =πBs =π× 3= 9.42 ft
91
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6.The safety factor 2.5 is used.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4,
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = (7.065x3947.385x7)/1000 =195.36 kips
Qf = (9.42× 2111.84 × 60)/1000= 1193.61 kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 1388.83 kips
(Qu )ult 1193. 61
= = 555 .53 kips
(Qu) all = FS 2.5

cross sectional area of pile. The required longitudinal steel in pile is used no.9 bars.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (3)2 x 144 =10.1736 in2
= 10.1736/ 1
= 10.1736 say 11 nos
= 2 x 3.14 x (18-3)
= 94.2 in
bars)
= 94.2/11
= 8.564 in say 9 in
Use 11 # 9 longitudinal bar with 9” c/c spacing in piles.
92
1 in. Therefore, (3/8)”ф spiral steel3” c/c is used throughout the length of pile.
(a) Plan
(b)Section
Figure4.15.Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section

93

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = ((1017.36-10.1736)1200 + 10.1736x16000)/1000 = 1371.4 kips > 421 kips

dissipated. Short term settlement can be estimated by semiempirial and empirial
methods.

St = Ss + Sp + Sps
Qp =195.36 kips
Qp(all) =195.36/2.5
= 78.144 kips
Qf = 1193.61 kips
Qf(all) = 1193.61/2.5
94
= 477.44 kips
=78.144 + 477.44
Qp(actual) = 78.144(421/555.59 ) = 59.214 kips
Qf(actual) = 477.44(421/555.59) = 361.786 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 7.07 ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 195.36/ 7.07
= 27.65 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/3] 0.03
=0.050
From equation 2.17,
Ss = ((59.214+0.5x361.786)65x12x103)/(7.07x144x3.12x106)) =0.059in
From equation 2.18,
Sp = (0.03x59.214x144)/(3x12x27.65) = 0.257 in
From equation 2.19,
Sps = ((0.050x361.786x144)/(65x12x27.65)) =0.1207 in
From equation 2.16,
St =0.059+0.257+0.1207 = 0.4367 in
(2)Empirical method
St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
95
St = 36/100 + (421x65x12x103)/ (7.07x144x3.12x106)

= 0.4635 in
acceptable.
4.5 Design of Pile Foundation and Pile Cap for Case (3)
following;
4.5.1. Design of Group Pile Foundation under Axial load

Pile Group (3) is designed for unfactored load on point 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16,
18, 21, 23, 25, 26. The critical unfactored load is 598.27kips and so higher full value
of 599 kips is used. These unfactored column loads have been presented in Table 3.3.

cu(avg)=1/9[(3885.39+12898.98+5049.37+7003.05+4073.16+4468.92+6272.87
+11754.55+ 7948.77)/2]
=3519.73 lb/ft2
From equation 2.12, the ultimate bearing capacity for a pile is,
L = Le
L=0
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (1 .5 )2 = 1 .76 ft 2
4 4
96
2
c u( base) = 7948. 77 /2=3947 .385 lb/ft
Df 1.5¿
= 65 ¿ = 43.33> 4¿
Bb ¿
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9
From Table2.1, for Bb

p =πBs =π× 1.5= 4.71 ft
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6.The depth of seasonal variation is 3ft to 5 ft.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = 1.76 × 3947.385x9 =62.5 kips
Qf = 4.71 × 2111.84 × 60= 597kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 659.5 kips
(Qu )ult 659 .5
= = 263 .8 kips
(Qu) all= FS 2. 5

n=QuG/Qu(all)=599/263.8=2.27
Try a group of 3 piles arranged in a square pattern with on each side. And
place the pile at 5.5 ft center-to-center spacing with 8 ft x 8ft x 3ft thick concrete pile
cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in fig 4.16.
97
S=5.5′
(a)Plan
(b)Section
Figure 4.16.Pile Group Arrangement
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/7=9.29> 4, Nc =9
From Table (2.2) Bb = 7ft, Nc =6

(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 9 x 72 + 4 x 3519.73 x 7 x 60
98
= 7073.68 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult /SF=7073.68/2.5= 2829.5kips

S/B = 5.5/1.5=3.667
From Table (2.5) , group efficiency, Ge =0.75
(QuG)ult = 0.75 x 3 x 659.69 = 1484.75 kips
= 599+ (8x8 x 3.5 x0.15)
= 632.6 kips > (QuG)all =593.90 kips
Try a group of 4 piles. And place the piles at 5.5ft center-to-center spacing
with 8ftx8ftx3.5ft thick concrete cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in figure
4.17.
99
3.5′
(a)Plan (b) Section

