OVERVIEW

“Data driven methods for fault detection and

March 06, 2009 diagnosis in chemical processes”
Standard Process Controllers

Disturbance Actuator
parameter problems
changes

Process Sensor
parameter problems
changes
Faults
Process Monitoring or Statistical
Process Control (SPC)
Fault
indentification

Yes

Fault Fault
Detection Diagnosis

Process
recovery
Process monitoring

Measures
•Data driven
of a •Analytical
process •Knowledge
monitoring
based
Process Monitoring Methods

Limit sensing
• Raises an alarm when observations
cross the predefined thresholds
Discrepancy detection
• Raises an alarm by comparing
simulated to actual observed values
Multivariate statistic

Variation process data

Common cause Special cause

Pretreatment procedures
Removing variables Autoscaling Removing outliers

Determine the thresholds for each observation variable

Cumulative Sum (CUSUM)
Shewhart chart – limit sensing
Exponentialy – Weighted Moving Average (EWMA)
Pattern classification
Assigning the  Data collected and diagnosed
observation
vector  Separate in classes for particular
fault
Feature
extraction  If hyperplanses separate data in
classes they will define the
Discriminant boundaries for fault regions
analysis
 Fault detected using on-line data
observations then will be diagnosed
Maximum
selection determining the fault region
Principal Component Analysis

 PCA – a dimensionality reduction tecnique

 Produce lower dimensional representations of data
which better generalize to data independent of the
training set
 Indentify either variables responsible for the fault
 Separate the observation space into subspaces:
 Systematic trends of the process
 Essentially the random noise
Principal Component Analysis

 Determines a set of orthogonal vectors = loading

vectors, ordered by the amount of variance
 Eigen value decomposition of the sample covariance
matrix
 Score matrix – with principal components
 Residual matrix – captures the variations in the
observations space spanned by loading vectors
associated with singular values.
Principal Component Analysis

Determining the number of loading

vectors
The percent variance test
•Calculating the smallest number of loading vectors needed to explain a specific minimum percentage of the total
variance

The scree test

•Locating the value of variance where the profile is no longer linear.

Paralel analysis
•Comparing the variance profile to that obtained by assuming independent observation variables

The PRESS statistic

•Cross validation using PREdiction Sum of Squares
Principal Component Analysis

 Fault detection with T2 statistic

 Measuring the systematic variations of the process, and
a violation of the threshold would indicate that the
systematic variations are out-of-control. (directly
measures the scores corresponding to the smaller
singular values)

 Threshold:
Principal Component Analysis

Check the normalized

scores and determine Calculate the Set contribution to 0 if
scores responsible for contribution of each is negative from
the out-of-controls variable anterior step
status

Fault identification =
Calculate total Plot the total which observation
contribution for the contribution for all variables are most
process variable process variables relevant to diagnosing
fault.
Principal Component Analysis

 Fault diagnosis
 Single PCA model and define regions to the lower
dimensional space which classifies whether a particular
fault has occurred.
 multiple PCA models:
 The score discriminant
 Residual discriminant
 Combined discriminant
Partial Least Squares

 Or Projection to Latent Structures, is a

dimensionality reduction technique for maximizing
the covariance between predictor matrix X and the
predicted matrix Y for each component of the
reduced space.
 Computes loading and score vectors that are
correlated with the predicted block while describing
a large amount of the variation in the predictor
block (X).
Partial Least Squares

PLS 1

PLSR PLS 2
PLS
methods

SIMPLS NIP
Future work

 Support vector Machines

 Kernel Methods
 Academic examples
 Testing different toolboxes
 Begin to write my diploma project 
Thank you.