Features Colonial Georgian (1788-1850)

Symmetrical Verandas Windows with 12 or more small panes. Some had elegant French doors with louvred timber shutters Doors with four or six panels Fanlights over entrance doors Timber column, sometimes in simple classical styles High pitched roofs of timber shingles, slate or imported flat iron tiles. Walls often lime washed Separate kitchen building, often connected to the house by a covered way.

Influences
Compared to the primitives these were more substantial, refined and comfortable houses of brick or stone. Many were architect designed or based on imported plans. One of the main influences was the bungalow, which had been developed in Colonial India. Indeed, the major change to English Georgian architecture was the addition of a veranda for protection from the hot sun. Small paned Georgian windows were used because of the limitations of glass making. "Crown Glass" was hand blown, thus giving the rippled effect seen in old windows. Bricks were usually soft and porous as they were hand moulded and fired in a wood fuelled kiln. The principles of timber structures were poorly understood so that, for example, roof spans were short. The limited range of natural pigments restricted colours to white, cream, green, red, brown, black and combinations thereof. Mass produced nails, general hardware and cast iron posts became increasingly available as the iron and steel industry developed in Britain.

Features Regency or Late Georgian (1825-1850)

More consciously designed Usually two storey Symmetrical Formal entrance porch rather than a veranda Exterior walls plastered and grooved to imitate stone Parapets Larger windows Four, six or eight panel doors Stylistic details of Greek, Roman or medieval Gothic derivation for chimney-pieces, windows, etc. Often-elliptical bay windows

Influences
People by this time were becoming wealthier and wanted to emulate their English counterparts. This is a more elaborate form of Colonial Georgian architecture, designed by architects or builders influenced by British pattern books. In the same period Gothic features like pointed windows and battlemented towers became popular, principally for churches and school buildings. Wealthy residents, using British pattern books, constructed romantic houses of stone in the Regency Gothic style an example is Government House, Sydney.

The Victorian Period (1850-1900) General Features

Asymmetrical Larger windows with larger panes Wider use of building materials including decorative cast iron, corrugated roofing iron, plaster and timber weatherboards Extensive use of verandas and sunscreen devices Often bay windows Often finials and cresting to the roof

General Influences
Some houses were still built along Colonial lines but this period saw a break from symmetry. In most cases, a section of the house was thrust forward to produce an Lshaped plan. Corrugated galvanised iron sheeting was introduced in the 1850s and larger windows were produced by new glass making techniques. Cement improved as a building material. Sudden wealth from gold enabled the use of these new technologies.

Victorian Gothic (1850-1880) Features

Steeply pitched roof gables (45 to 60 deg) Elaborately carved timber bargeboards and fretwork The use of pointed arch forms in veranda decoration and windows Tall chimneys with sculptured chimney pots. Often narrow easement windows with leadlight panes

Influences
Victorian Gothic was a scholarly adaptation of the earlier Regency Gothic, which then became popular in ordinary housing. Gothic taste is equated with a romantic view of the world and nostalgia for England.

Victorian Italianate (1850-1880) Features

Classical mouldings around windows doors and brackets under eaves Often a square tower to one side Often multi storied Ornamental chimneys Elaborate four panel doors Mosaic tile or marble porch and hall floors Coloured and etched glass windows Plastered walls

Influences
Once again the style was copied from Britain. The British had borrowed it from the grand country houses of the Italian Renaissance. The Italianate style had a certain grandeur, even in smaller houses, which appealed to the Victorians. As the century progressed, the style became increasingly decorative.

Late Victorian or Boom Style (1870-1890) Features

Heavily ornamented facades using the wide variety or materials available; plaster, stone, coloured bricks, terra cotta, mosaic tiles, marble, etc. often all together on one building or alternatively, the entire exterior plastered and painted The merging of a variety of styles eg. Gothic and Italianate. Leadlight windows The kitchen, bathroom and laundry were incorporated into a service wing at the rear

Influences
This was the period of economic boom. Mass production of formerly hand crafted items made decorative features available to everyone. Cast iron lace work was made locally and used liberally. The new railways distributed these materials throughout the State. Parapets rich in decoration were also widely used to hide galvanized roofing. Other roofs were usually patterned slate or zinc tiles. The construction of terraced houses, which had been built in the inner suburbs since the 1840s reached a peak during this period

Federation Style (1901-1916) Features

Red brick walls often truck-pointed, i.e. a ridge of white mortar ran along the joints between the bricks. Dominant roofs, often broken by false gables and capped by terra cotta frilled ridges Turned timber veranda columns supplemented by elaborate timber decoration Bay windows Leadlight or coloured glass windows

Influences
After the recession of the 1890s, Federation saw a growth in prosperity and more freedom in style, incorporating practicality with elegance. New suburbs appeared with the extension of rail, tram and ferry services, and terraces gave way to single storied detached houses or the semi-detached pair of houses. The houses were influenced very much by Art Nouveau which became fashionable at this time. The curved forms and floral motifs of this style in plaster, leadlight, wood and wrought iron enhanced the doors, windows and verandas of many houses. The style was modified to utilise Australian decorative themes by incorporating native flowers and animals. After 1910 the curved forms gave way to heavy and squared off timber details on verandas and gables. Smaller panes at the top and bottom of windows often featured coloured glass. There was a return to the use of the more subtle colours; cream and brown or cream and Indian red. Pressed metal ceilings, which were first manufactured in Australia in 1890, became very popular during this period.