Figure4.17 Pile Group Arrangement for Pile Group (3)
The allowable bearing capacity of pile group can be calculated by the

) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/7=9.29> 4,Nc =9
(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x6 x 72 + 4 x 3519.73 x 7 x 60
100
= 7073.68 kips

S/B = 5.5/1.5=3.67
(QuG)ult = 0.75 x 4 x 659.69 = 1979.67 kips
= 599+( 8x8 x 3.5 x0.15)
= 632.6 kips < (QuG)all =791.87 kips
view.

sectional area of pile. The required longitudinal steel in pile is no.5 bars are used.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (1.5)2 x 144 =2.545 in2
= 2.545/ 0.31
= 8.29 say 9 nos
= 2 x 3.14 x (9-3)
= 37.7 in2
bars)
=37.7/9
= 4.19 in say 4 in

101
shown in figure4.18.
9#5@ 4"c/c
18"фpile
3/8"spiral @3"c/c @ 4" c/c
3" cover
65' 3/8"spiral @ 3"c/c
3'' cover
18"
Figure 4.18 Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section
Check for structure pile group capacity

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = (254.5-2.545)1200 + 2.545x16000 = 343 kips/pile
102
= 4 x 343
=1372.1 kip > 791.9 kips

Factored column load = 1314kips
For pile group (3), choose the 8ft x8ft square shape concrete cap to cover the
pile group arrangement.
Effective allowable bearing capacity of pile group, Re =(allowable bearing
capacity of
group)-(pile cap
weight)
= 791.9-(8x8x3.5x0.15)
= 758.27 kips
=1314/599
=2.19
= 758.27 x 2.19
= 1663.38 kips
= 1663.38/(8x8)
= 25.99 ksf

103
in figure 4.19.
Assume d= 33.5 in
LAB = 8 ft x 8 ft
= 64 in2
Lab = 26” +33.5”
= 59.5 in
b0 = 4 (26” +33.5”)
= 238 in
8′
A B
18′′ pile
5.5′
a b
8′
Two-way area c d
(16.75in around
column
C D
Figure 4.19.Critical Depth of Punching Shear
= 25.99 x [(8 x8)-(59.5/12)2]
=1024.41kips
Nominal punching shear strength, ΦVul= Φ4 √ f c ' bo d
104
= (0.85 x 4 x√ 3000 x238x33.5)/1000
= 1484.777kips >Vul (Satisfactory)
One –way shear section is in the left area of section as shown in figure4.20. In
this section, two piles are entirely in the critical section.
For X- direction
LAB = 8 ft
y = [4 – (13/12)-(33.5/12)]=0.125ft
L = 4- (13/12) =2.92 ft
= qu x LAB x y
= 25.99x 8 x 0.125
= 25.99 kips
Nominal one way shear strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √ fc ' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x 8x12x33.5)/1000
8′
A B
x d
8′
L
C D
105
Figure 4.20.Critical Section of Beam Shear
For Y direction
LAC = 8 ft
y = [4-(13/12)-(33.5/12)]
= 0.125 ft
L = 4-(13/12)
= 2.92 ft
8′
A B
8′
y
C D
Figure4.21 Critical Section of Beam Shear
= qu x LAC x y
= 25.99 x 8 x 0.125
= 25.99 kips
Nominal one way strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √ fc ' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x8 x 12x33.5)/1000

106
= 299.45 kips >Vu2 (Satisfactory)
Mu = ωuL2/2
For X-direction
ωu = qu x LAB = 25.99 x 8 =207.92 kips/ft
Mu = 207.92x 12 x (2.92)2/2 = 10612.71 kips-in
Assume a=1.47 in
= 10612.71/[0.9 x40 x(33.5 -1.47/2)]
= 9.00 in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 9.00 x 40 / (0.85 x 3 x 8 x12)
= (3 x √ 3000 x 8 x12 x33.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 8x 12 x 33.5)/40000
= 13.21 in2 ≥ 16.08 in2
Therefore,
As(min) = 16.08 in2
The controlling value of 16.08 in2 is larger than 9.00 in2 calculated for
bending.
107
For Y-direction
Mu = 207.92 x 12 x (2.92)2/2 = 10612.71kips-in
Assume a = 1.47in
= 10612.71/(0.9 x 40 x (33.5 – 1.47/2))
= 9.00 in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 9.00x40/ (0.85 x 3 x8x12)
= (3 x √ 3000 x 8 x12 x33.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 8x 12 x33.5)/40000
= 13.21in2 ≥ 16.08in2
Therefore,
As(min) = 16.08in2
bending.
So, choose 21#8 bars with 5” c/c in pile cap for X-direction, furnish 16.506in2
and 21#8 bars with 5” c/c in pile cap for Y-direction, furnish 16.506 in2.

