WATER CUT ANALYZERS

PHASE DYNAMICS
TECHNOLOGY THAT PRODUCES PRECISION MEASUREMENTS

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Sales_Oil_0204

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Product History

Developed with ARCO (Atlantic Richfield Company) Now BP 1985 Through 1990 for North Slope of Alaska Required Low Range for Pipeline Full Range for Wells Research Generated a New Patented Approach for Measurement Reduced System Complexity Improved Sensitivity More Than 2,500 Installed World Wide
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Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Components of a Standard Analyzer

Electronics Enclosure (Transmitter) Measurement Section (Sensor)

System Cable
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Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Stand-Alone Analyzer

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

A Flow Through Analyzer

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Phase Dynamics Measurement System

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Sales_Oil_0204

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Why RF/Microwave Measurement?

Large Difference in Parameters for Measurement RF Permittivity 2.5 for Oil, 80 for Water - Easy to See the Water A Measure of the Polar Moment of the Molecule

Full Cross Sectional Area Measurement is Made Eliminates Paraffin Build Up Problems Reduces Effect of Gas Bubbles

Coaxial Line Is Used for: Rugged Mechanical Configuration The Best Defined Microwave Configuration
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Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Phase Dynamics Technology

Patented Technique - Oscillator Load Pull A Microwave Phenomenon That Was Never Used Before Phase Dynamics Implementation Provides 100-1000 Times Sensitivity Improvement Over Other RF/Microwave Methods Makes the System Electronics Simple

Coaxial Measurement Section Configuration Provides a Stable, Well Defined RF/Microwave Platform Better Than Open Waveguide or Cavity Types

Frequency of Operation Depends on Range of Water and Pipe Size - Typically 100 to 500 MHz
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Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Measurement Section
Frequency of Operation 150 to 500 MHz Depending on Diameter & Range

RF Oscillator

Temperature Probe (RTD)

Smooth Bore No Fluid Hold Up

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Wave Propagation
Higher Water Slows Velocity of Wave (i.e. Phase) & Oscillator Changes Frequency Less Water

More Water

RF Standing Wave Created by Reflection At End

Emulsion Size, Pipe Diameters & Wavelength Are Consistent With Measurement Accuracy & Need for Full Cross Section Area Measurement
Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Water Cut Analyzer Applications

Production From Wells
Well Test Separator Oil Tank
Flow Meter

Analyzer Systems

X X

X X

X X

X X

Water Tank

Gas
Three Phase Separator Level Control

To Gas Pipeline

Oil
Water

Flow Meter Flow Meter

Dump Valve Dump Valve

LACT

To Pipeline
Production Separator
Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Low Range Analyzer

0-4%, 0-10%, and 0-20% Ranges Available, 1" to 4" Sizes Ultra High Stability and Reproducibility Due to Sensitivity Improvement by the Technology Ambient Compensation Obtained by Military Techniques

Net Oil Capability Feed a Flow Meter Input Into Unit Obtain Total Barrels of Oil and Water Over Time

Paraffin and Coating Buildup has Minimal Effects Very Low Pressure Drop

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Why Does Density Affect Measurement?

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Sales_Oil_0204

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Oil Density Changes Polar Moment

-2e
H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H

C5H12

H +e

H +e

n Pentane r = 2.1

Water r = 80

Oil Density Increased r (Polar Moment) Increased Looks Like More Water Increased Density Hydrocarbon
Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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1964, Kite - 0.16% Water per 1 deg API

Approximately Equivalent to 0.03% per 1 kg/m3

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Water Offset vs API Gravity

Simple Correction for Density Changes With Offset Entry Slope = 0.16% / 1 API

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Density & Calibration Offset

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Why & When Does Salinity Affect Measurement?

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Sales_Oil_0204

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Oil in Water & Water in Oil Emulsions

For Lower Frequencies (<1,000 MHz) Salinity Doesnt Affect Oil Continuous Emulsions
Oi l Pipe
Like a Resistor

Water & Salt

Oi l

Center Rod
Like a Capacitor

Water In Oil Emulsion Insulating

Sales_Oil_0105

Oil In Water Emulsion Conducts Electrical Current

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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When Does Salinity Matter?

Salinity Has An Effect In The Water Phase ONLY for the Phase Dynamics Analyzer Salt Affects Electrical Conductivity - Establishes Where 100% Water Exists Correction Is Required ONLY for this Emulsion Phase Which is Typically Greater Than 65% Water Content

Higher Frequency (< 1.5 GHz) Competitive Microwave Equipment Must Compensate for Salinity In The OIL EMULSION PHASE: When Emulsion Size Is Approaching 1/8 of a Wavelength Voltage Changes Due to the Short Wavelength Across The Emulsion Bubble - Therefore There Is A Current Through The Emulsion Creating a Measurement Issue
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Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Full Range Analyzer

0 - 100% Water in Oil Measurement - Gives the Emulsion Phase Oil or Water Phase Emulsion Correction For Salinity Effects Salinity is Corrected to Achieve the Smallest Uncertainty Automatic Correction Provides Unacceptable Error Correction is Only for the Water Emulsion Phase - Typically Greater than 65% Water Cut Some Competitive Systems Require Compensation in the Oil Phase Insensitive to Flow Rates Viscosity, Temperature & Water Cut Determine Velocity Required Typical Recommendation - Rates Greater than 2 ft/sec Issue is Homogeneity of the Liquids - Not Flow Rate

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Full Range Oscillator - Oil & Water

Oil Osc

RF Switc h

Power Sensor

Output

Water Osc Water Oscillator More Sensitive Oil Oscillator Less Sensitive to obtain 0-80% Two Unknowns - Water & Emulsion Phase Two Variables - Frequency & Power

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Factory Calibration / Field Validation

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Sales_Oil_0204

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

Calibration Flow Loop

Water or Oil Injection Pumps Pressur e Piston Pum p Heater Chiller Heat Exchanger
System Under Calibration

Computer Control and Data Collection

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Calibration Methodology

Factory Calibration is Complete Analyzer is Ready to Use When Installed Temperature Curves Complete Water Cut Slope vs Frequency Complete

Low Range Analyzer Offset for Density (Cal Factor) Full Range Analyzer Density Offset (Oil_Adjust) Salinity - Affects Water Continuous Emulsions Only

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Comparison - Laboratory Water Cut Standards

Prior Slides Sample Point Is Within Statistical Sampling Error!

NOTE: No API Standard Covers > 2% Water Content

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Three Months Results in Alaska

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

( 0.31 ,0.22 ) Difference = .09% Bad Sample Or Is This Within Expected Statistical Deviation?
0.4 0.5

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Control Chart Analysis of Alaska Data

Three Sigma is 0.087% Difference

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Effects of Free Gas on Analyzer

Oil Phase Small Error If Well Dispersed

Water Phase 1% Gas = 1% Error

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Existing Water Cut Technologies

Conductivity / Capacitance Density Microwave Absorption of Energy (2-3 GHz) Wave Resonance (400 MHz-3 GHz) PHASE DYNAMICS (100-300 MHz) Infrared Radiation

Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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Why We Dont Build Insertable/ Retactable?

Metal Chain To Prevent Probe From Becoming an Arrow or Projectile

An Example of Typical Retractable Systems Packing Got Stuck on Shaft? Got Stuck Because the Valve Was Closed with the Shaft Present? When Do You Need To Retract? Needs Cleaning? Doesnt Work?

Major Oil Leakage Upon Cleaning

Phase Dynamics Does Not Need to Be Cleaned & Seldom, if Ever, Needs to Be Taken Out of the Line
Sales_Oil_0105

Phase Dynamics, Inc.

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