108
ΦPn = 0.7 x 0.85 x 3000 x26 x 26x √ (8 x 8 x 144 /26 x 26)≤ 0.7 x 0.85
x 3000 x 2 x 26 x 26
=4455.36 kips ≤ 2413.32 kips
Determine the temperature and shrinkage steel.
For reinforcing yield strength fy= 40000psi, the temp;& shrinkage ratio ρ=0.0002
At&s =ρbh
= 0.002 x 12 x 42
=1.008 in2/ft
4.5.2.5. Dowel bars
For different concrete compressive strength, the required steel is used no.6
bars in column.
= 0.005 x 26 x 26
= 3.38 in2
No.6 bars are used in column.

109
Ldb = 0.02 db fy / √ f c ’ ≥ 0.0003 dbfy
= (0.02 x 0.75 x 40000) / √ 3000≥ 0.0003 x 0.75 x 40000
= 10.95in ≥ 9in
= 0.0005 x 0.07 x 40000
Take =2.17 ft

Length of pile cap =8 ft
Width of pile cap = 8 ft
Depth of pile cap = 3.5 ft
Number of pile =4
110
(a) Plan
(b) Section
Figure 4.22 Pile Cap (3)

111
dissipated.

St = Ss + Sp + Sps
= 158.15 kips
Qp =62.78 kips
Qp(all) =62.78/2.5
= 25.11 kips
Qf = 597.11 kips
Qf(all) = 597.11/2.5
= 238.84 kips
=25.11 + 238.84
= 263.96 kips
When the actual load on each pile is 158.15 kips
Qp(actual) = 25.11(158.15/263.96 ) = 15.05 kips
Qf(actual) = 238.84(158.15/263.96) = 143.10 kips

112
L = 65 ft
Ap = 1.77 ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 62.8/ 1.77
= 35.53 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/1.5] 0.03
= 0.059
From equation 2.17
Ss = ((15.05+0.5x143.10)65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)) =0.0849 in
From equation 2.18

Sp = (0.03x15.05x144)/(1.5x12x35.53) = 0.10166 in
From equation 2.19
Sps = ((0.059x143.10x144)/(65x12x35.53)) =0.0438 in
From equation 2.16
St =0.0849+0.10166+0.0438 = 0.231 in
(2)Empirical method, by using Equation (2.21)

St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 18/100 + (193.15x65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)
= 0.34 in
S
G = St √( b̄/ B )
= 0.32√ (7/1.5)
= 0.724 in
113
σ'(at length L)
=(53.03x10+71.76x15+49.3x5+51.78x5+58.02x5+57.44x5+45.
55x10+58.65x10+44.34x15)/1000
=4.397 kip/ft2
=2.20 ton/ft2
Moisture content,ω = 22.68%
PL = 24.69%
LL = 43.7%
= (22.68-24.69)/(43.7-24.69)
=-0.11
From figure 2.5, Ṕc = 20Ton/ft2
=20/2.20
= 9.10 >4

4.5.4.1. Pile Dimension and Allowable Bearing Capacity

pile.
114

cu(avg) =3519.73 lb/ft2
2
c u( base) =3947 .385 lb/ ft
From Equation 2.12

L = Le
∑
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = ( 4 )2 = 12. 57 ft 2
4 4
Df 65
= = 13. 45> 4
Bb 4
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9

p =πBs =π× 4= 12.57 ft
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6. The safety factor 2.5 is used.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4, Effective length,
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = (12.57x3947.385x6)/1000 =297.71 kips
Qf = (12.57× 2111.84 × 60)/1000= 1592.75 kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 1890.46 kips
(Qu )ult 1890 . 46
= = 756 . 184 kips
(Qu) all = FS 2 .5
115

cross sectional area of pile. The required longitudinal steel in pile are used n0.9 bars.
As = 0.01 x Ags =0.01 x π/4 x (4)2 x 144 =18.096 in2
Number of bars =As / area of no.9 bar
= 18.096/ 1
= 18.096 say 19 nos
= 2 x 3.14 x (24-3)
= 131.95 in
bars)
= 131.95/19
= 6.945 in say 7 in
116
4′фpile
19#9longitudinal
19#9@7′′c/c steel@7′′c/c
4′
(a)Plan
(b) Section

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi

fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
117
Qu = ((1809.6-18.096)1200 + 18.096x16000)/1000 = 2438 kips > 599 kips


St = Ss + Sp + Sps
Qp =297.71 kips
Qp(all) =297.71/2.5
= 119.084 kips
Qf = 1592.75 kips
Qf(all) = 1592.75/2.5
= 637.1 kips
=119.084 + 637.1
Qp(actual) = 119.084(599/756.184) = 94.33 kips
Qf(actual) = 637.1(599/756.184) = 504.669 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 12.57 ft2
118

qp = Qp/Abase = 297.71/ 12.57
= 23.703 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/4 ] 0.03
=0.047
From equation 2.17
Ss = ((94.33+0.5x504669)65x12x103) / (12.57x144x3.12x106))
=0.04792in
From equation 2.18

Sp = (0.03x94.33x144)/ (3x12x23.703)
= 0.3582in
From equation 2.19
Sps = ((0.047x504.666x144) / (65x12x23.703))
=0.1847 in
From equation 2.16
St =0.04792+0.3582+0.1847
= 0.5908 in
(2)Empirical method
St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 48/100 + (599x65x12x103)/ (12.57x144x3.12x106)
= 0.5628 in
acceptable.
119
4.6. Design of Pile Foundation and Pile Cap for Case (4)
following;
4.6.1. Design of Group Pile Foundation under Axial load

Pile Group (4) is designed for unfactored load on point 13, 14, 15 20, 22, 24.
The critical unfactored load is 835.08kips and so higher full value of 836 kips is used.
These unfactored column loads have been presented in Table (3.3).

cu(avg)=1/9[(3885.39+12898.98+5049.37+7003.05+4073.16+4468.92+6272.87
+11754.55+ 7948.77)/2]
=3519.73 lb/ft2
From equation (2.12).the ultimate bearing capacity for a pile is,
L = Le
L=0
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (1 .5 )2 = 1 .76 ft 2
4 4
2
c u( base) = 7948. 77 /2=3947 .385 lb/ft
D f 65
= = 43 .33> 4
Bb 1.5
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9

120
p =πBs =π× 1.5= 4.71 ft

3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6. The depth of seasonal variation is 3ft to 5ft.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4, Effective length
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = 1.76 × 3947.385x9 =62.526kips
Qf = 4.71 × 2111.84 × 60= 596.806kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 659.33 kips
(Qu )ult 659 . 33
= = 263 .73 kips
(Qu) all= FS 2.5

n=QuG/Qu(all)=836/263.73=3.17
place the pile at 6ft center-to-center spacing with 9ft x 13.4ft x 4ft thick concrete pile
cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in figure 4.24.
121
(a)Plan
(c) Section
Figure4.24 Pile Group Arrangement (4-piles)
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/8=8.1> 4 ,Nc =9
(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 6 x 82 + 4 x 3519.73 x 8 x 60
= 8273.68 kips
(QuG)all = (QuG)ult /SF=8273.68/2.5= 3309.5kips

S/B 6/1.5=4
From Table (2.5), group efficiency Ge =0.75
(QuG)ult = 0.75 x 4 x 659.69 = 1979.67 kips
122

= 836+( 9x13.4 x 4 x0.15)
= 908.4 kips > (QuG)all =791.9 kips
Try a group of 5 piles. And place the piles at6ft center-to-center spacing with
9ftx13.4ftx4ft thick concrete cap. The pile group arrangement is shown in figure 4.25.
(a)Plan
(b)Section
Figure2.25 Pile Group Arrangement for Pile Group (4)
The allowable bearing capacity of pile group can be calculated by the

123
) + 4 cu( b̄ ) Le
From Table (2.1) Df/B =Df/ ƀ =65/1.5=8.1 > 4,Nc =9

(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x6 x 82 + 4 x 3519.73 x 8 x 60
= 8273.68 kips

S/B = 6/1.5=4
From Table (2.5), Ge =0.75
(QuG)ult = 0.75 x 5 x 659.69 = 2474.59 kips
= 836+ (9x13.4 x 4 x0.15)
= 908.4 kips < (QuG)all =989.84 kips
view.

sectional area of pile and the longitudinal steel is no.5 bars are used.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (1.5)2 x 144 =2.545 in2
= 2.545/ 0.31
124
= 8.29 say 9 nos

= 2 x 3.14 x (9-3)
= 37.7 in2
bars)
=37.7/9
= 4.19 in say 4 in
9#5@ 4"c/c
3/8"pile
18" spiral @3"c/c @ 4" c/c
3" cover
65' 3/8"spiral @ 3"c/c
3'' cover
18"
Check for structure pile of group capacity

fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi
fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = (254.5-2.545)1200 + 2.545x16000 = 343 kips/pile
= 5 x 343
125
=1715.1 kip > 989.8 kips


Factored column load = 1770kips
For pile case (4), choose the 9ft x13.4ft rectangular shape concrete cap to
Effective allowable bearing capacity of pile group,Re =(allowable bearing capacity of
group)-(pile cap weight)
= 989.8-(9x13.5x4x0.15)
= 917.48 kips
=1770/836
=2.12
= 917.48 x 2.12
= 1942.50 kips
= 1942.50/ (9x13.4)
= 16.11 ksf

distance d/2 from column face which is 19.75in around the column. The first term is
126
18” and the length of pile that lies outside the critical section being 19.75in as shown
in figure 4.27.
Assume d= 39.5 in
LAB = 9 ft x 13.4 ft
= 120.6 in2
Lab = 26” +39.5”
= 65.5 in
b0 = 4 (26” +39.5”)
= 262 in
18"pile
Two-way area
(19.75in around
column
Figure 4.27 Critical Depth of Punching Shear
=16.11 x [(9 x13.4)-(65.5/12)2]

127
=1462.62kips
Norminal punching shear strength, ΦVul= Φ4 √ fc ' bo d
= (0.85 x 4 x √ 3000
x262x39.5)/1000
= 1927.249kips >Vul (Satisfactory)
One-way shear section is in the left area of section as shown in figure4.28. In

For X- direction
LAD = 13.4 ft
y = [4.5 – (13/12)-(39.5/12)]=0.125ft
L = 4.5- (13/12) =3.42 ft
= qu x LAD x y
= 16.11x 13.4 x 0.125
= 26.98 kips
= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x 13.4 x12 x
39.5)/1000
= 591.42kips > Vu2 (Satisfactory)

128
x
L
Figure 4.28 Critical Section of Beam Shear for X-direction
For Y direction
LAC = 9 ft
y = [6.7-(13/12)-(39.5/12)]
= 2.325 ft
L = 6.7-(13/12)
= 5.62 ft
= qu x LAC x y
= 16.11 x 13.4 x 2.235
= 508.81 kips
Norminal one way strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √fc' b d
= (0.85 x 2 x √3000 x13.4 x 12
x39.5)/1000

129
Figure 4.29 Critical Section of Beam Shear for Y-direction
Mu = ωuL2/2
For X-direction
ωu = qu x LAC = 16.11 x 13.4 =215.83kips/ft
Mu = 215.83x 12 x (2.325)2/2 =40853.32kips-in
Assume a = 2.91in
= 40853.32/ (0.9 x 40 x (39.5 – 2.91/2))

130
= 29.83in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 31.76x40/ (0.85 x 3 x 13.4x 12)
As(min) =3 √fc’ bd/fy ≥ 200bd/fy
= (3 x √ 3000 x 13.4 x12 x39.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 13.4x 12 x
39.5)/40000
= 26.09in2 ≥ 31.76in2
Therefore,
As(min) = 31.76in2
bending.
For Y-direction
ωu = qu x LAB = 16.11 x 9 =144.96kips/ft
Mu = 144.96x 12 x (3.42)2/2 = 10153.43kips-in
Assume a=1.05 in
= 10153.43/[0.9 x40 x(39.5 -1.05/2)]
= 7.24 in2
Check
a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)
= 7.24 x 40 / (0.85 x 3 x 9 x12)

131
= (3 x √ 3000 x 9 x12 x39.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 9x 12 x 39.5)/40000
= 17.52 in2 ≥ 21.33 in2
The controlling value of 21.33 in2 is larger than 7.24in2 calculated for bending.
So, choose and 41#8 bars with 3” c/c in pile cap for X-direction, furnish
32.226 in2and 28#8 bars with 6” c/c in pile cap for Y-direction, furnish 22.008in2
All axial forces and bending moment that act the bottom section of column
must be transferred to the bearing surface by compression in the concrete and by
reinforcement.
ΦPn= 0.7 x 0.85 x 3000 x26 x 26x √ (9 x 13.4 x 144 /26 x 26)≤ 0.7 x0.85 x3000x2x 26
x 26
=6115.99 kips ≤ 2413.32 kips
Determine the temperature and shrinkage steel.
For reinforcing yield strength fy = 40000psi, the temp:& shrinkage ratio, ρ= 0.002
At&s =ρbh
132
= 0.002 x 12 x 48
= 1.152 in2/ft
4.6.2.5. Dowel bars
For different concrete compressive strength, the required steel area are used
no.6 bars in column.
= 0.005 x 26 x 26
= 3.38 in2
No.6 bars are used in column.
Ldb = 0.02 db fy / √fc’ ≥ 0.0003 dbfy
= (0.02 x 0.75 x 40000) / √3000 ≥ 0.0003 x 0.75 x 40000
= 10.95in ≥ 9in
= 0.0005 x 0.07 x 40000
Take =2.17ft

133
Total depth of pile cap, h= 39.5+0.5+1+7=48in =4ft
Length of pile cap =9ft
Width of pile cap = 13.4ft
Depth of pile cap = 4ft
Number of pile =5
Spacing of piles = 6ft
41#8 for x-direction
(a) Plan
134
(b) Section
Figure4.30.Pile Cap (4) Reinforcement

dissipated.
(1)Semiempirial method, by using Equation (2.16)
St = Ss + Sp + Sps

135
= 181.67 kips
Qp =62.78 kips
Qp(all) =62.78/2.5
= 25.11 kips
Qf = 597.11 kips
Qf(all) = 597.11/2.5
= 238.84 kips
=25.11 + 238.84
= 263.96 kips when the actual load on each pile is 181.67kips
Qp(actual) = 25.11(181.67/263.96 ) = 17.28 kips
Qf(actual) = 238.84(181.67/263.96) = 164.39 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 1.77 ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 62.8/ 1.77
= 35.53 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/1.5] 0.03
= 0.059
From equation 2.17
Ss = ((17.28+0.5x164.39)65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)) =0.0976 in
From equation 2.18
Sp = (0.03x17.28x144)/(1.5x12x35.53) = 0.1167 in
136
From equation 2.19

Sps = ((0.059x164.39x144)/(65x12x35.53)) =0.0504 in
From equation 2.16
St =0.0976+0.1167+0.0504 = 0.265 in
(2)Empirical method
St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 18/100 + (181.67x65x12x103)/(1.77x144x3.12x106)
= 0.36 in
The higher of the above two methods estimated by the semiempirical and
S
G = St √( b̄/ B )
= 0.36√ (8/1.5)
= 0.828 in
σ'(at length L)
=(53.03x10+71.76x15+49.3x5+51.78x5+58.02x5+57.44x5+45.
55x10+58.65x10+44.34x15)/1000
=4.397 kip/ft2
=2.20 ton/ft2
Moisture content, ω = 22.68%
PL = 24.69%
LL = 43.7%
137
Liquidity Index = (ω-PL)/ (LL-PL)

= (22.68-24.69)/(43.7-24.69)
=-0.11
From figure 2.5, Ṕc = 20 ton/ft2
=20/2.20
= 9.10 >4


pile.
cu(avg) =3519.73 lb/ft2
2
c u( base) =3947 .385 lb/ ft
From Equation 2.12

L = Le
∑
Where,
π π
Ap = (Bb )2 = (5 )2 = 19 .63 ft 2
4 4
D f 65
= = 13> 4
Bb 5
138
Df
> 4 , Nc = 9

p =πBs =π× 5= 15.708 ft
3519.73lb/ft2, then ca/cu(avg) = 0.6. The safety 2.5 is used.
ca = 0.6 cu(avg) = 0.6 × 3519.73 = 2111.84 lb/ft2
From Table 2.4, effective length
= 65 – 5 = 60 ft
Qp = (19.63x3947.385x6)/1000 =464.92 kips
Qf = (15.708× 2111.84 × 60)/1000= 1990.37kips
(Qu)ult = Qp+ Qf
= 2455.29kips
(Qu )ult 2455 . 29
= = 1227 .64 kips
(Qu) all = FS 2. 5
(Qu) all = 1227.64kips is greater than 836 kips. Therefore, it is acceptable from
a bearing capacity point of view.

cross sectional area of pile. The required longitudinal steel in pile are used n0.9 bars.
As = 0.01 x Ags
=0.01 x π/4 x (5)2 x 144 =28.2743 in2
= 28.2743/ 1
= 28.2743 say29 nos
= 2 x 3.14 x (30-3)
= 169.56in
139
bars)
= 169.56/29
= 5.85 in say 6 in
1 in. Therefore, (3/8)”ф spiral steel 3” c/c is used throughout the length of pile as
shown in figure 4.31.
(a)Plan
(b)Section
140
Check structure single pile capacity
fs =0.4 fy =0.4 x 40000 = 16000 psi

fc = 0.4fc’= 0.4x 3000 =1200 psi
Qu = ((2827.43-28.2743)1200 + 28.2743x16000)/1000 = 3809.4 kips > 836 kips

dissipated. Short term settlement can be estimated by semiempirial and empirial
methods.
(a)Semiempirial method

St = Ss + Sp + Sps
Qp =464.92 kips
Qp(all) =464.92/2.5
= 185.97kips
Qf = 1990.37 kips
Qf(all) = 1990.37/2.5
= 796.148 kips

141
=185.97 + 796.148
= 982.118 kips when the actual load on each pile is 836kips
Qp(actual) = 185.97(836/982.118 ) = 158.27 kips
Qf(actual) = 796.148(836/982.118) = 677.73 kips

L = 65 ft
Ap = 19.625ft2
qp = Qp/Abase = 464.82/ 19.625
= 23.685 kips/ ft2
From Equation 2.20,
Cs = [0.93 + 0.16 x √ Df / B ] Cp
= [0.93+0.16√ 65/5] 0.03
= 0.045
From equation 2.17
Ss = ((158.27+0.5x677.73)65x12x103)/ (19.625x144x3.12x106))
=0.04398in
From equation 2.18
Sp = (0.03x158.27x144)/ (3x12x23.685)
= 0.4811 in
From equation 2.19
Sps = ((0.050x677.73x144)/ (65x12x23.685))
=0.2377 in
From equation 2.16
St =0.04398+0.4811+0.2377
= 0.76283 in
(b)Empirical method
St = B/100 + (Qua L) / (Ap Ep)
142
Ep = Ec = 3.12x106 psi
St = 60/100 + (836x65x12x103)/(19.625x144x3.12x106)
= 0.67396 in
acceptable.
4.7 Comparison between Group Pile and Single Pile

The design result, settlement, concrete volume and steel reinforcement of
group pile and single are as follows;
Table 4.3.Design Result for Pile Group

Type No. Diameter Length Capacity Main Steel Spiral Cover
(in) (ft) of pile Reinforcement steel (in)
group reinforce-
(kips) ment
I 2 18 65 369.43 9#5bars @ 4′′ (3/8)′′ф 3

c/c spiral@3′
spacing ′c/c
II 3 18 65 554.31 9#5bars @ 4′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′
spacing ′c/c
III 4 18 65 791.87 9#5bars @ 4′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′
spacing ′c/c
IV 5 18 65 989.84 9#5bars @ 4′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′
spacing ′c/c
143
Table4.4Design Result for Pile Cap of Group Piles

Pile Cap(1) Pile Cap(2) Pile Cap(3) Pile Cap(4)
Length(ft) 7 7 8 9
Width(ft) 6.5 6.5 8 13.4
Depth(in) 2.5 3 3.5 4
Pile head inset 4 4 4 4
(in)
No. of Piles 2 3 4 5
Spacing of 4.5 5.5 5.5 6
pile(ft)
Edge 6 6 6 6
distance(in)
Reinforcement 12#8 bars @ 7′ 12#8 bars @ 7′ 21#8 bars @ 5′ 41#8 bars
′ c/c for X ′ c/c for X ′ c/c for X @ 3′′ c/c
direction and direction and direction and for X
11#8 bars @8′′ 13#8 bars @8′′ 21#8 bars @5′′ direction
c/c for Y c/c for Y c/c for Y and 28#8
direction direction direction bars @6′′
c/c for Y
direction
Cover(in) 3 3 3 3
Table4.5Design Result for Single Piles

144
Type Diameter Length Capacity Main Steel Spiral steel Cover

(ft) (ft) of single Reinforcement Reinforcem (in)
pile(kips) ent
I 3 65 555.53 11#9bars @ 9′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′′
spacing c/c
II 3 65 555.53 11#9bars @ 9′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′′
spacing c/c
III 4 65 756.84 19#9bars @ 7′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′′
spacing c/c
IV 5 65 1227.64 29#9bars @6′′ (3/8)′′ф 3
c/c spiral@3′′
spacing c/c
Table4.6 Comparison the Settlement of Group Pile and Single Pile

Type Settlement
Group(in) Single(in)
I 0.75 0.4448
II 0.621 0.4635
III 0.724 0.5908
IV 0.828 0.76283
Table4.7 Comparison the Required Concrete Volume and Steel Reinforcement for
Group Piles and Single Piles
Typ
Group Single
145
e
Concrete(ft3) Steel(lb) Concrete(ft3) Steel(lb)
I 343.46 1590.37 459.46 2432.37
II 481.09 2238 459.46 2432.98
III 683.46 3258.7 816.81 4202.43
IV 1056.72 5054.31 1276.27 6414.24
For proposed building, single piles should be used because of settlement

control for all cases. But for economy, group piles should be used for all case.

Design of Single and Group Pile Foundations

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Design of Single and Group Pile Foundations

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CHARTER 4

DESIGN OF SINGLE PILE AND GROUP PILE FOUNDATION

4.1. Soil Properties

4.2. Calculate the Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil

Table4.1. Required Soil Parameters

4.2.1. Meyerhof’s Method

qult = cNcscdc + q Nqsqdq + 0.5 γBNγsγdγ (4.1)

Depth,H = 0.5 B tan (45 + Ø/2)

4.2.2. Hansen’s Method

qult= cNcscdc + q Nqsqdq + 0.5 γBNγsγdγ (4.2)

qult= 5.14 su(1 + sc + dc) + q (4.3)

dq = 1 + 2 tan-1Ø (1 – sin Ø)2 K (for all Ø)

4.2.3. Bearing Capacity from SPT

The Equations of allowable bearing capacity (kip/ft 2) for SPT are

The results of allowable bearing capacity for (Ø = 0) condition by using three

Table4.2. Result of allowable bearing capacity for (Ø = 0) condition (ton/ft2)

The average Allowable Bearing Capacity= (0.287+0.263+0.088)/3= 0.21 ton/ft2

4.3.1. Design of Group Pile Foundation under Axial Load

4.3.1.1. Pile dimension and allowable bearing capacity

From Table 3.2, for Bb = 1.5ft, Nc= 9

4.3.1.2 Number of pile and their arrangement

Figure 4.1 Pile Group Arrangement (2-piles)

(QuG)ult = 3947.385 x 9 x 5.52 + 4 x 3519.73 x 5.5 x 60

(b) Sum of ultimate loads of single pile, by using Equation (2.15b)

4.3.1.3 .Pile reinforcement

Use 9 # 5 longitudinal bars with 4” c/c spacing in piles.

Figure4.2. Pile Reinforcement (a) Plan (b) Section

Check for structure pile group capacity

4.3.2. Design of Pile Cap

Unfactored column load = 345 kips

Effective allowable bearing capacity of pile group,Re =(allowable bearing capacity of

4.3.2.1. Punching shear check

Lab = 26” +21.5”

Figure4.3. Critical Depth of Punching Shear

Punching shear, Vul =ultimate bearing pressure x punching area

=16.81 x [(7 x6.5)-(47.5/12)2]

= (0.85 x 4 x √ 3000) x190x21.5)/1000

= 760.732 kips >Vul (Satisfactory)

So, the depth d=21.5 in is adequate for punching shear.

4.3.2.2 One way shear or Beam shear check

L = 3.5- (13/12) =2.42 ft

= 16.81x 6.5 x 0.625

Norminal one way shear strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2 √ fc ' b d

= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x 6.5 x12 x 21.5)/1000

= 156.15 kips >Vu2 (Satisfactory)

Figure4.4. Critical Section of Beam Shear for X-direction

Norminal one way strength, ΦVu2 = Φ2√ fc ' b d

= (0.85 x 2 x √ 3000 x7x 12 x 21.5)/1000

= 168.16 kips > Vu2 (Satisfactory)

So, the depth d = 21.5 in is adequate for beam shear.

Figure4.5. Critical Section of Beam Shear for Y-direction

4.3.2.3. Flexural design

ωu = qu x LAB = 16.81 x 6.5 =109.33 kips/ft

Mu = 109.33 x 12 x (2.42)2/2 = 3841.68 kips-in

To determine the required steel area,

= 3841.68/[0.9 x40 x(21.5 -1.02/2)]

a = Asfy/ (0.85 fc’b)

= 5.08 x 40 / (0.85 x 3 x 6.5 x12)

Checking the minimum steel ratio,

As(min) =3 √ fc ' bd/fy ≥ 200bd√ f y

= (3 x √ 3000 x 6.5 x12 x21.5)/40000 ≥ (200x 6.5x 12 x 21.5)/40000

= 6.89 in2 ≥ 8.39 in2